Subject Index
A
A-Team, product placement in, 374
nicotine, 95 -96
via mouth, 78
acetaldehyde, filter for, 154
acetylcholine, nicotine effects on, 86
acidity
Food and Drug Administration, 94
nicotine
—extractable, 79
See also Extractable nicotine; Nicotine delivery
acrolein, filter for, 154
actron filter, 279 -280
ACVA Atlantic
CTR special project, 328
indoor air quality, 411 -412
See also Healthy Buildings International
Ad Hoc Committee, role in selecting special projects, 290
addiction
CTR not interested in studying, 304 -305
definition, 58
DSM III listing negative development for industry, 353
extent of nicotine addiction, 59
Food and Drug Administration, 102 , 103
necessary dose of nicotine, 84 , 102
nicotine, 15 , 68 , 69 , 74 , 80
Nicotine Addiction (Surgeon General's report). See Surgeon General's report, Nicotine Addiction
political problem, 249
procedures so companies could deny, 439
Sandefur, Thomas, comments, 105
selling nicotine, 58
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 100 -101
term, tobacco companies' reaction to, 305
tobacco companies, denials of nicotine addiction, 5
withdrawal, 64
See also Nicotine addiction; Smoker compensation
Addiction Research Foundation, CTR not interested, 304 -305
additives
allyl-isovalerate, 277
American position on disclosure of, 229
anti-smoking groups' concerns, 228
benzyl acetate, 227
benzyl alcohol, 227
biological activity, effect on, 152 -153
biological activity, use of additives to reduce, 144
caffeine, 136 -137
carbon monoxide production, use of additives to affect, 19
Chemosol, 211
cinnamaldehyde, 227
cocoa, 220 -221
Committee of Council, 229
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 226
coumarin, 221 -223
D-Limonene, 227
destroying the data, 230
disclosure of, 225 -231
—pressure from Department of Health and Human Services, 229 -230
—pros and cons, 230 -231
extractable nicotine, use of additives to change, 81 , 83
filter characteristics, use of additives to change, 154
flavor and aroma of cigarette smoke, use of additives to change, 131
food, additives in versus additives burned in tobacco, 202
glycerine (in Real cigarettes), 218
high-nicotine tobacco extract, 85
humectants, 211
independent industry panel on use of, 230 -231
inquiries, negative development for industry, 353
Liggett and Myers, position on disclosure of, 229
list of additives released by industry in 1994, 211 , 223 , 225 , 226 , 227 -228, 231
Lorillard, position on disclosure of, 229
menthol, 211
—in Real cigarettes, 218
mutagenicity of, 245
N-Bloctin, 147
nicotine delivery, use of additives to increase, 79
nicotine powder, 124
nothing artificial added, 218
PEI, 83
Philip Morris, position on disclosure of, 229
policy on testing of, 228 -229
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, effect on, 144
potassium carbonate, 145
—use to reduce benzpyrene, 125
products liability, 230 , 232 , 233
public relations, 228 , 230 -231, 233
pure nicotine as an additive, avoiding, 85
pyridine, 227
R. J. Reynolds position on disclosure of, 229
safrole (mace), 227
self-policing by industry, 230 -231
sidestream smoke, use of additives to reduce, 403 -404
sugar, 211
—in Real cigarettes, 218
titanium dioxide, 227
tobacco extract, 85
toxicity effected by pyrolysis of, 211
tumorgenic effects of, 19
types of, 202
use of, as undefendable, 231
vitamin A, 147
See also Additives Guidance Panel; and by specific additive
Additives Guidance Panel
changing role of, 232 -233
coumarin, 221 -222
diethylene glycol, 224
glycerol, 224
propylene glycol, 224
testing of additives by, excluding external testing, 232
admissibility in evidence, contract or in-house research on smoking and health, 275
advertising
brand advertising used to send political message, 191
Camel cigarettes, 28
countering health messages, 187 -193
editorial content, use of advertising dollars to influence, 357 , 358
First Amendment, 261 -262
health-image cigarettes, 26
healthier cigarettes, 28
Kent cigarettes, 29
Kool cigarettes, 28 , 29 , 387
less irritating cigarettes, 28
Lucky Strike cigarettes, 28
motion picture trailers, 287
nicotine delivery, 29
Old Gold cigarettes, 28
passive smoking and lung cancer, use of advertising to attack evidence on, 414
physician endorsements, 28
revenue losses threatened by anti-smoking legislation, 358
voluntary agreement between industry and Federal Trade Commission, 28
advertising restrictions
benefits to industry of broadcast advertising ban, 256 , 258
Federal Trade Commission, 260 -261
money lost by advertisers if advertising regulated, 358
product placement to circumvent television advertising restrictions, 365 , 368 -369
smokeless tobacco, efforts to prevent AMA from supporting, 312
Surgeon General's 1964 report, response to, 175
AFP. See Associated Film Promotion
agricultural chemical study group, 209
agriculture department. See Department of Agriculture
air pollution
CTR special report, 333
environmental tobacco smoke, 22 , 393 -394
See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke
ALEPH foundation, 321
All the Marbles, product placement in, 390
Allied Dunbar (UK), and BAT, 5
allyl-isovalerate, additives, 227
Alta Marea Productions, solicited product placement, 367
AMA-ERF. See American Medical Association; American Medical Association Education and Research Fund
AMC Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
American Brands
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
Council for Tobacco Research, 286
American Cancer Society
environmental tobacco smoke, 351
industry efforts to keep corporations from cooperating with, 355
nicotine-blocking agents, 99
responding to, 73
"safe" cigarette research, 53
Surgeon General's 1964 report, anticipated response of, 51
threat to industry, 247
Tobacco Institute use of American Cancer Society study on passive smoking and lung cancer, 351 , 414
American Chemosol Corporation, 212 . See also Chemosol
American Heart Association
environmental tobacco smoke, 384
"safe" cigarette research by, 53
Surgeon General's 1964 report, anticipated reaction of, 51
American Legislative Exchange Council, Tobacco Institute contributions, 385
American Lung Association
Huber, Gary, presentation, 394
Sterling, Theodor, presentation, 297
American Medical Association
creating controversy about smoking and health, 181
Education and Research Fund report, as negative development for industry, 353
papers on Brown and Williamson documents, 11
public relations influenced by industry, 181 , 184
"safe" cigarette research, 53 , 128
Tiderock Corporation, 181 , 184
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, presentation by Theodor Sterling, 299 -300
American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
American Tobacco Company
additives, position on disclosure of, 229
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Chemosol, 213
G-13 process to expand tobacco, 217
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
workplace smoking, opposition to study of, 251
Ames test
Additives Guidance Panel, 219
cigarette smoke, 228 -229, 302
lawyers, as avoiding Ames test studies, 303
mutagenicity of cigarettes, 20
ranking of cigarette brands, 20 , 148
sidestream smoke, 401
smoker compensation effects, 149 -150
ammonia, as affecting delivery of nicotine, 211
Amusement and Music Operators Association, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
analogues. See Nicotine analogues
anesthetic agent
menthol, 211
smoke easier to inhale, 219
annoyance, nonsmokers' reaction to environmental tobacco smoke, 334
annual pesticide residue meeting, 210
antifreeze, 223
anti-smoking groups, concern about additives, 228
antitrust issues
Chemosol, 285
Council for Tobacco Research, 285
fire-safe cigarette, 252 -253
laws, 284 -285
Microbiological Associates contract, 302
nicotine analogues, 286
aortic aneurysm, 19
Apocalypse Now, use of Marlboro cigarettes in, 372 -373
Ariel
Battelle Memorial Institute, 74 -77
cigarette design, 131
description, 74
Fate of Nicotine in the Body,74
idealized product, 104
less toxic cigarette, problems associated with marketing of, 440 -441
nicotine delivery device, use as, 62 , 65 , 82
patent, 75 -76
Philip Morris, 77
R. J. Reynolds, 77
"safe" cigarette research, 126
sharing information with research laboratories outside Britain, 82
status reports on, 78
arsenic
Borstal, 110
cigarette smoke, 31
asbestos
connection with smoking as negative development for tobacco industry, 353
Kent micronite filter, 29
ASHRAE. See American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers
Associated Film Promotion (AFP)
audit of product placement expenses, 369 -371, 387 , 390
dissatisfaction with, 365
payment for product placements, 388 -389
product placement for Brown and Williamson, 365 -374
Sylvester Stallone, 365 -367, 370 , 371 , 373 , 389
termination of agreement with Brown and Williamson for product placements, 373 -374
See also Product placement
assumption of risk defense, in US versus UK, 340 -341
asthma, research relating to effects of environmental tobacco smoke on, 318
Atmospheric Health sciences, Domingo Aviado's consulting firm, 308
attorney-client privilege
avoidance of discovery, 241
Brown and Williamson documents, 236
definition, 236
fraud exception to, 238 -239
See also Work product rule
attorney work product. See Work product rule
attribution of statements of affiliated companies to Brown and Williamson, 6 , 267 , 273 -275
Avalon filter
description, 125
sharing information regarding, 71
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, withholding information, 72 -73
avoidance of notes, memos, or lists, for deadwood documents, 235
avoiding disclosure of research results, 4
avoiding discovery. See Discovery
B
B, Project, 195 -197
"Bandwagons of Medicine," Henry Rothschild, 292 -293
BAP (BaP). See Benzo(a)pyrene
Barclay cigarettes
coumarin substitutes, 223
Federal Trade Commission smoking machines, 89
First Blood, product placement in, 371
Jinxed, product placement in, 371
product placement in movies, 368 -369
Tempest, dissatisfaction of Brown and Williamson with product placement in, 371
Barron's editorial, use of in Tobacco Institute advertisement, 175 -179
BAT
Allied Dunbar (UK), 5
Brown and Williamson, relationship to, 2 , 5 , 5 -6
cigarette brands, 2
Eagle Star (UK), 5
Farmers Group, 5
Imperial Tobacco (Canada), 5
insurance subsidiaries, 5
Batflake
biological activity, 165
carbon monoxide, 165
flue-cured tobacco, comparison with, 165
inhalation toxicology, 165
tobacco substitute, 164 -165
Battelle Memorial Institute
Ariel cigarette patents, 74 -77
Fate of Nicotine in the Body,15 , 65 -68
Hilton, Project, 153
Hippo I, Project, 62 -63
Hippo II, Project, 63 -65
Janus, Project, 125 , 143 -144
special account 4 research project at Columbus laboratory, 328
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, withholding research from, 70 -73
"Tentative Hypothesis on Nicotine Addiction," 68 -70
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 70
Tobacco Research Council, 70
workplace smoking study, 251
See also Fate of Nicotine in the Body ; Hippo I, Project; Hippo II, Project; Janus, Project
Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborne, backup advertisements for industry Proposition 5 campaign, 423
Belair cigarettes, use of advertising to communicate health and political information, 191
benefits
nicotine, 73
smoking, claims of benefits as legally dangerous, 344
Benson and Hedges
advertising to counter smoking restrictions, 188
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
benzo(a)pyrene
Chemosol, to reduce levels of, 212 , 213 -216
Microbiological Associates study of, 303
potassium carbonate, effect on, 126 -127
purer carcinogen, 215
"safe" cigarette research, 110 , 118
sidestream smoke, 402
benzyl acetate, additive, 227
benzyl alcohol, additive, 227
Beverly Hills Cop , Lucky Strike product placement in, 368
BIBRA (British Industry Biological Research Association), study of coumarin, 221 -222
biological activity
additives
—effect on, 152 -153
—use of to reduce, 144
Batflake, effect on, 165
blend, effect on, 152 -153
carcinogenicity, 21
design parameter for cigarettes, 131 , 138 , 139 -140, 154
environmental tobacco smoke, 152 -153
health-oriented cigarettes, 129 -130
legal issues, 269
low-delivery products, 142
sidestream smoke, 401 , 402 , 406
smoking behavior, effect on, 150
smoking machines versus human smoking, 150
substantially reduced, 139 -140
See also Carcinogenicity
biological effects, burning pesticides and additives, 204
biological research, dangerous, 167
biological tests
danger of demonstrating smoking causes cancer, 55
Hunter Commission, 164
sidestream smoke, avoiding, 245
sucker control agents, 204
Biological Research Meeting, glycoproteins, 396
Biological Testing Committee
B&W scientist attended, 133 , 278 , 281
sidestream smoke, 395
birth control pill warning, negative public relations development for industry, 353
Blackman report, rewriting of, 346 -352
bladder cancer
lawyers, as avoiding studies of, 303
Surgeon General's report, 18 , 19
Blue Skies Again , product placement in, 390
BOCA, presentation by Theodor Sterling, 300
body weight, effects of smoking on, 62 -63
Body & Soul , product placement in, 390
Body Heat , product placement in, 371 , 390
