1. See Shanxi wenyi shiliao, vol. 2 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1959), p. 187.

2. See ZGHJYD 1:180-194, esp. pp. 183-184; also Akiyoshi Kukio, Kosei Soku bungaku undo shiryo shu (Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku Toyo bunka kenkyujo, 1976), pp. 141-155.

3. See Zuo Lai and Liang Huaqun, Suqu "Hongse xiju" shihua (Beijing: Wenhua yishu chubanshe, 1987), chap. 3, esp. p. 36. See also Holm, Art and Ideology, pp. 23-30.

4. Snow, Red Star Over China, pp. 100-105.

5. See KRZZY 1:456-457, 2:68, 89; and ZGHJYD 3:26, 73; and Jin-Cha-Ji huabao (Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei pictorial) 1 (7 July 1942): n.p.

6. KRZZY 1:229, 2:90, 3:116.

7. See KRZZY 3:66.

8. Zhang Geng, "Huiyi Yan'an Luyi de xiju huodong," in KRZZY 1:457

9. See KRZZY 1:133.

10. Quoted in Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, rev. ed. (New York: Praeger, 1969), p. 316.

11. Zhang Geng, "Lun bianqu juyun he xiju de jishu jiaoyu," JFRB, 12 September 1942, p. 4.

12. For a list of dramas staged in Yan'an from 1938 to 1945, see ZGHJYD 3:211-218.

13. See KRZZY 2:115-124, esp. p. 124.

14. For a brief discussion of the Mao Zedong-Wang Ming conflict, see Van Slyke, "The Chinese Communist Movement During the Sino-Japanese War," pp. 615-619.

15. Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, 4 vols. (Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1967), 2:209-210. I use Stuart Schram's translation, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, pp. 172-173. In Mao's "Reform Our Study" (May 1941), he reiterated the same theme. See Mao, Selected Works 3:19-21.

16. Quoted in Stuart Schram, Mao Tse-tung (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 201.

17. Libo (Zhou Libo), "Houhui yu qianzhan," JFRB, 3 April 1943, p. 4.

18. For the popularity of the Stanislavsky system in China, see, inter alia, Juchang yishu (Theater arts monthly), 2 (20 December 1938): 1-4; and Xiju yu wenxue (Drama and literature), 1.1 (25 January 1940): 131-146.

19. Zhang Geng, "Huiyi Yan'an Luyi," p. 458.

20. See "Art Chronicle" in T'ien Hsia Monthly 9.1 (August 1939): 85.

21. See KRZZY 1:445-450, 2:511.

22. See Ding Ling and Xi Ru, eds., Xibei zhandi fuwutuan xiju ji (Hankou: Shanghai zazhi gongsi, 1938).

23. Hou Weidong, "Ke Zhongping lingdao Bianqu minzhong jutuan," XWXSL 18 (22 February 1983): 146-151.

24. One of these was the Lu Xun Academy of Art and Literature in southeastern Shanxi (Lu Xun wenxue yishuyuan, est. 1939, with Li Bozhao [1911-1985] as its president). For others, see Ai Qing, "Jiefang qu de yishu jiaoyu," in Zhonghua quanguo wenxue yishu gongzuozhe daibiao dahui jinian wenji (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1950), pp. 235-238.

25. Sha Kefu, "Huabei nongcun xiju yundong he minjian yishu gaizao gongzuo," in ibid., p. 348.

26. Li Bozhao, "Dihou wenyi yundong gaikuang," in KRZZY 2:304.

27. Sha Kefu, "Huabei nongcun xiju yundong," p. 349.

28. Ibid.

29. See KRZZY 3:89.

30. Mao Zedong, "Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art," in Selected Works 3:69-97, esp. p. 84.

31. See ZGHJYD 3:101.

32. The news of Mao's "Talks" reached northwestern Shanxi around June or July 1942. Not long after, the document itself was brought by dramatist Ouyang Shanzun (1914-); see Shanxi wenyi shiliao, pp. 8-9. It reached Shandong in early 1943; see KRZZY 3:166.