Borstal, arsenic, 110
boycotts, discouraging other companies from taking anti-tobacco positions as possible violation of laws, 355
brain
nicotine effects on, 92 , 95 -96, 315 -316
See also Central nervous system; Electroen-cephlogram
brands of cigarettes. See Cigarette brands; and by specific brand name
British American Tobacco. See BAT
British Industry Biological Research Association (BIBRA), study of coumarin, 221 -222
broadcast ad ban
benefits to industry, 262
circumvention by product placement on A-Team , 374
circumvention by R. J. Reynolds' use of Winchester little cigars, 259
consumption of cigarettes, effect on, 258
bronchitis
noninhalable cigarette, 130
smoking as cause of, 112 , 132
Brown and Williamson
document review project, 15 -16
relationship with BAT, 2 , 5 -6
sued University of California, 10 -11
Brown and Williamson documents
CD-ROM version of, 3 , 11 , 447
document review project, 7 , 15 -16, 249
litigation, discovery of documents for use in, 235 -236
source. See Butts, Mr. (Name Index)
World Wide Web, documents placed on, 3 , 11 , 447
Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation v Regents of the University of California , 10
burning. See Pyrolysis
business of selling nicotine, 74
Butler v Philip Morris , 10 , 236
C
CA Blockers
additives to reduce nitrosamines, 147
threat to tobacco companies, 148
CAC. See Chairman's Advisory Committee
caffeine, additive, 136 -137
California
California Action Plan, 421
California Energy Commission, presentation by Theodor Sterling, 300
early efforts to pass nonsmokers' rights law in state legislature, 416
Proposition 5. See Proposition 5
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
voter initiative, 416 -417
Californians Against Regulatory Excess
ad hominem attacks against James White, 430
tobacco industry group formed to oppose California Proposition 10 , 429
Californians for Common Sense
chairmen, nominal, 421
tobacco industry group formed to oppose California Proposition 5 , 197 , 417
use to hide industry involvement in California Proposition 5 campaign, 420
Camel cigarettes
advertising claims, 28
low-nicotine delivery, 29
problems created by existence of less toxic cigarette, 440
campaign contributions, from Tobacco Institute, 363
Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers Council, funding of McGill University, 142
cancer
Batflake, 165
CTR special projects and consultancies, 329 -337
inhalation
cancer (continued )
—relationship to, 81
—tests in animals, 249
legal liability for, 268
mouse skin-painting tests for, 108
red light tests for, 302
tobacco substitutes, as cause of, 165
tobacco tar, as cause of, 4
See also by specific type of cancer
cancer scare, low-tar cigarettes as response, 25
Cancer in Focus , CTR special project, 333
carbon dioxide, use to expand tobacco, 136
carbon monoxide
additives, effect of, 19
Batflake, 165
cardiovascular system, effects on, 97
CTR special project, 332
design specification, 168
environmental tobacco smoke, 22 , 353 , 402
filtering out, desirability of, 135
health dangers of, 19
modified sidestream cigarettes, 409
political relevance of medical opinion on, 141
public relations impact, 353
putting shredded dried stems in cigarettes, effect of, 168
pyrolysis, 210
reducing delivery of, 130 , 167 -168
reducing tumorgenetic activity, effect on carbon monoxide production, 136
carcinogenicity
bioassay, 21
Chemosol, as reducing, 211 -216
cigarette design, effects on, 145
cocoa, as increasing, 220
different kinds of cigarettes, 137 -138
evaluating, 152
freon, 217
lawyers, avoiding studies of, 303
legal liability, effects on, 268
menthol, 227
mouse skin-painting tests for, 133 , 153
phenols, 111
processed cigarette leaves, 145
pyrolysis products of additives, 229
tobacco composition, effects on, 133
carcinogens
mouse skin painting does not detect all, 204
nitrosamines in tobacco, 143
removal from cigarette smoke, 52 -53, 117
smokeless tobacco, 313
cardiopulmonary lesions, CTR special projects, 334
cardiovascular disease
carbon monoxide, effects on, 97
CTR special projects and consultancies, 318 , 328 , 329 , 332 , 334
environmental tobacco smoke, 392
Friedman study funded by CTR as finding smoking dangerous, 323
Harvard Medical School study for industry, 255
nicotine, effects on, 78 , 82 , 97
noninhalable cigarette as protection against, 130
political problem for industry, 247 -248
quitting smoking, reduction of heart disease as negative development for industry, 352
Seltzer, Carl, CTR special project to create controversy, 294
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18 , 19 , 49
threat to industry, 247 -248
tobacco industry research results as raising concern about, 72 -73
careless statements by Brown and Williamson scientists, 271
Carlton cigarettes, use of smoking-and-health controversy for advertising advantage, 259
Carreras Tobacco, You MaySmoke , 174
cars, as payment for product placement, 370
cash, for product placement, 370
Castano v American Tobacco , 236
causality
CTR special projects, 332
different legal situations in Britain and US, 340 -341
excessive demands for proof of, 436
individual- versus population-based conclusion, 441 -442
legal versus scientific issues, 441 -442
lung cancer, denial of link to smoking, 186
tobacco industry arguments against, 342 -343
Tobacco Industry Research Committee position on, 36 , 39
versus statistical association, 341 , 342 -343
CD-ROM, to obtain Brown and Williamson documents, 3 , 11 , 447
Celanese Fibers
analyzed cigarette smoke from various brands, 154
filter development, 154
cellulose, Viceroy filters, 29
cellulose acetate filter, health guard tip, 31
Center for Indoor Air Research (CIAR), similar to Council for Tobacco Research, 412
central nervous system
Council for Tobacco Research, 286
eugenol, effect on, 220
nicotine, effects on, 61 , 66 , 68 , 82 , 85 -87, 94 , 95 -96
Philip Morris, 286
rapid delivery of nicotine, 79
See also Nicotine addiction
cerebrovascular disease. See Stroke
Chairman's Advisory Committee
R&D cost- and risk-pooling agreements, 282 -284
sidestream smoke, 405
tobacco companies, 280
Chase Bank, industry concerns with stopsmoking clinic, 355
Cheaper to Keep Her , product placement in, 390
Chelwood Research Conference (1972), mouse skin painting, 135 -136
Chemical Research and Development Corporation, marketing Chemosol, 212
Chemosol
additive to reduce carcinogenicity, 211 -216
American Chemosol Corporation, marketed by, 212
American Tobacco, 213
antitrust implications, 285
benzo(a)pyrene, reduced by, 212 -216
Binding, Max, developed by, 212
Chemical Research and Development Corporation, marketed by, 212
congressional hearings on, 213
cooperative effort, 233
Council for Tobacco Research, 212
Covington and Burling, 213 -216
flowebin, original name, 212
Hazleton laboratory, tests in, 213
High Tor Foundation, 212
lawyer representing Tobacco Institute, coordination of research by, 213 -216
Lorillard, 213
marketing of, 212
Philip Morris, 213
R. J. Reynolds, 213
reduced carcinogenicity of cigarette smoke, 211
research coordinated by Tobacco Institute lawyer, 213 -216
Chesterfield cigarettes, claim of low-nicotine delivery, 29
chewing tobacco
alternative to cigarettes because of declining social acceptability, 84
diethylene glycol, 225
children
denial that industry seeks to attract, 161
educational programs to prevent problem for industry, 247
legislation to curb smoking among children, negative development for industry, 353
Kool advertisements at Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , 363 -364
price of cigarettes affecting smoking rates of, 249
taxation, effect of, 249
chromosomal abnormalities
Microbiological Associates, 302 -303
test used by Food and Drug Administration, 303
chronic bronchitis
irritation, 115
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18 , 49
chronic obstructive lung disease. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
deletion from industry scientific report, 351
smoking as cause of, 115
Surgeon General's report, 19
CIAR (Center for Indoor Air Research), similar to Council for Tobacco Research, 412
cigar smokers, nicotine absorption via mouth, 78
cigarette brands
Ames test to rank, 148
biological activity of different brands, 152 -153, 160 -161
mouse skin-painting test to compare, 149
pesticide residues in different brands, 209
See also League tables; and by specific brand name
cigarette design
additives, 211
biological activity, as affected by, 130 , 131 , 142 , 150 , 154
carbon monoxide, level affected by, 168 , 409 -410
carcinogenicity, affected by, 145
Food and Drug Administration, 84 , 147
health concerns, design as response to, 93
humectants, 211
Imperial Tobacco (UK), 96
inhalation tests, 249
Kronberg Research Conference, 132
mutagenicity, 142
nicotine
—effects on electroencephalogram used in, 86
nothing artificial added, 218
sidestream smoke, 151 , 399 , 400 , 401 , 402 , 403 -404, 405 -406, 407 , 409 -410
smoke effectiveness increased by, 92
smoker compensation, 142
toxicity, reduced by, 136
ventilation, effects on carcinogenicity, 145
See also Reconstituted tobacco
cigarette paper, fortified with nicotine, 124
cigarette smoke. See Smoke
cigarette-smoking machines, defeating with Barclay cigarettes, 89
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1965), 175
Cigarettenfabriken (Germany), and BAT, 5
cigars, little, competition with cigarettes, 81
ciliastasis
measure of biological activity, 130
test developed by Battelle Memorial Institute, 151
Cinema Concepts, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs controversy, 364
Cineplex Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
cinnamaldehyde, additives, 227
Cippolone v Liggett Group, Inc. , 265
Civil Aeronautics Board
Aviado, Domingo, 309
hearings on smoking in aircraft as negative development for industry, 353
passive smoking, 248
Trans World Airways, 355
clove cigarettes, 219
cloves, eugenol as active ingredient, 219
CO. See Carbon monoxide
Cobb Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
Coca Cola, product placement in Superman II , 367
cocaine, comparison to nicotine, 15 , 101
cocoa
additive, 220 -221
banned (temporarily) by British government in tobacco products, 220
Lorillard, 220
Philip Morris, 220
R. J. Reynolds, 220
Cohen Committee, 273
COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease). See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Committee of Counsel
additives, 229
freon, 218
grass-roots lobbying, 251 -252
Tobacco Working Group, 156
"Up from the Bomb Shelter," 260
workplace smoking, 250 -251
communication between laboratories, restricted by special legal agreements, 131 -132
compensation, smoker. See Smoker compensation
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, and additives, 226
Comprehensive Smoking Prevention Act of 1982, 318
Congress
Aviado, Domingo, testimony, 309
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 226
Congress (continued )
Comprehensive Smoking Prevention Act of 1982, 318
filters, inquiry regarding, 55
Healthy Buildings International, investigation of, 412
Johnson, James (R. J. Reynolds) testimony of, 173
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, testimony of, 316
media coverage of proposed legislation, as influenced by industry, 356
outgunned by industry, 256 -257
regulation of tobacco by, stopping, 256
Seltzer, Carl testimony criticizing MRFIT, 295
Sterling, Theodor, testimony of, 297 , 299 , 300
tobacco superfund legislation, as possibility if unfavorable products liability ruling, 276
constitutional hypothesis
CTR special project, 335 , 350 -351
disproved by Friberg, Cederloff, and Lundman, 350 -351
Fisher, Sir Ronald A., development of hypothesis by, 186
Sterling, Theodor, CTR special project, 296
twin studies disproved, 350 -351
consultancies
definition, 289
recipients of, 328 -338
Consumer Products Safety Commission
jurisdiction over tobacco, 248 , 256
threat to industry, 248
Consumer Reports, exposing True magazine article, 179
Consumer Union and tar derby, 28
"Controversy on Smoking and Health--Some Facts and Anomalies," rewriting, 346 -352
controversy. See Creating controversy
COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cornell, Leonard, Addiction Research Foundation, 304
coronary artery disease. See Cardiovascular disease
coronary heart disease. See Cardiovascular disease
corporate diversification, to minimize potential financial problems of industry, 254
cost- and risk-pooling agreement
between B&W and BAT, 282 -284
liability issues, 242 -243, 284
coumarin
additive, 221 -223
Additives Guidance Panel, 221
Food and Drug Administration, ban on coumarin in foods, 222
Hunter Committee, 221 -222
liver damage, caused by, 221
not on list of cigarette additives released by cigarette manufactures in 1994, 223
Now cigarettes, 222
R. J. Reynolds, 222
Raleigh/Fiesta flavor package, efforts to remove coumarin from, 222
tobacco substitutes, not recognized as safe by Food and Drug Administration, 223
tobacco substitutes, recognized as safe by FEMA, 223
Vantage cigarettes, 222
Council for Tobacco Research
Addiction Research Foundation, lack of interest in, 304 -305
antitrust issues, 285
attempt to remove acknowledgment of CTR funding of study of glycoproteins, 397
Center for Indoor Air Research, 412
central nervous system research, 286
Chemosol, 212
early response to evidence linking smoking and cancer, 26
environmental tobacco smoke, countering dangers of, 391
finding scientists to assist in lawsuits and legislation, 44
founding, 17
fraud, 326 -327
hoax, 240
inhalation studies by, 301 -304
Microbiological Associates contract with, 301 -304
nicotine-blocking agents, 286
nicotine substitutes, 286
passive smoking, health evidence on, 410 -412
political function of, 44
problem created by grantee finding that cigarette smoking causes cancer, 288
public policy, support of industry position by, 317 -318
public relations role of, 17 , 44 , 240 , 254 -255, 317
publication policy of, 317 , 321 -322
Rothschild, Henry, special projects, 290 -293
"safe" cigarettes, 128
Seltzer, Carl, special projects, 290 , 293 -296
Sommers, Sheldon, 20
special account 4, 289
special account 4 administered by Jacob, Medinger, and Finnegan, 251
special account 5, 289
special project disproving constitutional hypothesis, 350 -351
—and consultancies, recipients of, 328 -338
—list of, 328 -338
—to produce good publicity for industry, 317
Sterling, Elia, special project, 301
Sterling, Theodor, special projects, 290 , 296 -301
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, original name, 32
undesirable research results, insulating industry from, 45
"unfavorable" results on cardiovascular disease, 335
See also Special projects; Tobacco Industry Research Committee
Council of State Governments, Tobacco Institute support, 385
counteradvertising, 262
Covington and Burling
additives, disclosure of, 229 -231
fire-safe cigarettes, 252
freon, 218
grass-roots lobbying, 251
workplace smoking, 250 -251
creating controversy
American Medical Association, role in perpetuating controversy, 181
Carlton cigarette, marketing of, 259
"Controversy on Smoking and Health--Some Facts and Anomalies," 346 -352
effort to stimulate controversy in the media, 358
environmental tobacco smoke, 317 -321, 342 , 353 , 392 , 413 -416, 424 , 428 -430
filters as response, 254
government regulation, defeat of, 253 -259
health effects of smoking, 31 , 171 , 274
heart disease and smoking, 294
industry support of scientific research, 254 -255
low-tar cigarettes, value for marketing, 343
Now cigarettes, marketing of, 259
physicians, 359
public relations strategy, 353
public versus private views, 188 -189
recognition that smoking caused disease not an area of scientific controversy, 139
Royal College of Physicians report, 40 -41, 47
scientific research, to promote controversy, 254 -255
scientific statements, editing of, 347
smokeless tobacco, 313
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 319
True cigarettes, marketing of, 259
value of controversy to industry, 190 -191
Vantage cigarettes, marketing of, 259
See also Public relations
credibility, of industry, 426
crime/fraud exception. See Work product rule; Fraud exception
CRS (cut, rolled stem), 110 , 130
CTR. See Council for Tobacco Research
cyanide, in cigarette smoke, 154
cyclamates, 248
cytrel, tobacco substitute, 137 -138, 164
D
D-Limonene, additive, 227
Dade County, Florida, nonsmokers' rights initiative, 352 , 428
dangerous, biological research, 167
Davis Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements at, 387
Dawkins Committee, 273
DDT
residues and samples from the US tobacco crop, 209
tobacco exempted from regulations on, 210
deadwood documents
avoidance of lists of, 235 , 246
documents, 246 -247
shipment of offshore, 235 , 237 -38
death, tobacco compared to other causes, 437
deer tongue. See Coumarin
defensive research, environmental tobacco smoke, 399
DEG. See Diethylene glycol
deMaurier Light King Size cigarette, human versus machine-smoking results, 150
denial
industry desire to attract kids to smoking, 161
nicotine as addictive, 59
Department of Agriculture
limited regulatory authority, 203
Penar, 206
pyrolysis products, 228
sucker control committee, 203
support of industry, 257
Department of Health and Human Services, pressure to disclose additives, 229 -230
dependence, equivalence of addiction, 58
destroying the data, 230
diethylene glycol (DEG)
Additives Guidance Panel, 224
automotive antifreeze, 223
chewing tobacco, 225
humectant, 223 -225
not generally recognized as safe, 225
not on list of additives released by industry in 1994, 225
difficulties with inhalation tests, 134
diligence, problems created by phenol crisis, 121
dimethyldodecyalmine acetate. See Penar
dimethylnitrosamine, produced from Penar, 206
disclosure, different positions regarding additives, 229 -231
discovery, avoiding
attorney-client privilege, 241
Brown and Williamson documents, 235 -236
deadwood documents, 238 , 246 -247
definition, 236
destroying the data, 230
R&D risk- and cost-pooling agreements between B&W and BAT, 284
scientists' statements, 275 -276, 281
special procedures for handling scientific documents, 241 -246
special projects, 240
document review project, 7 , 15 -16, 249
dose. See Cigarette design; Nicotine
Douglas v US Tobacco , 313
drug delivery device
benefits of cigarettes as, 61
See also Ariel; Cigarette design; Premier
drug, definition under Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 59
Duck Key, Florida Research Conference (1974)
environmental tobacco smoke, 395
selective filtration, 136 -137
short-term bioassays, 153
tobacco substitutes, 164
Dugan/Farley Communications Associates, marketing research on physicians and low-delivery cigarettes, 359 -360
E
Eagle Star (UK), and BAT, 5
Eclipse, 440
economic pressures, to keep companies from adopting anti-tobacco positions, 355
Economic Research Associates, production of economic cost report favorable to industry in Proposition 5 campaign, 422
economics
Shook, Hardy, and Bacon, 336
Proposition 5, 355
smoking and absenteeism, 335 -336
Wharton study on financial impact of tobacco (1980), 353
education, as threat to industry, 247
electroencephalogram, effects of nicotine, 86
emminent
physicians, 187
scientists, 173
emphysema
caused by smoking, 132
legal liability for, 268
noninhalable cigarette to protect against, 130
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 49
Entity, product placement in, 390
Enviro Control, Inc., contractor for National Cancer Institute "safe" cigarette project, 160
environmental issues
freon, 217 -218
passive smoking as air pollution, 393 -394
environmental tobacco smoke
additives to affect, 403 -404
air pollution, 22
American Cancer Society study misrepresented, 351 , 385
American Heart Association, 384
arguments, same as active smoking, 342
asthma, 318
biological activity, 152 -153, 401 , 406
carbon monoxide, 353
children, 392
cigarette design impacts on, 403 -404
constituents, harmful effects of, 395
Council for Tobacco Research
—special account 4, 251
—special projects and consultancies, 328 -338
defensive research, 399 , 407 -408
early history, 391 -393
Environmental Protection Agency, 392 , 416
Garfinkle, Lawrence, study misrepresented, 351 , 385
glycoproteins, 396 -397
health effects of, 410 -411
heart disease, as caused by, 392
industry conferences, 351
industry denials of harmful effects of, 23
London underground, banning of smoking on, 412 -413
lung cancer
—as caused by, 351 , 353 , 392 , 400
—evidence accepted by some industry consultants, 415
lung function, effect on, 428 -429
marketing cigarettes, 375
misrepresentation of Lawrence Garfinkel/American Cancer Society study, 351 , 385
National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council report, 392 , 430
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 416
public places, smoking in, 407 -408
public relations aspects of, 352 -353
public versus private statements of industry, 22
pulmonary function, effect on, 352
refuting scientific evidence indicating dangers of, 391
Response Analysis Corporation, 311 -312
Rylander symposium, 309
Salvaggio/Lehrer Project, 318
sick building syndrome, 410 -411
sidestream smoke, reduction of, 403 , 405
sidestream smoke versus mainstream smoke, 391 -392
smoking restrictions, support for, 423
social acceptability issue, 392
special account 4, 306 -307
Sterling, Theodor, 296 -301, 320
Surgeon General's 1986 report, 22 , 392
Tobacco Institute, selection of homes for study of, 411
ventilation, 333
Vienna Conference, 351
See also Nonsmokers' rights; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke; Social acceptability
Environmental Protection Agency
Aviado, Domingo, member of EPA Clean Air Advisory Committee, 308
EPA Science Advisory Board contrasted with industry established committees, 325
freon, 217
indoor air pollution, 436
report on passive smoking, 392
Sterling, Theodor, criticized EPA, 298 -299
tobacco smoke as air pollution, 436
epidemiology
determining total deaths caused by smoking, 441 -442
relative safety of tobacco products, 139
esophageal cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke
eugenol
anesthetic, 210 -211
clove cigarettes, 219
cloves, active ingredient in, 219
inhalability of smoke, 219
National Cancer Institute study of, 227
nicotine, interaction with, 220
numbing of the throat, 211
Eve cigarettes, product placement in Supergirl,368
expanded tobacco
G-13 process, 217 -218
sidestream smoke production, to reduce, 409
toxicity effects of, 136
See also Freon; G-13
experts, financed by special account 4 , 305
export subsidies, 257
extractable nicotine
additives, to control, 81
boosted with PEI, 83
determinants of, 78 -79
filter modifies, 153
high-nicotine content tobacco, 85
mouth, absorption in, 78
pH effects, 80
See also Cigarette design; Nicotine; Nicotine delivery
F
Fact cigarettes
acetaldehyde, 154
acrolein, 154
Medical Communications Program, 362
nitrogen oxide, 154
physicians, presentation to, 359 -360
Fairlane Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
fairness doctrine, use by industry, 262
Farmers Group, subsidiary of BAT, 5
Fate of Nicotine in the Body,15 , 65 -68, 74
FCC. See Federal Communications Commission
federal government, misallocation of prevention resources, 437 -439
Federal Aviation Agents Administration, supporting anti-smoking forces, 257
Federal Communications Commission
anti-smoking forces, support of, 257
electronic advertising of cigarettes, restriction on, 193
jurisdiction over tobacco as limited, 256
Federal Trade Commission
advertising restrictions, attempts to impose, 260 -261
anti-smoking forces, support of, 257
Austern, H. Thomas, represented industry before, 214
carbon monoxide, 168
--testing as negative development for industry, 353
jurisdiction over tobacco as limited, 256
nicotine deliveries reported, 91
reports as negative for industry, 352
Roper Organization study for Tobacco Institute, 392 -393
smoker compensation, 89
Surgeon General's 1964 report, response of, 173 , 175
tar, concern with, 122
voluntary agreement with industry, 28
voluntary publication of tar and nicotine ratings in cigarette advertising, 254
FEMA (Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association), justification for using cigarette casing and flavoring ingredient, 228
fertility, in rats exposed to different kinds of cigarette smoke, 144
fetal effects
special account 4 special project, 329
Surgeon General's report, 19
Fican-Plus, insecticide, 210
Fiesta, coumarin, 222
Fifth World Conference on Smoking and Health, attended by Domingo Aviado for industry, 309
50/50 , product placement in, 367
film promotion. See Product placement
filter
acetaldehyde, 154
acrolein, 154
actron, 279 -280
additives, 154
biological activity, effects on, 152 -153
boosting of nicotine delivery, 124
Celanese Fibers Company, 154
cigarette toxicity, effects on, 123 -124, 126
congressional inquiry about effectiveness of, 55
Fact cigarettes, 154
human smoking patterns, 141
Kent cigarettes, 119 -121
legal dangers of aerosol testing, 244
Life cigarettes, 153
magnesium oxide, to reduce visible sidestream smoke, 403 -404
Medical Communications Program, 360 -362
nicotine delivery, effects on, 124 , 27
physicians, presentation to, 359 -360
polyethylene glycol, 124
product design, 137
purite (in Fact cigarettes), as presented to physicians, 360
Reader's Digest evaluation of filter cigarettes, 30
selective filtration, 120 -121
sidestream smoke, 399 , 403 -404
smoking-and-health controversy, as response to, 254
tar delivery, effects on, 109
Viceroy health guard filter, 29
fire-safe cigarette
antitrust issues, 252 -253
Aviado, Domingo, 308
Capri cigarettes, 252
competitive aspects, 142
instructions for coding, 249
International Association of Fire Chiefs' support of industry position, 252
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, 316
legislation, 252 -253
Moakley, Congressman Joseph, 252
More cigarettes, 316
Nat Sherman cigarettes, 316
news stories as negative development for industry, 352
preemption, 253
Rupp, John, 252
sidestream smoke, 406
Technical Advisory Group, 252
trade secrets, 253
fires, caused by cigarettes, 142 , 252
First Amendment, applicability to cigarette advertising, 261 -262
First Blood, product placement in, 390
Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association, justification for using cigarette casing and flavoring ingredient, 201 , 228
flavors. See Additives
Florida