33. Ha Hua, Yangge zatan (Shanghai: Huadong renmin chubanshe, 1951), p. 27.

34. See, for example, Ai Siqi et al., Yangge lunwen xuanji (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1944); Zhou Erfu et al., Yanggeju chuji (Chongqing: Xinhua ribao, 1944); and Hu Sha, "Shaanbei yangge," Beifang wenhua 1.6 (16 May 1946): 28-31. For a detailed discussion in English, see Holm, Art and Ideology.

35. See Li Jinghan and Zhang Shiwen, eds., Dingxian yangge xuan (N.p.: Zhonghua pingmin jiaoyu cujinhui, 1933), esp. the Preface.

36. According to David Holm ( Art and Ideology, p. 122), the Communists in the 1940s were familiar with the Dingxian yangge work, and "Dingxian was particularly significant because there was a direct link between the Dingxian project and the Jin-Cha-Ji [Border Region] cultural workers."

37. See Zhou Yang, Xiao San, and Ai Qing et al., Minjian yishu he yiren (Zhangjiakou: Xinhua shudian, 1946), pp. 1-10.

38. See Zhang Geng, "Huiyi Yan'an Luyi"; and idem, "Luyi gongzuotuan duiyu yangge de yixie jingyan," Xiju yu yinyue 1 (1 March 1946): 1; 2 (1 April 1946): 3-5.

39. Zhang Geng, "Huiyi Yan'an Luyi," p. 461.

40. See Shanxi wenyi shiliao, p. 99.

41. Zhang Geng, "Huiyi Yan'an Luyi" pp. 460-461.

42. It goes without saying that a yangge play can include more than one theme. For example, besides the idea of equality of the sexes, Twelve Sickles stresses the harmonious link between soldiers and the people. For a series of yangge plays, see Zhang Geng, ed., Yanggeju xuan (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1977).

43. See JFRB, 19 March 1944, p. 4.

44. Quoted in Ai Siqi et al., Yangge lunwen xuanji, p. 15.

45. For a firsthand look at this troupe's work to spread new yangge plays throughout northern Shaanxi, see Zhang Geng, "Luyi gongzuotuan."

46. See KRZZY 3:266.

47. See XYXSL 4 (August 1979): 301.

48. The Folk Drama Study Association (Minjian xiju yanjiuhui) in northwestern Shanxi was one such example. See Li Bozhao, "Dihou wenyi yundong," p. 310.

49. See KRZZY 1:520-521.

50. See the discussion of Liu Zhiming, director of the Yan'an Beijing Opera Study Society, in Bi shang Liangshan, ed. Pingju yanjiuhui (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1945), pp. 94-95 (app.).

51. Li Lun, Wei Chenxu, Ren Guilin et al., San da Zhujiazhuang (Beijing: Zhongguo xiju chubanshe, 1957), pp. 206-208.

52. Gunther Stein, The Challenge of Red China (New York: Whittlesey House, 1945), pp. 219-220.

53. Jack Chen (Chen Yifan) visited the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region twice, in 1938 and again in 1947; interview with Jack Chen, 12 December 1987, 25 March 1988, El Cerrito, Calif. See also Jack Chen, "Folk Art and Drama in North-West China To-day," Our Time, May 1946, pp. 213-214.

54. Huang Yanpei, Yan'an guilai, in Bashinian lai (Beijing: Wenshi ziliao chubanshe, 1982), p. 144.

55. Huang Fengzhou, "Huiyi 'Nong jian suo,'" Meishu 5 (25 September 1977): 10-11. See also Meishu 5 (25 September 1977): 11-13.

56. Mao, Selected Works 1:48.

57. See Meishu yanjiu 12 (15 November 1959): 62-64.

58. See XWYJZL 18 (March 1983): 153-164.

59. See, for example, JWRB, 10 October 1937, n.p.

60. See, for example, JWRB, 15 and 22 January 1938, p. 4 for both.

61. See, for example, LY 46 (1 August 1934): 1034, and 69 (1 August 1935): 1031; YZF 9 (16 January 1936): 456, and 43 (16 June 1937): 310.

62. Li Qun, Preface to Jin-Sui jiefangqu muke xuan (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1982). The other art subject offered at Luyi was making woodcuts.