State of Florida v American Tobacco Company,9 , 236
defeat of Dade County nonsmokers' rights initiatives in 1978, 352
Floridians Against Increased Regulation (FAIR), industry group formed to oppose local clean indoor air ordinance, 428
flowebin. See Chemosol
flue-cured tobacco, compared to Batflake, 165
FLW Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
Food and Drug Administration
acidity, for nicotine delivery, 94
addiction, regulatory implications, 102 , 103
carcinogenicity, tests for, 288
chromosomal abnormalities, test for, 303
cigarette product design, 84
cigarettes and addiction, investigation of, 100
coumarin
—as banned in foods by, 222
Food and Drug Administration (continued)
—substitutes, not generally recognized as safe, 223
generally recognized as safe, 201
industry opposition tactics, 428
jurisdiction over tobacco, 248 , 86 , 353
—as threat to industry, 248
—lack of, as plus for industry, 353
nicotine
—as a drug, 11
—regulatory requirements, 59
nicotine patch business, implications for tobacco company entering, 105
nonnicotine cigarette with nicotine added, 83
red light tests, 302
regulation of tobacco products, 59
regulatory implications of nicotine addiction, 102 , 103
—in cigarette design, 147
restrictions on cigarette advertising, 262
special account 4 consultancies, 329 , 335
tobacco substitutes, regulatory implications, 162
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, definition of drug or device, 59
Food for Peace Program, 257
Food Research Institute, sidestream smoke research, 409 -410
Fourth World Conference on Smoking and Health, as negative development for industry, 352
Framingham study, criticized by Carl Seltzer, 295
Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers
advertisement, 34
private acceptance of dangers of smoking, 139
response to evidence smoking caused cancer, 33 -35
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33 -35
Truth, Project, 185
withholding information from Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, 74
Franklin Institute, CTR special project, 330 , 331
fraud exception
attorney-client privilege, 238 -239
work product rule, 237
free choice and nicotine addiction, 102 -103, 249
freon
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 217
Environmental Protection Agency, 217
expanded tobacco, 136 , 216 -218
ozone layer, damage to, 217
phosgene, produced by burning freon, 217
products liability issues, 217
friends, buying by industry, 362 -363
frustration, feelings of, 51
FTC. See Trade Commission
fungicides, residues in tobacco, 202
future generations, concern for safety, 217
G
G-13
Brown and Williamson adopted process, 218
See also Freon
GASP, protest of Kool cigarette advertisements at showing of Snow White,363 -364
General Cinema, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
generally recognized as safe, 201 , 228
See also Flavor Extracts and Manufacturers Association; Food and Drug Administration
Georgia Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
glycerine, Real cigarettes, 218
glycerol, Additives Guidance Panel, 224
glycoproteins
cardiovascular and pulmonary effects, 396 -398
Council for Tobacco Research, 328 , 330 -331, 397
industry-sponsored studies found, 322
sidestream smoke, 432
Tobacco Research Council, 397
Godfather III,367
government intervention, precipitated by "safe" cigarette research, 125
government policy, influenced by CTR special projects, 323
government regulation. See Regulation
GRAS. See Generally recognized as safe
grass-roots lobbying, tax issues for lobbying by industry, 251 -252
grave crisis for industry, 50 -52
Griffith filter. See Avalon
group research conferences, attendance, 279
Gulf State Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
gun, smoking. See Pistol, smoking
H
habit, versus addiction, 81
habituation, to nicotine, 65 , 84
Haines v Liggett Group,12 , 240
Harrogate laboratory
expanded to speed "safe" cigarette research, 124
mouse skin-painting test to evaluate carcinoginicity, 123
Tobacco Manufacturers Standing Committee, 133
Harvard Medical School
grantee, 255
special account 4 consultancy, 331
Hazleton Laboratory, testing of Chemosol, 213
HBI. See Healthy Buildings International
health concerns, designing of cigarette as response to, 93
health guard filter, on Viceroy cigarettes, 29 , 31
health-image cigarette, 26 , 103 -104, 114 , 129 -130
health-oriented cigarette, 26 , 103 -104, 114 , 118 , 129 -130
Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking, Surgeon General's 1986 report, 392
Healthy Buildings International
congressional inquiry regarding, 412
originally named ACVA Atlantic, 411
heart disease. See Cardiovascular disease
heroin, similarity to nicotine, 15 , 101
Hickman v Taylor,237
high-nicotine tobacco, 85
High Tor Foundation, testing of Chemosol, 212
Hill and Knowlton
organization of public relations campaign against emerging information on dangers of smoking in 1950s, 358
staff overlap with Tobacco Institute and Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 40
Surgeon General's 1964 report, planning reaction to, 50 -52
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33 , 39 -40
Tobacco Institute, 40
True magazine article, 179
Hilton, Project, description, 152
Hilton Head Research Conference (1968), 82 , 128 -132, 278
Hine, Inc., special account 4 research project, 331
Hippo, Projects
Ariel, 74
nicotine pharmacology, 151
Hippo I, Project
Battelle Memorial Institute, 62
Janus, Project, 143
nicotine's effect on hypothalamus, 62
Hippo II, Project
compared with industry attitudes in 1980, 344
Janus, Project, 143
nicotine
—benefits, 74
—and other tranquilizing drugs, 75
Honky Tonk Freeway, product placement in, 390
humectants
glycerine (in Real cigarettes), 218
make smoke milder and easier to inhale, 211
prolong shelf life, 211
propylene glycol, 218
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 224
Hunter Committe
biological testing, 164
coumarin, 221 -222
description, 165
tobacco substitutes, 163 , 166
hydrogen cyanide, pyrolysis of tobacco products, 210
hyperplasia test
Kool cigarettes, 153
Life cigarettes, 153
Viceroy cigarettes, 153
hyperplasia, short-term toxicity test for tobacco, 152
I
ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries), tobacco substitute, 162 -163
IIT Research Institute, CTR special project, 332
Imperial Chemical Industries, tobacco substitute, 162 -163
Imperial Tobacco (Canada)
BAT, relationship to, 5
marketing research, 376
smoker compensation, 88
smoking machine versus human smoking, 150
Imperial Tobacco (UK)
cigarette product design, 96
New Smoking Material, 162 -163
"safe" cigarette research, 124
smoking-and-health research, 272 -273
inadequacy, feelings of, 51
Independent Committee on Smoking and Health, and coumarin, 222
Independent Scientific Committee, temporary banning of cocoa as tobacco additive, 220
Indonesia, market for clove cigarettes, 219
indoor air pollution. See Environmental Protection Agency; Environmental tobacco smoke
industry-funded research, demonstrating inhaled smoke causes cancer, 249
influencing physicians. See Physicians, influencing
INFOTAB, description, 198
inhalability
anesthetic, 219
controlling, 81
humectants, effect on, 211
sugar, effect on, 211
inhalation
laryngeal cancer, 249
nicotine absorption, 67
respiratory disease, 80
inhalation testing
Batflake, 165
Council for Tobacco Research, 285
CTR special projects, 334
difficulties of, 133
Hilton, Project, 153
laryngeal cancer, 249
lawyers, as avoiding studies of, 303
Microbiological Associates, 285
mouse skin-painting test, comparison with, 134
National Cancer Institute "safe" cigarette program, 157
initiatives, ballot, 416 -417
insecticides
cigarette smoke, 31
Fican-Plus, 210
residues in tobacco, 202
insurance companies, owned by BAT, 5
Interbat, information exchange system, 280
International Association of Fire Chiefs, 252
irritation
biological activity, 130
cancer, 115
chronic bronchitis, 115
sidestream smoke, 245 , 404 , 406 , 407
IT Corporation, Shook, Hardy, and Bacon research project, 332
J
Jacob and Medinger
filters, 55
glycoproteins, 397
Microbiological Associates, 303
Rothschild, Henry, CTR special project, 291
Smokeless Tobacco Council, 312
special account for congressional hearings, 305
Sterling, Theodor, special account 4 funding, 299
True magazine article, 180
Jacob, Medinger, and Finnegan. See Jacob and Medinger
JAMA
Brown and Williamson response to publication of articles in, 443 -445
decision to publish papers on Brown and Williamson documents, xviii , 11
Janus, Project
Battelle Memorial Institute, 125
benzo(a)pyrene as positive control, 215
Janus, Project (continued)
carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, 151
collaboration between B&W and BAT scientists, 278 , 281
deadwood documents, 246
Hippo, Projects, relationship with, 143
meetings to monitor progress, 281
mouse skin painting, 113
potassium carbonate evaluated, 145
product modifications to reduce dangers of smoking, 113
results, 143 -146
sidestream smoke, 395
study of materials from B&W, 144
jewelry
Kovoloff could not remember who this was for, 388
product placement, as payment for, 370
Jinxed, product placement in, 390
Jones Hearing, public relations benefits to industry, 353
Journal of the American Medical Association. See JAMA
jurisdiction over tobacco
Food and Drug Administration, lack of jurisdiction as plus for industry, 353
political problem for industry, 248
K
Kent cigarettes
advertising claims, 29
nicotine delivery of, 54
Kent Golden Lights cigarettes, smoke constituents of, 154
Kent Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute
applicant investigated by industry lawyers, 315
lawyers, 315 -316
organization of, 314
public relations benefits, 353
Kill & Kill Again, product placement in, 390
Kippa study, of smoker compensation, 87
knowledge of research results, avoiding, 167 , 236
Kool cigarettes
advertisement in movie theaters, 387
Body Heat, poster in, 371
cigarette ads to counter health information, 188
First Blood, product placement in, 371
hyperplasia tests, 153
Monroe case, 45
Never Say Never Again, product placement in, 371
Only When I Laugh, product placement in, 371
product placement in films, 369
Snow White controversy, 363 -364, 387
Kronberg Research Conference (1969), 82 -83, 132 -133, 268 -269
L
L&M Flavor Lights cigarettes, smoke constituents of, 154
labor
alliances with industry, 419
Jerry Brown, convincing to take neutral position on California Proposition 5 , 419
LAM Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Lark cigarettes, in License to Kill , 368
laryngeal cancer
inhaling tobacco smoke as producing, 249
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18
law firm accounts, definition, 289
lawyers
Brown and Williamson response to JAMA articles, 444
Chemosol research, 212 , 213 -216
Council for Tobacco Research, 36 , 251 , 288 , 301 -304
CTR research showing smoking causes cancer, 288
deadwood documents, 246
differences between US and UK, 345 -346
guidelines for keeping nontobacco companies from taking anti-smoking positions, 355
industry positions, developing, 198
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, management of, 315 -316
Kronberg Research Conference, 268
Microbiological Associates CTR contract, 301 -304
Proposition 5, 420
public relations, 194 , 215 , 352 -354
restricting communication between laboratories, 131 -132
rewriting scientific documents, 346 -352
Rio, Project, 146
St. Ives Research Conference (1970), 268 , 269
scientific research, 4 , 5 -6, 21 , 128 , 212 , 236 , 265 -267, 268 -271, 311 -312
—encouragement of, to refute dangers of tobacco, 288
scientists, relationship with, 128 , 266 -267
screening scientific documents, 241 -246
Smokeless Tobacco Council research projects, selecting, 312 -313
smoking-and-health activities, involvement in, 266
special accounts 4 and 5, 305 -306
Surgeon General's 1964 report, strategies for dealing with, 52 -56
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 36
league table, based on Ames test, 20
legal liability, and truth, 4
legislation
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1965), 175
Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 226
Comprehensive Smoking Prevention Act (1982), 318
Council for Tobacco Research, influence on, 44 , 289
nicotine content, 247
problems caused by industry-funded research demonstrating smoking causes cancer, 288 , 302
product placement of cigarettes in films, outlawing of, 368
less hazardous cigarettes. See "Safe" cigarette
Less Hazardous Cigarette Committee
MH-30, 205
Penar, 205
Tso, T. C., 207
liability
avoiding attribution of BAT research to B&W, 266 -267
Council for Tobacco Research
--research showing smoking causes cancer, 288
--to find scientists to support industry positions, 44
differences between Britain and US, 340
fire-safe cigarette research, 252 -253
industry scientists' statements, 268 -271, 347
nicotine addiction, 344 -345
passive smoking, 251
phenols, failure to warn, 121
public relations, 339
R&D risk- and cost-pooling agreements between B&W and BAT, 284
"safe" cigarette research, 122 , 439 -441
warning labels, as providing protection against, 54 , 342
License to Kill, Lark cigarette placement in, 368
Life cigarettes