63. See the brief report in Huashang bao, 21 May 1941, p. 3.

64. Interview with Hua Junwu, 23 September, 15 October 1989, Beijing.

65. See, for example, JFRB, 5 September 1942, p. 3; 18 September 1942, p. 2; 6 February 1943, p. 3.

66. Woodcuts appeared even earlier in New China Daily. Hu Kao's piece "Unite Together! Resist Till the End!" appeared in the inaugural issue of the newspaper on 11 January 1938, p. 1. At that time woodcuts were printed regularly. See, for example, the issues of 12 and 13 January 1938, p. 1.

67. See Jin-Cha-Ji huabao 1 (7 July 1942) and 4 (20 September 1943).

68. Huang Yuanlin, "Kangzhan shiqi jiefangqu de manhua," KZWYYJ 13 (15 May 1984): 67.

69. See JFRB, 15 February 1942, p. 4.

70. Zhang E, "I am No. 6 in the World," JFRB, 6 April 1943, p. 4.

71. Jiang Feng, "Guanyu 'fengci huazhan,'" JFRB, 15 February 1942, p. 4.

72. Interview with Hua Junwu, 23 September, 15 October 1989, Beijing.

73. Mao, "Talk at the Yan'an Forum," in Selected Works 3:91.

74. Interview with Cai Ruohong, 29 September 1989, Beijing. Cai drew few cartoons after his meeting with Mao. Two examples may be found in JFRB, 6 February 1943, p. 3, and 18 August 1945, p. 4. Cai did not resume active cartooning until after the war. In 1948 he produced Ku cong he lai (Shanghai: Chenguang chuban gongsi, 1948), a series of cartoons on political dislocation and social ills under GMD rule.

75. Hua Junwu, "Xiangcha buduo," JFRB, 2 August 1943, p. 4.

76. See, for example, Fang Xiang, "Kangzhan, muke yu wo," in Li Ruiteng, ed., Kangzhan wenxue gaishuo, p. 205.

77. Xu Beihong, "Quanguo muke zhan," reprinted JFRB, 16 March 1943, p. 4.

78. Interview with Fang Xiang, 30 July 1990, Taibei. See also Fang Xiang, "Kangzhan, muke yu wo"; and idem, Fang Xiang muke xuanji, 2 vols. (Taibei: Gongtong yinshuachang, 1956).

79. For a history of Chinese engraving, see Zheng Zhenduo, Zhongguo banhua shi tulu, 20 vols. (Shanghai: Zhongguo banhuashi she, 1940-1947). On the Chinese woodcut movement, see Lu Di, ed., Zhongguo xiandai banhua shi (Beijing: Renmin meishu chubanshe, 1987).

80. Lu Xun's role in the Chinese woodcut movement was pivotal. On 8 October 1936, in his final days, the ailing writer attended the Second National Woodcut Exhibition in Shanghai. He died eleven days later. Materials on Lu Xun's role in promoting Chinese woodcut are numerous. See, for example, Chen Yanqiao, "Lu Xun xiansheng yu banhua," GM 1.12 (25 November 1936): 780-783; Li Hua, "Lu Xun xiansheng yu muke," Minzhu shijie 3.8 (1 November 1946): 23; and Shirley Sun's "Lu Hsun and the Chinese Woodcut Movement." The important volume Kangzhan banian muke xuan (Woodcuts of wartime China, 1937-1945), edited by the China Woodcut Association and published in 1946 by Shanghai's Kaiming Bookstore, was dedicated to "the late Mr. Lu Hsun [Lu Xun]: the Arch-Sponsor of Woodcutting in China on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of His Death."

81. Li Qun, "Xizhanchang shang de muke yundong," Wenyi zhendi 4.5 (1 January 1940): 1377; Lu Di, "Muke zai baozhi shang de zhendi," XWYJZL 10 (December 1981): 185-186. See also Akiyoshi Kukio, Kahoku konkyochi no bungaku undo (Tokyo: Hyoronsha, 1976), pp. 205-206.

82. Xu Beihong, "Quanguo muke zhan."

83. Hu Yichuan, "Huiyi Luyi muke gongzuotuan zai dihou," Meishu 5 (October 1961): 45-48.

84. Xu Baishi, "Tan muke," Shen bao, 2 December 1933, p. 21.

85. Quoted in Mina C. Klein and H. Arthur Klein, Käthe Kollwitz: Life in Art (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), p. 20.

86. Yu Da, "Cong qiangtou hua dao tu dianying," Meishu 11 (15 November 1958): 40.

87. See, for example, JFRB, 21 and 22 August 1943, p. 4 (both issues). See also Ji Zhi's discussion, "Guanyu 'muke manhua.'"

88. See, for example, JFRB, 21 August 1943, p. 4. Interviews with Gu Yuan, 6 October, 4 November 1989, Beijing; and with Zhang E, 30 September 1989, Beijing.

89. See Yang Han, ed., Xinsijun meishu gongzuo huiyilu (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1982), esp. pp. 63-66.

90. See JFRB, 17 October 1942, p. 4.

91. Gu Yuan used a similar technique in his "Duizhao zhi xia" (A comparison), JFRB, 17 July 1943, p. 4.

92. Li Qun, "Attending Winter School," in Jin-Sui jiefangqu muke xuan, p. 10.

93. Li Qun, "Delivering Public Grain," in ibid, p. 6.

94. See Hu Man, "Kangzhan banian lai jiefangqu de meishu yundong," JFRB, 19 June 1946, p. 4.

95. Interview with Gu Yuan, 6 October, 4 November 1989, Beijing; and letter from Gu Yuan to the author, 16 July 1990.

96. See Ai Qing, "Di yi ri," JFRB, 18 August 1941, p. 2.

97. See Meishu yanjiu 12 (15 November 1959): 49-58. For papercuts, see Gu Yuan, "Minjian jianzhi," Beifang wenhua 2.1 (1 June 1946): 44-45; Ai Qing and Jiang Feng, eds., Xibei jianzhi ji (Shanghai: Chenguang chubanshe, 1949).

98. Yang Han, ed., Xinsijun meishu gongzuo huiyilu, pp. 99-101, 137-139.

99. A Ying, Zhongguo nianhua fazhan shilü (Beijing: Zhaohua meishu chubanshe, 1954), pp. 29-31. See also JFRB, 18 May 1945, p. 4.

100. See Huang Mao, Manhua yishu jianghua, p. 46; also Meishu yanjiu 12 (15 November 1959): 49-53, esp. p. 51.

101. Chang Zhiqing, "Zai Jin-Sui ribao de niandai li," in Zhang Jinglu, ed., Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao 4:206.

102. Liu Yunlai, "Huabei dihou geming baokan de chuangjian," XWYJZL 29 (February 1985): 95.

103. Lu Zipei, "Huazhong jiefangqu baozhi zazhi yilan," in Zhang Jinglu, ed., Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao 3:380.

104. Liu Yunlai, "Huabei dihou geming baokan de chuangjian," p. 95.

105. Lu Dingyi, "Tan Yan'an Jiefang ribao gaiban," XWYJZL 8 (November 1981): 1-8, esp. p. 6. See also Yang Fangzhi, " Jiefang ribao gaiban yu Yan'an zhengfeng," XWYJZL 18 (March 1983): 1-5, esp. pp. 2-4. The Guomindang news was given considerable attention. For example, on 12 February 1942 Jiefang ribao gave front page coverage to Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi's warm reception by the Indian people during a visit to that country.

106. See Liao Jingdan, " Kangzhan ribao de zhandou suiyue," XWYJZL 29 (February 1985): 61.

107. Mao Zedong, "Zai Jiefang ribao gaiban zuotanhui shang de jianghua," in Mao Zedong xinwen gongzuo wenxuan (Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1983), pp. 90-91.

108. Quoted in Alex Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet Russia: A Study in Mass Persuasion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 135. Lenin's famous saying was quoted in a JFRB editorial on 1 April 1942, front page.