hyperplasia testing, 153
PEI, 153
"safe" cigarette, 125
Life magazine, reporting of early studies on smoking and cancer, 25
Liggett and Myers
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, position on disclosure of, 229
annual pesticide meeting, 209
cancer, appearing to admit smoking causes, 45
G-13 process for expanding tobacco, 217 , 218
product placement in Supergirl , 368
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
Tobacco Working Group, 155
Washington University site visit, 311
lip cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
litigation. See Lawyers; Liability
London Research Conference (1979), 140 -141
London underground, banning of smoking on, 412 -413
Long Island Tobacco Co., Inc. v Lindsey,250
Lorillard
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, disclosure of, 229
advertising claims for Kent cigarettes, 29
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Chemosol, 213
cocoa, replacement with proprietary substitute, 221
G-13 process to expand tobacco, 217
Kent micronite filter, 154
phenols, reaction to selective removal, 216
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Time, Inc., meetings to influence coverage of Surgeon General's 1983 report, 356
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
Tobacco Working Group, 155
workplace smoking, favoring study of, 251
Louisville Courier, articles as negative development for industry, 352
Love Child, product placement in, 390
low-delivery cigarette
advantage for industry, 353
alternative to quitting, 339
biological activity, 142
creating controversy, 343
cigarette consumption, effects on, 90
health concerns, as response to, 25 , 26 -28, 274
Medical Communications Program, 360 -362
paradox of production when claiming smoking does not cause disease, 343
smoker compensation, 88
low-sidestream product, demand for, 409 -410
lubricants, residues in tobacco, 202
Lucky Strike cigarettes
advertising claims, 28
Foote, Emerson, 178
lung cancer
alternative explanations, 342 -343, 352
carcinogens, dose in smoke, 91
countering evidence of smoking as cause of, 188 -189
CTR special projects, 291 -293, 329
denials of relationship to smoking, 172 , 181 , 184
early studies of, 25
environmental tobacco smoke, as cause of, 22 , 351 , 392 , 400 , 408 , 413 -416
Environmental Protection Agency, 416
Harrogate laboratory research, 113
inhalation, 80 , 84 , 130 , 301 , 301 -304
irritation, 115
media coverage of early scientific studies, 25
Microbiological Associates inhalation study, 301 -304
mouse skin-painting test for, 21 , 25
nitrosamines, 398
public versus private statements of industry as to causes of, 18
Royal College of Physicians study of, 26
smoking as cause of, 132
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 18 , 22 , 26 , 48
Surgeon General's 1972 report, 19
Tobacco Research Council, 152
ZEPHYR , as code name for, 109 -110
lung disease, Harvard Medical School investigations for industry, 255
lung function, effect of passive smoking, 428 -429
M
Maddox v Williams,1 , 8 , 9 , 13 -14, 239
mainstream smoke
definition, 391 -392
nitrosamines, 403 -404
Making Love, product placement in, 390
maleic hydrazide. See MH-30
Mann Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
manufacturing techniques. See Cigarette design
marketing
Ariel's potential position, 74 -75
low-delivery cigarettes, 161 -243
social acceptability of smoking, 339
Marlboro cigarettes
Apocalypse Now, product placement in, 372 -373
Body Heat, product placement in, 371
Superman II, product placement in, 367 , 368 , 372
Martin Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Matinee Extra Mild, relationship between human and smoking-machine results, 150
McCann-Eriksen Advertising Agency, 178
McDonnel and Company, agents for owners of Chemosol, 212
McGill University, research on smoke quality, 142
McKennell-type test, 87
McNeil/Lehrer news program, 295
MCP. See Medical Communications Program
Meckler Engineers Group, special account 4 research project, 333
media
lung cancer, coverage of early studies, 25
meetings to influence coverage of Surgeon General's 1983 report, 356
Seltzer, Carl, CTR special projects, 294
Medical Communications Program, to influence how physicians discuss cigarettes with their patients, 360 -362
menthol
carcinogenicity of, studied by National Cancer Institute, 227
numbing of throat by, 211
Real cigarettes, 218
Merano Research Conference (1975)
new smoking materials, 137 -139
passive smoking, 395 -396
Merit, smoke constituents of, 154
MH-30
evidence of toxicity, 203
high-level residues in exports to West Germany, 210
Less Hazardous Cigarette Committee, 205
powder keg, 205
reformulated, 208
toxicity in mice, 204
Microbiological Associates
antitrust implications, 285
benzo(a)pyrene, 303
inhalation studies of tobacco smoke, 301
lawyers, as avoiding studies by, 303
Micronite filter. See Kent, filter
million-dollar offer, 186 -187
Minnesota Clean Air Act, 416
model ordinance, produced by industry, 251
monkeys, squirrel, effects of nicotine, 85 -86
Monroe case, 45
Montebello Research Conference (1982)
passive smoking, 401 -403
"safe" cigarette research, 142 -143
smoker compensation, 91 -92
Montreal Joint R&D/Marketing conference (1984)
nicotine, effects on product design, 96 -97
Rio, Project, 149
Montreal Research Conference (1967)
conclusions from St. Adele Research Conference modified, 83 -84
nicotine and addiction, 80 -82
"safe" cigarette research, 127 -128
smoker compensation, 90
morality, of using freon, 217
More cigarettes, as self extinguishing, 316
motion pictures
product placement of cigarettes in, 364 -374
Snow White controversy, 363 -364
mouse skin painting
cancer bioassay, 21 , 108 , 114 , 127 , 129 -130, 132 -133, 134 , 145
carcinogens, test as not detecting all, 204
deadwood documents, 246
early studies indicating lung cancer, 25
freon, effects on carcinogenicity of, 217
fresh versus stored condensate, 115
Harrogate laboratory capacity, 114 -115
inhalation studies and cellular biochemical studies, comparison with, 127
Janus, Project, 113 , 143 -144
legal liability, 268
National Cancer Institute "safe" cigarette program, 157
Penar increased biological activity, 208
potassium carbonate effects, 125
public attack on by industry, 118 -119, 187
public versus private statements, 33 , 133
short-term biological tests, comparison with, 151 , 152 , 153
sidestream smoke, 401
standard for testing carcinogenicity, 133
stratification of cigarette brands, not possible, 149
tobacco composition, impact of, 133
vapor phase carcinogens not tested, 204
Wynder, Ernst, 113
See also Janus, Project
movies, product placement in films to circumvent broadcast ad ban, 368 -369
MRFIT (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial), criticized by Carl Seltzer, 295
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), criticized by Carl Seltzer, 295
mutagenicity
additives, 245
product design features, 142
smoking patterns, 142
tobacco type, 142
ventilation increases, 149
N
N-Bloctin
additive to reduce nitrosamines, 147
regulation as drug by Food and Drug Administration, 147
N-nitrosonornicotine, carcinogen in smokeless tobacco, 313
Nat Sherman cigarettes, as fire-safe, 316
National Academy of Sciences
environmental tobacco smoke report, 392
smoking restrictions in public buildings, 430
Sterling, Theodor, submitted material, 297
National Association of Counties, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Attorneys General, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Convenience Stores, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Association of Latino Elected Officials, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Neighbors, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Black Caucus of State Legislators, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Cancer Institute
Chemosol, 213
cocoa increases carcinogenicity, 220
eugenol, study of, 227
menthol carcinogenicity, 227
passive smoking, 384
"safe" cigarette program, rationale for, 159 -160
support of research leading to this book, xviii
threat to industry, 247
tobacco substitutes, 163
Tobacco Working Group, 155 -162
National Center for Initiative Review, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Conference of State Legislatures, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health, 178
National League of Cities, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Legislative Services and Securities, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Licensed Beverage Association, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Order of Women Legislators, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
natural cigarettes, 218
NCI. See National Cancer Institute
Never Say Never Again
disappointment of B&W with product placement in, 373
Kool cigarettes, appearance in, 371
Winston cigarettes, appearance in, 371
New England Journal of Medicine , paper by Henry Rothschild, 292
New Jersey
Sanitary Code, proposed amendments to limit public smoking, 432
workplace smoking restrictions, 431
new smokers, denial that industry seeks to attract, 161
new smoking material. See Tobacco substitutes
New Smoking Material (NSM), 137 -138, 162 -165
New York Times , reporting early studies on smoking and cancer, 25
nicotine
a nice jolt of, 54
absorption site, 94
acetylcholine, 86
active agent in tobacco smoke, 86 -87
added to nontobacco product, 83
avoiding knowledge of pharmacology of, 245
benefits of, 60 -61, 64 , 71 , 73
brain, effects on, 87 , 92 , 315 -316
cardiovascular system, effects on, 82 , 97
central nervous system, effects on, 61 , 66 , 68 , 82 , 85 -87
cigarette design, 96
cocaine, compared to, 15
crucial element in tobacco use, 81 -82
CTR special projects, 334
diet and weight, 69
dose and smoker satisfaction, 93 -94
drug effects, 3
electroencephalogram, 86
environmental tobacco smoke, as measure of, 413
essential to use of tobacco products, 104
eugenol, 220
extractable, 78 -79
Fate of Nicotine in the Body , 65 -68
fortification of cigarette paper, use for, 124
heroin, compared to, 15
humectants, as affecting absorption of, 223
importance to industry, 98 -99
irritant in cigarette smoke, 130
market for, 243
marketing cigarettes, 375
nonextractable, 78
optimal level of, 81
other drugs, compared to, 86
overdose by smoking impossible, 61
peripheral targets, 66
pharmacology, 65 -68, 76 , 85 , 92 , 95 , 447
poison, 103
powder added to tobacco, 124
reason people smoke, 58 , 78 , 97 , 98 , 376
reserpine, compared to, 62 , 63 -64
"safe" cigarette research, 126
self-dosing, 69
selling of, 58
smoker satisfaction, 92 -94
squirrel monkeys, 85 -86
synergistic effects with other drugs, 82
taste of cigarettes, as affecting, 104
tolerance for, 63 , 67 , 68 , 69
tranquilizers, compared to, 62 , 75
tranquilizing effects, 64 , 73
uptake by smokers, 95
—edited out of industry documents, 101 -102
See also Janus, Project
nicotine absorption, See Nicotine delivery
nicotine addiction
avoidance of warning label regarding, 59 -60
Brown and Williamson response to JAMA articles, 444
CTR not interested in studying mechanism of, 304 -305
cocaine, similarity to nicotine, 101
definition, 58
denials of, 100 , 101 , 5 , 59
dose necessary, 84
Ellis, Sir Charles, recognition of, in 1962, 60
extent, 59
Food and Drug Administration, 102 , 103 , 345 , 436
heroin, similarity to nicotine, 101
importance to industry, 58 , 97
liability for, 344 -345
public versus private statements by industry, 15
Sandefur, Thomas, statement on, 105
scientists' views as causing problems in court, 344 -345
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, withholding information from, 50
Surgeon General's reports, 15 , 58
See also Janus, Project
nicotine analogues
antitrust issues, 286
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, 316
Philip Morris, 97
safer cigarettes, 104
search for, 97
nicotine blockers, Council for Tobacco Research, 286
nicotine content
controlled, 76
potential legislative limits of, 247
reconstituted tobacco, 85
taxation on basis of, 249 -250
nicotine delivery
acidity, effects on, 67 , 79 , 96
addition to tobacco, 124
additives, effects on, 79 , 81
advertising claims for Kent cigarettes, 29
ammonia, effects on, 211
boost to achieve same nicotine delivery with less tar, 124
chemical form, effects on, 83
chewing tobacco and snuff, 84
determinants of, 80
device. See Nicotine delivery device
effect-type test, 87
Federal Trade Commission method, 91
filter, effects on, 27
Food and Drug Administration, relevance of manipulation, 83
form of nicotine as affecting, 80
inhalers versus noninhalers, 66
Kent cigarettes, claims, 29
low-nicotine cigarettes, 29
manipulated, 83
mouth, 78
PEI boosts, 124
product design to control, 137
sucker control agents, effects on, 203
toxicity reduced, 126
nicotine delivery device
Eclipse, 440
nicotine enhancement
effects on human smoking behavior, 245
legal dangers of pharmacological information, 245
nicotine patch
business for tobacco companies, 105
Food and Drug Administration, 105
nicotine powder, addition to tobacco, 124
nicotine substitutes, Council for Tobacco Research, 286
Night People (All Night Long) , product placement in, 390
Nine to Five , product placement in, 390
nitrogen oxides, in cigarette smoke, 154