109. See XWYJZL 22 (November 1983): 15.

110. Yang Fangzhi, " Jiefang ribao gaiban," p. 2.

111. Mao Zedong, "Zengqiang baokan xuanchuan de dangxing," in Mao Zedong xinwen gongzuo wenxuan, p. 96.

112. Telegram from Mao to Zhou Enlai, 14 March 1942; in Mao Zedong xinwen gongzuo wenxuan, p. 93.

113. Zhou Yang, "Yishu jiaoyu de gaizao wenti," in KRZZY 1:210.

114. See "Xibeiju guanyu Jiefang ribao jige wenti de tongzhi" (Circular of the Northwestern Bureau concerning issues related to Liberation Daily ), JFRB, 30 March 1943, front page.

115. Chang Zhiqing, "Zai Jin-Sui ribao de niandai li," pp. 209, 212.

116. Mao Zedong, "Zenyang ban difang baozhi," in Mao Zedong xinwen gongzuo wenxuan, p. 120. See also Liao Jingdan, " Kangzhan ribao de zhandou suiyue," p. 62.

117. See Liao Mosha et al., Yi Deng Tuo (Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1980), p. 19; also Kang-Ri zhanzheng shiqi de Zhongguo xinwenjie, ed. Zhongguo shekeyuan xinwen yanjiusuo (Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1987), p. 145.

118. See Liao Mosha et al., Yi Deng Tuo, p. 81.

119. Ibid., pp. 75, 86, 89. See also Kang-Ri zhanzheng shiqi de Zhongguo xinwenjie, p. 145.

120. Ding Dong, "Bianqu ji jiefangqu de xiaoxingbao," JFRB, 17 May 1945, p. 4.

121. Hu Jiwei, "Ban yizhang renmin qunzhong xiwen-lejian de baozhi," XWYJZL 30 (April 1985): 4.

122. See, for example, Bianqu qunzhong bao, 5 March 1944, p. 1; 12 March 1944, p. 1; 16 April 1944, p. 1; 14 May 1944, p. 1. The paper also issued a series of booklets, including the highly popular Ditties ( Xiaoquzi, 1944), a collection of sixteen songs.

123. See Ai Siqi et al., Yangge lunwen xuanji, p. 6.

124. François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 48.

125. Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).

126. J.G.A. Pocock, Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History (New York: Atheneum, 1973), p. 22.

127. Liu Yunlai, "Huabei dihou geming baokan de chuangjian," pp. 97-98; Kang-Ri zhanzheng shiqi de Zhongguo xinwenjie, p. 267; KRZZY 2:49, 3:150-158; Zhang Jinglu, ed., Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao 3:382. These newspapers, of course, were not restricted to the Communist areas; Li Furen's The Common Folk, for instance, originated in Xi'an (see chap. 4).

128. Editor's notes; see KRZZY 1:544.

129. William Hinton, Fanshen (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), p. vii.

130. See, for example, Jiangxi Suqu wenxueshi, ed. Jiangxi shifan daxue zhongwenxi, Suqu wenxue yanjiushi (Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 1984), pp. 63, 76, 94.

131. Robert Paine, "When Saying Is Doing," in Politically Speaking: Cross-cultural Studies of Rhetoric, ed. Robert Paine (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981), pp. 10-11.

132. Tian Jian, Shici (Shanghai: Xinwenyi chubanshe, 1953), sec. 9.

133. See ZGHJYD 3:123.

134. See Zhonghua quanguo wenxue yishu gongzuozhe, p. 504.

135. Zhao Shuli, Zhao Shuli wenji, vol. 1 (Beijing: Gongren chubanshe, 1980), pp. 195-210.

136. See Xin minzhu zhuyi geming shiqi gongnongbing sanzi jing xuan, ed. Zhongguo geming bowuguan bianxiezu (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1975), p. 14.

137. Ibid., pp. 24-27.

138. Han Qixiang, Han Qixiang yu Shaanbei shuoshu, ed. Shaanxi sheng quyi shouji zhengli bangongshi, Shaanxi sheng qunzhong yishuguan (N.p.: n.p., 1985), p. 83.

139. Tian Jian, ''Tian Jian zishu," XWXSL 25 (22 November 1984): 109-110; 29 (22 November 1985): 120-121.

140. Tian Jian, "Yiyongjun," in Shici, p. 7.

141. Wen Yiduo, "Shidai de gushou—du Tian Jian de shi," in Wen Yiduo quanji, ed. Zhu Ziqing et al., vol. 3 (Hong Kong: Nam Tung Stationery, n.d.), pp. 233-238.

142. See KRZZY 3:237.

143. Tian Jian, "Tian Jian zishu," XWXSL 29 (22 November 1985): 120.

144. Ai Qing, "Zhankai jietoushi yundong," JFRB, 27 September 1942, p. 4.

145. See Chang-tai Hung, Going to the People, chap. 3.

146. Jia Zhi, "Lao Suqu de min'ge," Minjian wenyi jikan 1 (1950): 46-57. See also Liu Yun, "Hongjun de geyao," Dafeng 4 (5 April 1938): 106-109.

147. See KRZZY 2:181-182.

148. Li Ji, ed., Shuntianyou er qian shou (Shanghai: Shanghai zazhi gongsi, 1950), p. 263; and idem, "Wo shi zenyang xuexi min'ge de," in Li Ji yanjiu zhuanji (Fuzhou: Haixia wenyi chubanshe, 1985), p. 104.

149. The other two are pashan'ge (mountain climbing songs), popular in western Inner Mongolia, and shanqu'er (mountain melodies), popular in northwestern Shanxi. For a discussion of these songs, see Chen Ziai, "Woguo min'ge de tishi yu gelü," Kanshou zhidao 38 (1988): 33-36.

150. Guo Moruo, Preface to Li Ji, Wang Gui yu Li Xiangxiang (N.p.: Shenghuo, Dushu, Xinzhi, 1949), pp. ii-iii.

151. He Qifang, "Cong souji dao xieding," in He Qifang wenji, vol. 4 (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1983), p. 148.

152. Ibid. See also the Preface to Shaanbei min'ge xuan, ed. Lu Xun wenyi xueyuan (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1949).

153. Shaanbei min'ge xuan, p. 1.

154. See, for example, Miao Peishi, ed., Geyao congji (N.p.: Taofan shudian, 1947), esp. appendix, "The People's Voice from the Guomindang-ruled Territories."

155. For a history of Chinese storytelling, see Jaroslav Prusek,^{[ *]} "Urban Centers: The Cradle of Popular Fiction," in Studies in Chinese Literary Genres, ed. Cyril Birch (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974); V. Hrdlicková, "The Chinese Storytellers and Singers of Ballads," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 3d ser., 10 (August 1968): 97-115.

156. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan (N.p.: Shenghuo, Dushu, Xinzhi, 1949), p. 142. Lin Shan, however, gave an earlier date, saying that the Yan'an county government began to discuss the importance of storytelling in July 1944; see Lin Shan, "Gaizao shuoshu," JFRB, 5 August 1945, p. 4.

157. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan, p. 140.

158. Lin Shan, "Gaizao shuoshu."

159. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan, p. 141. See also Lin Shan, "Gaizao shuoshu."

160. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan, p. 144; Wang Lin, "Ji Han Qixiang shuoshu," Beifang wenhua 2.6 (16 August 1946): 52-53, 47. See also JFRB, 5 August 1945, p. 4. For Han's own account, see his autobiography, Han Qixiang yu Shaanbei shuoshu. For a full discussion of Han Qixiang and his work, see Chang-tai Hung, "Reeducating a Blind Storyteller: Han Qixiang and the Chinese Communist Storytelling Campaign,'' Modern China 19.4 (October 1993): 395-426.

161. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan, pp. 144-146.

162. The 1949 version of the story is slightly different from the original one recorded in 1946. I followed the later version. See Liu Qiao tuanyuan (Shanghai: Shenghuo, Dushu, Xinzhi, 1949), p. 98.

163. Han Qixiang, Zhang Yulan canjia xuanjuhui (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1946), p. 50. This version is again slightly different from the original one (see JFRB, 28 November 1945, p. 4).

164. Han Qixiang, Zhang Yulan canjia xuanjuhui, pp. 20-21.

165. Han Qixiang and Wang Zongyuan, Shishi zhuan (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1946), esp. pp. 6-14, 17-21.