nitromethane fraction index (NMFI), 153 -154
nitrosamines
carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke, 126 , 398 , 398
high in stems, 143
N-Bloctin reduces, 147
Philip Morris research, 143
presence in tobacco, 143
regulatory concerns, 399
sidestream smoke, 398 , 400 , 402 , 403 -404, 432
NMFI (nitromethane fraction index), 153 -154
NNN, carcinogen in smokeless tobacco, 313
nonextractable nicotine, 78
nontobacco material, relationship to nicotine delivery, 83
noninhalers, nicotine absorption, 67
nonsmokers' rights
clean indoor air ordinance produced by industry, 251
Colorado, 428
defeats viewed as positive for industry, 352
early history, 391 -393
early recognition of importance by industry, 257 -258
emergence of, 416 -417
Florida, 428
growing problem for industry, 258
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
Proposition P, 431
recognition that public smoking restrictions are constitutional, 263
zealots, 393
North Carolina Tobacco Foundation, support of annual pesticide residue meetings, 209
Now cigarettes
coumarin used, subsequently removed, 222
smoking-and-health controversy used for marketing advantage, 259
NSM (New Smoking Material), 137 -138, 162 -165
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, CTR special project, 333
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
attacks on, by industry, xiv , 181 , 416
economic arguments against regulation of smoking, 427 -428
lung cancer, 416
workplace smoking restrictions, 436
Old Gold cigarettes
advertising claims, 28
low-nicotine delivery, 29
Only When I Laugh
product placement in, 390
showing of Kool and Marlboro cigarettes being bought and smoked, 371
oral cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
organic cigarettes, difficulties making claim, 218
organized labor, role in defeating California Proposition 5 , 419
overdose, difficulty with smoking, 61
oxidants, CTR special projects, 334
ozone layer, damage by freon, 217
P
package warnings, 193
pancreatic cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
panic, of industry with regard to 1964 Surgeon General's report, 441
paper, cigarette
fortified with nicotine, 124
sidestream smoke, effect on, 405 -406
passive smoking
airlines, 248
Brown and Williamson response to JAMA articles, 444
Civil Aeronautics Board, 248
commercial aspects, 401 -402
considered relatively unimportant (1974), 395
constitutionality of smoking restrictions, 263
damages to lung cancer victim, 251
defensive research on, 405
early recognition of importance by industry, 393 -394
Hirayama research criticized by Theodor Sterling, 299
liability for, 251
new products to respond to, 151
nitrosamines, 398
smokers' rights organizations, 252
Surgeon General's 1979 report, 384
threat to industry, 248 , 257 -258
tobacco industry model ordinance, 251
workplace smoking regulation, 250 -251
zealots, 393
See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Sidestream smoke
patent, Ariel, 75 -76
Paul, Weis, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, discovery of BAT results in US cases, 267
PCL. See Processed cigarette leaves
Peabody Museum, 293
Pearson, B. G., keeping track of scientists, 197 -198
PEG. See Polyethylene glycol
PEI (polyethyleneimine)
additive to boost extractable nicotine, 81 , 83
Avalon filter, 125
biological activity, effect on, 152 -153
filter treatment to reduce toxicity, 124
Kronberg Research Conference, 132
Life cigarette filter, 153
Penar
chromosome aberrations in plants, 203 -204
dimethylnitrosamine produced, 206
Imperial Tobacco (UK), 207
Less Hazardous Cigarette Committee, 205
personal reassurance, of low-delivery cigarettes, 245
pessimism, in anticipation of Surgeon General's 1964 report, 51
pesticides
annual residue meeting, 209
DDT, 209
pyrolysis effects, 204
regulatory issues in West Germany, 209
residues
—in tobacco, 202
—in various cigarette brands, 209 -210
view on safety contrasted with safety of tobacco use, 207
pH
nicotine
pharmacology, nicotine. See Nicotine, pharmacology
phenols
Philip Morris
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, disclosure of, 229
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Apocalypse Now , Marlboro placement in, 372 -373
central nervous system research, 286
Chemosol, 213
cocoa, 220
consistent products, 137
diethylene glycol, humectant, 223
Environmental Protection Agency, attacks on, 181
G-13 process to expand tobacco, not using, 217
Marlboro product placement in films, 367 , 372 -373
nicotine analogues, 97
nicotine delivery devices compared to Ariel, 76 -77
nitrosamines, 143
product placement in films, 365 , 368 , 372 -373
restrictions on smoking, protest of, 188
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Superman II , Marlboro placement in, 367
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
tobacco substitutes, 164
Tobacco Working Group, 155
Washington University site visit, 311
workplace smoking, restrictions on, 251
phosgene, byproduct of burning freon, 217
physicians
eminent, 187
low-tar cigarettes, promotion of, 90 -91
Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy, 358
smoking-and-disease controversy, 359
use in cigarette advertisements, 28
Pichlarn Research Conference (1981)
additives, 211
sidestream smoke, 401
smoker compensation, 91 , 141 -142
pipe tobacco, cocoa as additive, 220 -221
pistol, smoking, 45
pituitary gland, effect of nicotine on, 62
Planet cigarettes, tobacco substitutes, 163
Plitz Cinema ads, termination agreement, 373
politics
additives, 230 -231
brand advertising used to support political position, 191
carbon monoxide, 141
Council for Tobacco Research, 44 , 317 -318
nicotine addiction, 249
nonsmokers' rights initiatives, 352
preemption strategy, 253
product placement in films, 372
Proposition 5, 417 -428
Proposition P, 431
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
smokers' rights groups, 408
taxation of tobacco based on tar and nicotine content, 259
tobacco, as unpopular with politicians, 257
Tobacco Institute support, 385 -386
tobacco superfund legislation, 276
See also Proposition 5; Tobacco Institute
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
additives, effects of, 144
carbon monoxide, effect of reducing, 136
carcinogenicity, used in tests of, 153 -154
carcinogens, 127
removal from cigarette smoke, 131
polyethylene glycol
Avalon filter, 125
filter additive to reduce carcinogenicity of cigarette smoke, 124
polyethyleneimine. See PEI
Post-Keyes-Gardner, Project Truth, 184
potassium carbonate, additive to reduce benzo(a)pyrene delivery, 125 , 127 , 145
powder keg, MH-30, 205
preemption
federal fire-safe cigarette legislation, 252 -253
general industry political strategy, 253 , 255 -256, 259
pregnancy, Surgeon General's report, 19
Premier
Ariel, compared to, 77
Eclipse, compared to, 440
nicotine delivery device, 30 , 219
tobacco extract used in, 219
preventable deaths, tobacco compared to other factors, 437
Private School , product placement in, 390
processed cigarette leaf (PCL), biological activity of, 130 , 145
product development. See Cigarette design
product placement in films
All the Marbles , 390
Alta Marea Productions, 367
Body & Soul , 390
brands in specific films, 371
Cheaper to Keep Her , 390
Entity , 390
First Blood , 390
government safety program, 367
Harry & Son , 387
Honky Tonk Freeway , 390
Jinxed , 390
Kill & Kill Again , 390
Killing Ground , 387
Kool cigarettes, 369
legislation to outlaw for cigarettes, 368
loss of enthusiasm by Brown and Williamson for, 372 -374
Love Child , 390
Making Love , 390
Never Say Never Again , 387
Night People (All Night Long) , 390
Nine to Five , 390
Only When I Laugh , 390
Philip Morris, 365
Private School , 390
producers, active solicitation by, 367
Savannah Smiles , 390
secondary placement on video and television, 368
Shaker Run , 387
Sharkey's Machine , 390
Smokey & Bandit III , 387
specific theaters, 387
Star Chamber , 390
Summertime , 390
Supergirl , 367
Superman II , 367
Superman III , 367
Sylvester Stallone, 365 -367, 387
Tank , 387
television, 364 -365
Tempest , 387
Two for the Price of One , 390
Wacko , 390
Where the Boys Are , 387
See also Associated Film Promotion (AFP)
products liability
additives, 226 -227, 230 -231, 232 , 233
attribution of statements made by non-US BAT subsidiaries, 274
conference on, 275
definition, 264
freon to expand tobacco, 217
in-house versus contract research, 275
industry-sponsored research linking smoking with cancer, problems created by, 302
maintaining legal distance between B&W and BAT, 277
nicotine pharmacology, knowledge of as dangerous, 245
profits, adverse effect of loss of products liability case, 276
scientific research, problems created by, 6
scientists, avoiding damaging statements by, 275 -276
strategy of no settlements, 276
tobacco superfund legislation, 276
warning labels, benefits of, 54 , 255 -256
profits, adverse effect of loss of products liability case, 276
Project A, 193 -197
Project Ariel. See Ariel
Project B, 195 -197
Project Hilton. See Hilton, Project
Project Hippo I. See Hippo I, Project
Project Hippo II. See Hippo II, Project
Project Janus. See Janus, Project
Project Rio. See Rio, Project
Project Truth
countering health messages through cigarette advertising, 188
description, 184 -187
Frank Statement, 185
Tobacco Institute Communications Committee, 194
Project Wheat, 92
Proposition 5
American Cancer Society, 423 , 424
California Action Plan, 421
Californians for Common Sense, formation to shield industry involvement, 420
chairmen, nominal, 421
description of, 417
Economic Research Associates, production of economic cost report favorable to industry, 422
industry control of campaign, 421
industry veto of attacks on legislature suggested by Woodward & McDowell, 424 -425
lawyer involvement in, 420
Ligget & Meyers, 420
polling results, 419 , 421 , 422 -423
potential financial impact on industry, 426 -427
public support of smoking restrictions, 425
rock concerts versus jazz concerts, 424
strategies for defeating, 417 -418, 421
tobacco industry's low profile, 418
Woodward & McDowell, management of No-on-5 campaign, 420 -421
potential financial impact on industry, 417
Proposition P, 431
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
propylene glycol
Additives Guidance Panel, 224
humectant, 218
Public Affairs Council, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
public opinion, and tobacco industry, 262
public policy. See Politics
public relations
addiction, 353
additives, 137 , 225 , 228 , 230 -231, 233
Barron's editorial, 175 -177
BAT, 339 -342
benefits of smoking, 344
birth control pills and smoking, 353
caffeine as additive, 137
cancer, countering evidence that smoking causes, 188 -189
carbon monoxide, 353
Chemosol, 215
contrasted with internal research, 104 -105, 133
Council for Tobacco Research, 17 , 32 -33, 44 , 254 -255, 322 -323
creating controversy, 169 , 171 , 288 , 353
Dontenwill study showing that inhalation produces cancer, 248 -249
Environmental Protection Agency, attacks on, 181
environmental tobacco smoke, 23 , 342 , 352 , 352 , 353 , 415
filter cigarettes, promotion of, 28
fire-safe cigarette, 352
Food and Drug Administration, jurisdiction of, 353
Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers, 33 -35
health-image cigarette, 129
Hill and Knowlton, 33
hoax, 240
Huber, Gary, 353
inhalation studies, 134
legal implications, 4 -5
less toxic cigarette, 118
liability, 339
low profile for industry in political campaign, 418
low-tar cigarettes, promotion of, 28
lung cancer
—alternative explanations for, 352
—and environmental tobacco smoke, 353
—public versus private statements of industry, 18
media, high-level meetings with, 356 -358
medical community, initial responses directed at, 358
misrepresentation of Lawrence Garfinkel and American Cancer Society position on passive smoking and lung cancer, 351
mouse skin painting, 21 , 127 -128, 133 , 134 , 187
nicotine addiction, 101 , 102 -103, 249
pitfalls of trying to influence media, 356 -358
Project Truth, 184 -187
Reader's Digest, problems created by, 122
Rothschild, Henry, 292 -293
"safe" cigarette research, 125
scientific evidence, approach to, 341
selling doubt, 190 -191
Seltzer, Carl, 295
special projects, 317
Superdome, 353
Surgeon General's 1964 report, attacks on, 162
Surgeon General's 1983 report, attacks on, 356
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 32 -33, 39 -40
See also Frank statement; Physicians, influencing
public smoking
CTR special projects and consultancies, 329 , 330 , 331 , 333 , 335 , 336
See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Nonsmokers' rights; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke
public support of smoking restrictions, 425
Public Smoking Advisory Group, 394
publication
carcinogenicity, 128
Chemosol, 215
Council for Tobacco Research credit, 317
industry control of, 126
influence on, by industry, 321 -323
lawyers' suggestions regarding scientific publication, 292 -293
manipulation of, by industry, 288
puff volume, effect on biological activity, 145 -146, 152 -153
pyridine, additives, effects on, 227
pyrolysis
additives, effects on, 201 , 211
agricultural chemicals, effects on, 204
carbon monoxide, 210
carcinogenicity, 229
hydrogen cyanide, 210