166. Lin Shan, "Gaizao shuoshu."

167. See JFRB, 7 August 1945, p. 4; 28 November 1945, p. 4; Lin Shan, "Gaizao shuoshu." See also Gao Minfu, Preface to Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan (N.p.: Xinhua shudian, 1946), pp. 4-9.

168. Ellen R. Judd, "Cultural Articulation in the Chinese Countryside, 1937-1945," Modern China 16.3 (July 1990): 269-308.

169. Gao Minfu, Preface to Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan (1946 ed.), p. 8.

170. Zhou Erfu, "Postscript," in Han Qixiang, Liu Qiao tuanyuan, p. 141.

171. Hu Mengxiang, Han Qixiang pingzhuan (Beijing: Zhongguo minjian wenyi chubanshe, 1989), p. 275.

172. He Jingzhi, "Wei renmin yishujia lizhuan," Quyi 207 (15 October 1989): 5.

173. Paraphrased in Judd, "Cultural Articulation in the Chinese Countryside," p. 287.

174. Ibid.

175. See, for example, JFRB, 30 April 1942, p. 1; 13 August 1942, p. 4; 1 March 1943, p. 1.

176. Ai Qing, "Wu Manyou," JFRB, 9 March 1943, p. 4.

177. Ibid.

178. Lu Dingyi, "Wenhua xiaxiang—Du 'Xiang Wu Manyou kanqi' yougan," JFRB, 10 February 1943, p. 4.

179. See, for example, Bianqu qunzhong bao, 19 March 1944, p. 3; 16 April 1944, p. 1.

180. For Zhao Zhankui, see JFRB, 2 September 1943, p. 1; 14 January 1944, p. 1. For Zhang Chuyuan, JFRB, 2 February 1944, p. 3. For others, see JFRB, 10 February 1944, p. 2.

181. See JFRB, 28 February 1943, p. 4.

182. See Shanxi wenyi shiliao 2:82-83.

183. To be sure, Chinese Communists were not the first to use workers as models. The Russians had already set a precedent by repeatedly honoring "Heroes of Socialist Labor." But the Yan'an experience was unique in that its heroes were poor peasants rather than urban workers. And while Stalin's Stakhanovites enjoyed special privileges, developing in later years into a new labor aristocracy, Yan'an's Wu Manyou and his comrades received far fewer material incentives from the Party. Chinese Communists thus presented a better image of a group of "model peasants" working for the common good.

184. See KRZZY 2:153-157, 164-169.

185. Ibid., pp. 4-6, 38-41, 41-51, 52-56, 256-257.

186. Sha Kefu, "Huigu yijiusiyi nian zhanwang yijiusier nian bianqu wenyi," in ibid., p. 94.

187. See, for example, Zhao Chaogou, Yan'an yiyue (Nanjing: Xinmin bao she, 1946).

188. See Haldore Hanson, Fifty Years Around the Third World (Burlington, Vt.: Fraser, 1986), p. 75; Stein, Challenge of Red China; and Harrison Forman, Report from Red China (New York: Henry Holt, 1945). See also Warren W. Tozer, "The Foreign Correspondents' Visit to Yenan in 1944: A Reassessment," Pacific Historical Review 41.2 (May 1972): 207-224, esp. pp. 211, 221.

189. Hanson, Fifty Years, p. 75.

190. Fei Hsiao-tung (Fei Xiaotong), review of Yan'an yiyue by Chao Chao-kuo (Zhao Chaogou), in Pacific Affairs 18.4 (December 1945): 391-393, esp. p. 392.

191. For details of the dissenting views, see Merle Goldman, Literary Dissent in Communist China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), chap. 2.

192. Mo Ye, "Liping de fannao," in Shenghuo de bolan (Xi'an: Shaanxi renmin chubanshe, 1984), pp. 80-101.

193. See Shanxi wenyi shiliao 2:142-156, esp. pp. 144, 146, 157-163.

194. See the author's own bitter recollection, Shenghuo de bolan, pp. 109-112.

195. See KRZZY 1:385-389.