pesticides, effects on, 210
phosgene from freon, 217
Q
quitting smoking
benefits for cardiovascular system, 353
opposing efforts at Chase Bank, 355
special account 4 research project, 329
R
R. J. Reynolds
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
additives, 213 , 220 , 222 , 229
advertising claims for Real cigarettes, 218
American Cancer Society, 351 , 385
annual pesticide residue meeting, 209
Chemosol, 213
cocoa, 220
congressional testimony, 173
coumarin in Now and Vantage cigarettes, subsequently removed, 222
Eclipse, 440
Environmental Protection Agency, attacks on, 181
G-13 process, 217
Garfinkle, Lawrence, 351 , 385
nicotine delivery devices compared to Ariel, 76 -77
Now cigarettes contained coumarin, subsequently removed, 222
passive smoking and lung cancer, 351 , 385 , 415
Projects A and B, 193 -197
smoke from cigarettes, 154
Sullum, Jacob, 181
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
tobacco substitutes, 164
Tobacco Working Group, 155
Vantage cigarettes contained coumarin, subsequently removed, 222
Washington University site visit, 311
Winchester little cigar, 259
workplace smoking, restrictions on, 251
radiation, Council for Tobacco Research special project, 333
Raleigh cigarettes
billboard in First Blood,371
brand advertising to communicate health and political information, 191
coumarin, 222
Rambo, 367
Reader's Digest
early studies on smoking and cancer, 25
filter cigarettes, relative toxicity of, 30
Reader's Digest (continued)
public relations problems created for industry, 122
Royal College of Physicians report, 47
Real cigarettes
advertising claims, 218
Reason Foundation, receipt of funds from Philip Morris, 181
reconstituted tobacco
biological activity, 130 , 131 , 145
carbon monoxide, reduction by use of, 130
enriched in Ariel cigarettes, 75 -76
high-nicotine content, 85
processed cigarette leaf, 130
red light tests
antitrust issues, 285
avoidance of, 302
carcinogenicity, 288
reduced biological activity. See "Safe" cigarette; Rio, Project
Regional Governors' Associations, Tobacco Institute support, 386
regulation
advertising restrictions, coping with, 408
common-sense opposition, 195
DDT, tobacco as exempt from limits on, 210
fear of, by industry, 247 , 248
federal level preferred, 259
industry research on carcinogenicity of cigarettes, 123
jurisdiction divided, 256 -257
legal challenges, 259 -263
nicotine addiction, implications of, 102
nitrosamines, 399
preemptions, as industry strategy, 259
product placement in films to circumvent broadcast ad ban, 368 -369
Robertson, Gray (Healthy Buildings International), testimony of, 412
secondhand smoke, 257 -258
smoker compensation, implications, 89 , 91
smoking machines, 91
special account 5, 329
strategies by industry to avoid, 90 , 253 -259
sucker control agents, Department of Agriculture limited authority over, 203
tar derby, benefit to industry of ending, 27 -28
tobacco substitutes, implication of, 162
West Germany and pesticides, 209
workplace smoking, 250 -251
See also Food and Drug Administration; Occupational Health and Safety Administration; Politics; Proposition 5
research, scientific. See Scientific research
research conferences
attendees, 279
Brazil (1983), 219 -220
Chelwood (1972), 135 -136
Duck Key (1974), 136 -137, 164 , 395
eugenol, 219 -220
London (1979), 140 -141
Merano (1975), 137 -139, 395 -396
Montebello (1982), 142 -143
Pichlarn (1981), 141 -142, 211 , 401
Rio De Janeiro (1983), 406
schedule, 282
Sea Island (1980), 166 -167, 400
Smoking Behavior Marketing Conference, Montreal (1984), 374 -376
Southampton (1984), 407
St. Adele (1970), 135
Sydney (1978), 138 -139, 398 -399
See also by specific research conference
reserpine
compared to nicotine, 62
Hippo II, Project, 63 -64
Response Analysis Corporation
environmental tobacco smoke, 311 -312
special account 4 research project, 334
Rhinestone Cowboy,367
Rio, Project
Ames test, 148 -149
design of cigarettes with reduced biological activity, 146 -151
general goals, 146
Rio de Janeiro Research Conference (1983)
nicotine, 94 -95
sharing of information among BAT affiliates and subsidiaries, 278 -281
sidestream smoke, 406 -407
smoker compensation, 88 -89
rodenticides, residues in tobacco, 202
Roper Organization, polls conducted for industry, 392 -393
Royal College of Physicians report
debate over industry response to, 26
industry response to, III, 40
public attention, 47
Scientific American,47
summary of, 46 -47
tobacco industry reaction to, 47
Tobacco Manufacture Standing Committee, attack on, 186
YouMaySmoke attacks, 174
Rylander symposium, 309
S
SAB. See Council for Tobacco Research; Scientific Advisory Board
sacchrine, 248
"safe" cigarette
Addiction Research Foundation, 304 -305
benzo(a)pyrene, reduction of, 110
carcinogenic substances, removal of, 117
Enviro Control contractor to National Cancer Institute, 160
Gori, Gio, 155
impossibility of making completely safe cigarette, 138
legal difficulties, 162 -163, 439 -441
Less Hazardous Cigarette Committee, 205 , 207
manufacturing processes, 160
Microbiological Associates, 285
motivation, 108 -109
popularization by Gio Gori and Tobacco Working Group, 155
problems created by existence of "less safe" cigarettes, 122 , 440 -441
response to Surgeon General's 1964 report, 20 , 50
Rio, Project, 146 -151
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 53
Tobacco Working Group, 15
See also Cigarette design
safety, of pesticides versus cigarettes, 207
safrole (mace), additives, 227
St. Adele Research Conference (1970)
compared to conclusions at Montreal Research Conference, 80 , 83 -84
nicotine, 83 -85
"safe" cigarette research, 135
St. Ives Research Conference (1970), statements regarding causation that concern lawyers, 269
St. Regis Paper Company, industry concern that chairman was working with American Cancer Society, 355
Salem cigarettes, problems created by less toxic cigarette, 440
Santikos Theatres, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Savannah Smiles, product placement in, 390
scientific controversy. See Creating controversy
scientific meetings
Aviado, Domingo, attendance at, for industry, 309
Council for Tobacco Research consultants, attendance at, 289
desirability of having industry scientists attend, 319
sponsorship by industry, 321
scientific research
attorney work product, use to avoid discovery of, 237 -238
avoiding
—disclosure of, 4
—generation of adverse results, 266
—knowledge of, 236
cost- and risk-pooling agreements between B&W and BAT, 282 -284
creation of controversy about health effects of smoking, 25
facilities established by BAT, 5 -6
Huntington laboratory experiments, 134
lawyer involvement in, 4 , 5 -6, 21 , 236 , 289
reduction of toxicity of cigarettes, 138
refutation of unfavorable findings, 254
Scientific Advisory Board
members of, 37 -39
public statements of industry regarding, 42
responsibilities of, 36
special projects, did not review, 289
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 35 -36
See also Council for Tobacco Research; Tobacco Industry Research Committee
Scientific American, publicizing of Royal College of Physicians report, 47
Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy, to influence physicians' views of smoking, 358
scientists
careless statements by industry, 267 -271
collaboration between B&W and BAT, 277 -281
keeping track of, 197 -198
products liability, concerns about statements by, 275 -276
relationship of industry scientists with lawyers, 266 -267
Sea Island Research Conference (1980)
discouraging certain areas of research, 166 -167
passive smoking, 400
proposed agenda, 88
smoker compensation, 88
secondhand smoke. See Environmental tobacco smoke; Nonsmokers' rights; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke
self-extinguishing cigarette. See Fire-safe cigarette
self-policing of industry, on additives, 230 -231
selling cigarettes, nicotine addiction, 97
selling doubt, 190
sexual activity, in rats exposed to cigarette smoke, 144
Sharkey's Machine, product placement in, 390
Ship, Project, attribution problem, 265 -266
Shook, Hardy, and Bacon
Addiction Research Foundation, 304 -305
additives testing, 230
Aviado, Domingo, 307 , 308 -310, 320 -321
concern about statements of industry scientists, 268 -271
glycoproteins, 397
Hickey, Richard, 331
industry scientists attending scientific meetings, 319 -320
IT Corporation, 332
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, 315 -316
Kronberg Research Conference, 132
passive smoking lawsuit, 251
Public Smoking Advisory Group, 394
Response Analysis Corporation study of environmental tobacco smoke, 311 -312
Rothschild, Henry, 291
Seltzer, Carl, 293 -295
Solomon, Lewis, 336
special account 4, 305 -306
Sterling, Theodor, 296 -301, 323 -325, 410 -411
tobacco substitutes, 162 -163
Washington University site visit, 311
Shook, Hardy, Ottman, Mitchell, and Bacon. See Shook, Hardy, and Bacon
short-term biological tests
carcinogenesis, correlation with, 153
ciliastatis, 151
commercial advantage, 153
difficulties interpreting, 133
hyperplasia, 152
mouse skin painting, correlation with, 153
"safe" cigarette, 151 -154
shredded dried stems, lowering of carbon monoxide yield, 168
sick building syndrome, and environmental tobacco smoke, 301 , 410 -411
sidestream smoke
Ames test of mutagenicity, 401
benzo(a)pyrene in, 402
biological activity of, 402
biological testing, avoidance of, 245
carbon monoxide in, 402
definition, 391 -392
development of less irritating smoke, 399
emissions, reduced, 405
factors controlling production of, 400
glycoproteins in, 432
irritation, 404
mainstream smoke, comparison with, 402
nitrosamines in, 400 , 402 , 403 -404, 432
product design, effect on, 410
reduced delivery cigarettes, 22
research objective, 433
self-extinguishing cigarette, 406
social aspects of, 404
toxicity of, 409
sidestream smoke (continued)
See also Environmental tobacco smoke; Nonsmokers' Rights; Passive smoking; Public smoking
smoke
Ames test, 229
arsenic, 31
cyanide, 154
insecticides, 31
Kent Golden Lights cigarettes, 154
L&M Flavor Lights cigarettes, 154
Liggett, 154
Lorillard, 154
Merit cigarettes, 154
nitrogen oxides, 154
Philip Morris, 154
R. J. Reynolds, 154
Real Menthol cigarettes, 154
smoke elasticity
filter design, 279 -280
Montreal Research Conference (1984), 90
smoke inhalability
anesthetic, effect of, 219
humectants, effect of, 211
sugar, effect of, 211
Smoke Ring, 347
smokeless tobacco, health benefits, inappropriate statements by US Tobacco, 274 -275
Smokeless Tobacco Council
description, 312
funding, 312
lawyers' role in, 312 -313
public relations device, 313 -314
response to Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Health Consequences of Smokeless Tobacco, 313 -314
smoker compensation
Ames test results, 149 -150
Benowitz, Neal, 90
cigarette design, effect of, 141 , 142
definition, 87
elasticity, definition, 90
filter design, 280
human smoking patterns, 141
Kippa study, 87
legal aspects of, 88
low-nicotine cigarettes, 16 , 88
low-tar cigarettes, 16
marketing cigarettes, 375
mutagenicity, 142
nicotine
—absorption, 94
overview, 87 -91
physical sensations, 91
physician recommendations to smoke low-nicotine cigarettes, 90 -91
political aspects of, 88
regulatory aspects of, 89 , 91
smoke elasticity, 89
ventilation, effect of, 87
See also Nicotine delivery
smoker satisfaction, nicotine dose, 93
smoker's cough, as equalivent to bronchitis, 112
smokers' rights organizations, 252
smoking and disease, denial of relationship by industry officials, 156 -157
smoking-and-health controversy. See Creating controversy
smoking behavior
nicotine as determining factor, 96
Smoking Behavior Marketing conference, Montreal (1984), 374 -376
smoking machine, compared with, 142
smoking cessation, industry concern that Chase Bank in New York permitted a stop-smoking clinic on their premises, 355
smoking machine
Barclay cigarettes, 89
deMaurier Light King Size cigarettes, relationship between results of human and machine smoking, 150
human smoking, compared with, 142 , 150
Imperial Tobacco (Canada), 150
regulatory implications, 91
smoking patterns, mutagenicity, 142
smoking restrictions
cigarette sales, impact on, 426 -427
litigation to fight, 260
National Academy of Sciences, support of, 430
public support for, 425
tobacco advertising to counter, 188
Smoking and Health: A Report to the Surgeon General. See Surgeon General's Report, 1964
Smoking and Health Characteristics,323 -324
Snow White controversy
product placement, as making less attactive, 372
theater advertisements for Kool cigarettes, 363 -364, 387
snuff, as alternative to cigarettes in face of declining social acceptability, 84
social acceptability of smoking
antidote, 392
behavior of smokers, 408
defensive research, 139 , 407 -408
economic muscle to convince other companies to support industry position, 355 -356
marketing issues, 339 , 401 -402
nonsmokers' rights initiatives, defeat of, 352
Roper Organization study for Tobacco Institute (1978), 392
sidestream smoke, 404
smoker behavior, effects on, 139
snuff, as alternative to cigarettes, 84
tobacco advertising, 188
tobacco industry, threat to, 84 , 248 , 392
workplace smoking restrictions, 250 -251, 409
source of Brown and Williamson documents. See Butts, Mr.
Southampton Research Conference (1984), low-sidestream-smoke cigarettes, 407 -410
Southampton technical exchange meeting on nicotine, 94 -97
Southern Association of State Departments of Agriculture, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
Souza Cruz (Brazil), BAT, 5
special account 4
administration by Jacob and Medinger, 305
administration by Jacob, Medinger, and Finnegan, 251
Aviado, Domingo, 307 -310
environmental tobacco smoke study, 306 -307
Fisher, H. Russell, 312 -313
Sterling, Theodor, 299 -300
special projects
Ad Hoc Committee, 290
Council for Tobacco Research, 240
definition, 289
evidence against independence of Council for Tobacco Research, 326 -327
government policy, influencing of, 323 -325
lawyers, awarding of, 46
money for, as coming from pooled contributions of companies according to market share, 290
recipients, 328 -338
secrecy of, 326 -327
start of, 1966, 290
Tobacco Industry Research Council, 240
university projects, 310 -311
See also Council for Tobacco Research
spectra. See N-Bloctin
Stanford Research Institute, special account 4 research project, 336
Star Chamber , product placement in, 390
State Governmental Affairs Council, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
State Legislative Leaders Foundation, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
State Mutual Life Assurance, study showing that smokers die younger than nonsmokers, negative for industry, 353
statistical association, versus causation, 341 , 342 -343
stress, and smoking, 62 -63
stroke, Surgeon General's report, 19
subpoena, for documents
sucker control agents
biological tests of, 204
limited regulatory authority of US Department of Agriculture, 203
nicotine levels in leaf, effect on, 203
purpose, 203
Sucker Control Committee, 203
See also MH-30; Penar
Sucker Control Committee, membership, 203
sugar
inhalation, as making tobacco smoke easier to inhale, 211
Real cigarettes, 218
tobacco, 202
Summertime , product placement in, 390
Superdome decision, public relations benefits to industry, 353
Supergirl
Eve cigarettes, placement in, 368
Liggett and Myers products, placement in, 368
product placement solicitation, 367
Superman II , Marlboro product placement in, 367 , 372
Superman III , product placement opportunities, 367
Surgeon General, call for general need for understanding biological activity, 142
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee nicotine addiction versus habit, 100 -101
withholding information, as contrasted with Frank Statement , 74
withholding information on Avalon filter, 72 -73
withholding research on nicotine, 50 , 70 -73
See also Surgeon General's report, 1964
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Health Consequences of Smokeless Tobacco, 313 -314
Surgeon General's report
1964, xiii -xiv, 1 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 26 , 48 -49, 50 -54, 70 -73, 101 , 172 , 224 , 257 , 441
1966, 16
1973, 384
1982, 22
1983, 356
1989, 20
aortic aneurysm, 19
cardiovascular disease, 49
chronic bronchitis and emphysema, 18 , 49
coronary artery disease, 18
environmental tobacco smoke, 22
esophageal cancer, 19
fetal growth, 19
Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking (1986), 392
larynx cancer, 18
lip cancer, 19
Nicotine Addiction (1988), xiii -xiv, 15 , 58 , 87
oral cancer, 19
pancreatic cancer, 19
passive smoking, 384
peptic ulcer, 19
peripheral vascular disease, 19
pregnancy, 19
public relations, as negative development for industry, 352
reaction of industry, 50 -54
smokeless tobacco, 313 -314
Smoking and Health (1964), 1 , xiii -xiv
special account for consultancy to review 1979 report, 330
strategy for dealing with 1964 report, 52 -56
stroke, 19
tobacco industry efforts to influence media coverage, 356
tobacco price supports of export subsidiaries started after, 257
YouMaySmoke , attacked in, 174
Surgeon General's warning, used as defense against Federal Trade Commission, 261
Sydney Research Conference (1978), 139 -140, 398 -399
synthetic smoking material, criteria for use, 131
T
tar derby
cigarette advertising, impacts on, 27 -28, 259
Consumers Union, 28
contrast with later reluctance to imply health benefits, 274
response to cancer scare, 26 -28
tar wars, also called, 25 , 161
Tobacco Working Group, 161
tar market, 243
Tarrance & Associates, Proposition 5 pollster, 419 , 421 , 423
taste, relationship to nicotine, 104
taxation
discouragement of children from smoking, 249
taxation (continued)
nicotine content, taxation based on, 258 -259
Technical Advisory Group, for fire-safe cigarettes, 252
Ted Bates and Company, research on Barron's editorial, 178
television advertising ban
benefits to industry, 258
product placement in films as circumvention of, 365 , 368 -369, 374 -390
Tempest , product placement in, 368 -369, 371 , 373
Theatres West, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Tiderock Corporation
American Medical Association, 181 , 184
Barron's editorial, 175 -178
True magazine article, 179 , 180
YouMaySmoke , 174
Time, Inc., meeting with high-level industry executives regarding Surgeon General's 1983 report, 356
TIRC. See Tobacco Industry Research Committee
titanium dioxide
additive, 227
TMSC. See Tobacco Manufacturers' Standing Committee
tobacco
high-nicotine, 85
nicotine content enriched in Ariel cigarettes, 75 -76
Tobacco Advisory Committee
annual pesticide residue meeting (in US), 209
Tobacco Research Council, previous name, 48
Tobacco Associates, site visit to Washington University, 311
tobacco blend
biological activity
—effect on, 152 -153
Vto reduce, 125
tobacco company projects, definition, 289
tobacco control program, 436
tobacco extract
additive, 85
Premier cigarettes, used in, 219
tobacco glycoproteins. See Glycoproteins
tobacco industry credibility, as low, 392 , 419
Tobacco Industry Research Committee
Battelle Memorial Institute research, 70
collaborative research among companies, 122
consistency of industry message over time, 342 , 343
Council for Tobacco Research, renamed, 32
founding members, 33
Frank Statement to Cigarette Smoker , 33 -35
Hill and Knowlton, 33 , 39 -40
independence, assurances of, 42
lawyers' role in, 36
organization and policy of, 33 -36
policy regarding publication of research, 321 -322
public relations role of, 26 , 33 , 39 -40, 53 , 358 -359
"safe" cigarette research, 53
Scientific Advisory Board, 35 , 42
special projects, 240
staff overlap with Tobacco Institute and Hill and Knowlton, 40
Surgeon General's 1964 report, planned reaction to, 50 -52
Tobacco Institute, staff overlap, 40
Tobacco Manufacturers' Standing Committee, contrast with, 47 -48
tobacco industry-sponsored symposia
ALEPH Foundation, 321
industry lawyers, use by, 351
Rylander symposium, 309
Tobacco Institute
ACVA Atlantic Study, selection of homes for environmental tobacco smoke study, 411
additives, 211 , 223 , 225 , 226 , 227 -228, 231
advertisement based on Barron's editorial, 176 -177
American Legislative Exchange Council, support of, 385
American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, support of, 385
Amusement and Music Operators Association, support of, 386
Chemosol research, role in coordinating, 213 -216
Committee of Counsel, 156
Communications Committee, 193 -194
community organizations, donations to, 362
Council of State Governments, support of, 385
criticized for moving too slowly, 190
efforts to influence high-level media management regarding legislation, 356
environmental tobacco smoke, selection of homes for ACVA study of, 411
Executive Committee recruitment to contact high-level media executives, 326 -358
formation of, 39
Hill and Knowlton, staff overlap, 40
National Association of Attorneys General, support of, 385
National Association of Convenience Stores, support of, 386
National Association of Counties, support of, 385
National Association of Latino Elected Officials, support of, 385
National Association of Neighbors, support of, 386
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, support of, 385
National Black Caucaus of State Legislators, support of, 385
National Cancer Institute study of additives, 227
National Center for Initiative Review, support of, 385
National Conference of State Legislatures, support of, 386
National League of Cities, support of, 386
National Legislative Services and Securities, support of, 386
National Licensed Beverage Association, support of, 386
National Order of Women Legislators, support of, 386
passive smoking and lung cancer, acceptance of consultants, 415
political organizations, contributions to, 385 -386
pressure on companies to not adopt anti-smoking positions, 355
Public Affairs Council, support of, 386
public relations, 254 -255, 40
Public Smoking Advisory Group, 394
Regional Governors' Associations, support of, 386
Roper Organization study for (1978), 392
Seltzer, Carl, trip to Australia sponsored by, 294
social acceptability of smoking and tobacco industry, 392
Southern Association of State Departments of Agriculture, support of, 385
staff overlap with Hill and Knowlton and TIRC, 40
State Governmental Affairs Council, support of, 386
State Legislative Leaders Foundation, support of, 386
state lobbying budget, 362 -363
Surgeon General's 1964 report, planned reaction to, 50 -52
timorous approach to smoking and health issues, 54
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, staff overlap, 40
Tobacco Working Group, reaction to draft press releases, 158
True magazine article, 179
US Council of Mayors, support of, 386
Washington University site visit, 311
Women Involved in Farm Economics, support of, 386
workplace smoking, opposition to restrictions on, 250 -251
tobacco leaf chemical composition, deadwood documents, 246
Tobacco Manufacturers' Standing Committee
cardiovascular effects of nicotine, 97 -98
Fisher, Sir Ronald A., 186
formation of, 47
Harrogate laboratory, 113
mouse skin-painting capacity of Harrogate laboratory, 114 -115
nicotine, beneficial effects of, 60 -61
Royal College of Physicians Report, reaction to, 47 , 111 -112
Tobacco Advisory Committee, name changed to, 48
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, comparison with, 47 -48
Tobacco Research Council, name changed to, 48
tobacco price supports, 257
Tobacco Research Council
Battelle Memorial Institute research, 70
carcinogenesis research, 137 -138
DDT residues, analysis of US imports for, 209
glycoproteins, 397
Janus, Project, relationship to, 144
Keogh, Dr., 198
mouse skin-painting experiments, 123
smoking and lung cancer, 152
Tobacco Advisory Committee, name changed to, 48
Tobacco Manufacturers' Standing Committee, previously named, 48
YouMaySmoke , funding for, 174
Tobacco Securities Trust, 5
tobacco smoke condensate, fresh versus old, 116 -117
tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA). See Nitrosamines
tobacco substitutes
Batflake, 164 -165
cytrel, 164
Hunter Commission, 163
Imperial Chemical Industries, 162 -163
marketing of cigarettes using, 166
National Cancer Institute, 163
overview, 162 -166
Philip Morris, 164
Planet cigarettes, 163
Reynolds, R. J., 164
toxicity, reduction, 126 , 137 -138
tobacco tar. See Mouse skin painting
tobacco tax. See Taxation
tobacco type, relationship to smoking patterns, 142
Tobacco Workers International Union, assistance in effort against California Proposition 5 , 419
Tobacco Working Group
industry influence on press statements, 157 -158
industry view of, 156
membership in, 155
National Cancer Institute, 155 -162
"safe" cigarette program rationale, 159 -160
scientific goals, 157
termination of, 161
Tso, T. C., 207
tolerance. See Nicotine addiction, tolerance
toxicity
different cigarette brands, 160 -161
pyrolysis, effect of, 211
trade secrets, regarding fire-safe cigarette, 253
tranquilizers
competitors to cigarettes, 344
nicotine
—comparison with, 62 , 73 , 75
—tranquilizing effect of, 64
Trans World Airlines, use of industry economic influence to affect company's policies on smoking, 355
True cigarettes
advertisement of, 16
smoking-and-health controversy for marketing purposes, 259
True magazine article, 179 -180
truth, and legal liability, 4
TSNA. See Nitrosamines
tumorgenicity
additives, 19
cigarette manufacturing process, effect on, 136 -137
potassium carbonate, 145
puff volume, effects on, 146
Two for the Price of One , product placement in, 390
U
UCLA, research funded by industry, 310 -311
UCSF library, housing Brown and Williamson documents, xix , 9
ulcer, peptic, Surgeon General's report, 19
underground trains, environmental tobacco smoke, 412 -413
unfair trade practices, concern about industry use of economic pressure to stop anti-smoking positions, 355
uninhalable cigarettes, as protection against emphysema, bronchitis, and cardiovascular disease, 130
Union Carbide, diethylene glycol, 224 -225
United Artist theaters, Kool Jazz advertisements in, 387
Universal Amusement, Kool Jazz advertisements, 387
university special projects, 310 -311
University of California
Brown and Williamson documents, xix , 9
lawsuit by Brown and Williamson against, 10 -11
"Up from the Bomb Shelter," 259 -263
US Council of Mayors, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
US Tobacco
Addiction Research Foundation, 304
health benefits, inappropriate statements regarding, 274 -275
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 33
Washington University site visit, 311
USDA. See Department of Agriculture
V
Vantage cigarettes
advertisement of, 16
coumarin in, subsequently removed, 222
smoking-and-health controversy as advertising advantage, 259
vapor phase, not tested in mouse skin-painting experiments, 204
vascular disease, peripheral, Surgeon General's report, 19
ventilation
Council for Tobacco Research special project, 333
environmental tobacco smoke, 22
mutagenicity, increased, 149
smoker compensation, 87
Verband (German)
nitrosamines, 143
passive smoking and lung cancer, 415
Viceroy cigarettes
advertising claims of, 28 , 29
advertising to communicate health and political information, 191
bad publicity regarding advertising memorandum, 372
cellulose filters, 29
health guard filter, 29
Hilton, Project, to test, 153
hyperplasia test, 153
inhalation testing, 153
Vienna Symposium, use by industry lawyers to exonerate environmental tobacco smoke, 351
visibility. See Sidestream smoke, visibility
vitamin A, as anticancer additive in tobacco, 147
W
Wacko , product placement, 390
Wall Street Journal , exposing True magazine article, 179
warning labels
defense against
—Federal Trade Commission, 261
—liability, 54 , 255 -256, 342
difference in legal situations when warning labels are and are not required, 342
nicotine addiction warning, avoidance of, 59 -60
requirement on cigarette packages, 175
Sterling, Theodor, 300
Washington University
other special project, 337
public relations plus for industry, 353
tobacco industry, funding of research by, 310 -311
water conditioners, residues in tobacco, 202
weight, effect of nicotine on, 69
Wheat, Project, purpose, 92
Winchester, R. J. Reynolds little cigar, 259
Winston cigarettes
Never Say Never Again , appearance in, 371
problems created by less toxic cigarettes, 440
withdrawal. See Nicotine, withdrawal
withholding information, from Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, 70 -73
Women Involved in Farm Economics, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
Woodward & McDowell
management of No-on-5 campaign, 420 -421
proposal to attack legislature, 424 -425
work product rule
avoidance of discovery, 241
Brown and Williamson documents, 236
explanation, 237 -238
fraud exception, 237 -238
prevention of documents from being made public, 3
workplace smoking
American Tobacco did not want to study, 251
avoiding adverse effects on sales, 409
Battelle Memorial Institute, 251
impact on tobacco sales, 426 -427
importance to industry, 393
industry claims of costs, 422
industry studies of, 251
litigation on, 251
Lorillard wanted to study, 251
lung function, effects on, 428 -429
model ordinance produced by industry, 251
New Jersey, proposed smoking restriction, 431
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 436
Philip Morris did not want to study, 251
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
Proposition P, 431
public support for restrictions on, 425 , 430 -431
R. J. Reynolds did not want to study, 251
Sterling, Theodor, creation of controversy regarding passive smoking, 411
World College of Physicians Report, Sir Charles Ellis's reaction to, 60 -61
World Conference on Smoking and Health
Fifth, 309
Fourth, 352
World War I, 217
World Wide Web, Brown and Williamson documents on, 3 , 11
Wyatt, Tarrant, and Combs, document review project, 7 , 15 -16, 249
Y
yeast system, as bioassay, 149
YouMaySmoke , 174 -175
young starters. See Children
Z
zealots, 393
ZEPHYR, as code name for lung cancer, 109 -110, 132 . See also Lung cancer
zoo animals, Council for Tobacco Research special projects, 334
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