1. See [Smith], Madam Restell , 33, 48; Foster, New York by Gas Light , 62; idem, New York Naked , 154; Ellington, Women of New York , 169-70, 242; Sanger, History of Prostitution , 518; McDowall's Journal , May 1833, 36; Police Gazette , 27 October 1849. The Herald believed professional jealousy may have caused Jewett's death. Herald , 12 April 1836.

2. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 547-48, 552, 555; Police Gazette , 3 March 1849; [Smith], Madam Restell , 34, 48; Ellington, Women of New York , 242.

3. New Era , 21 November 1836, 26 January 1840, 25 February 1837; Sun , 17 August 1836.

4. Sun , 6 May 1841, 28 February 1840, 9 March 1835. For other cases, see Tribune , 11 June 1841; Sun , 26 June 1839, 7 May 1840; Transcript , 26 September 1837.

5. Sun , 7-8 January 1840; New Era , 10 August 1839.

6. Sun , 2-3 February 1835.

7. Goldman, Gold Diggers , 120, has an excellent discussion of the personal relationships of Western prostitutes.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

8. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

9. Ibid. (letter dated 12 June 1835).

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. (letter dated 20 October 1835)

12. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

13. Ibid., "Clara to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. (letters dated 12 June and 26 July 1835).

16. Ibid. (letter dated 26 July 1835).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., "Ann Farmer to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

19. Ibid. (letter dated 10 September 1835). See discussion of Mary Gallagher and her property relationships in Chapter 3.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid. (letter dated 6 September 1835).

22. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 December 1835).

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen" (letter dated 14 December 1835).

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. See Sun , 18 June 1834, and HRCH, case nos. 747, 748, 749 (1830); 902, 903 (1831); 1342, 1343 (1834); 1551, 1554, 1569, 1596 (1835).

29. U.S., Census, 1850, Wards 5 and 8; N.Y., Census, 1855, Wards 5 and 8. Eastman, Fast Man's Directory ; Free Loveyer, Directory of Seraglios . For other brothel relationships, see Chapter 3, property relationships.

30. Ellington, Women of New York , 324; "Mary Berry to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835); Griesinger, Lebende Bilder , 148-56. Ellington also notes that postwar prostitutes had their own special gambling houses, and certain coffee and cake saloons served as their "club houses" (218, 239, 277).

31. Ellington, Women of New York , 326.

32. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

33. Ibid., "Emily to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 7 March [no year given]).

34. Ibid. (letter dated 26 February [no year given]).

35. Ibid. (letters dated 26 February and 7 March [no year given]).

32. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

33. Ibid., "Emily to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 7 March [no year given]).

34. Ibid. (letter dated 26 February [no year given]).

35. Ibid. (letters dated 26 February and 7 March [no year given]).

32. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

33. Ibid., "Emily to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 7 March [no year given]).

34. Ibid. (letter dated 26 February [no year given]).

35. Ibid. (letters dated 26 February and 7 March [no year given]).

32. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

33. Ibid., "Emily to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 7 March [no year given]).

34. Ibid. (letter dated 26 February [no year given]).

35. Ibid. (letters dated 26 February and 7 March [no year given]).

36. Prime, Life in New York , 178.

37. Sun , 9 May 1834.

38. CGS, People v. M. L. Clark , 17 October 1834. Letter from neighbor.

39. Ibid.

38. CGS, People v. M. L. Clark , 17 October 1834. Letter from neighbor.

39. Ibid.

40. Sun , 2 September 1834.

41. Heyl, Madam As Entrepreneur , 201 ff.

42. Sun , 15 August 1836.

43. CGS, People v. Sewally , 16 June 1836.

44. Herald , 17, 20 June 1836; Sun , 16 April 1835, 17 June 1836.

45. Sun , 17 June 1836. The reports of the trial reveal the coarse racism of court officials and observers.

46. Marion S. Goldman makes the same point in discussing prostitution in the West ( Gold Diggers , 120).

47. New Era , 27 July 1839; Sun , 13 August 1836; Herald , 15 September 1842; Police Gazette , 12 December 1846, 26 December 1846.

48. Goldman, Gold Diggers , 121.

49. Record of Assessments, 1848-1859, Ward 8; Advocate of Moral Reform , 15 March 1837, 15 April 1838.

50. A few examples from the HRCH include nos. 747, 748, 829 (1830); nos. 850, 851, 920, 932 (1831); nos. 2520, 2521, 2555 (1840); nos. 4789, 4790, 4736, 4737, 4933, 4934 (1850).

51. Advocate of Moral Reform , 15 January 1840; Sanger, History of Prostitution , 515; Sun , 12 June 1834.

52. Advocate of Moral Reform , 15 February 1838.

53. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849.

54. Eastman, Fast Man's Directory , 20. The use of the word folks instead of husband or family is taken to mean a more extended family, but it may indicate her husband only, especially since Cornell is referred to as "Mrs." Most brothel keepers, however, went by the title "Mrs." unless very young. The Reversed City Directory for 1851 lists 106 Grand, corner of Mercer and Grand, as the establishment of James Cornell, confectioner. The 1850 census lists a James Cornell (22), saloon operator, with Mary Cornell (30) and four other women, a waiter, and two servants. The 1854/55 City Directory lists James Cornell at 106 Grand, confectioner; home, 27 Greene. James Cornell may have been a husband, eight years younger than Mary, but the two may also have been siblings, living at home with their "folks."

55. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 502, 511, 516.

56. Sun , 26 October 1835; HRCH, no. 645 (1829), no. 850, 851 (1831); no. 1524 (1834).

57. HRCH, no. 624, 625 (1829); no. 830 (1830). After the death of her father, Jane Kane's mother sent her to work in an Elm Street brothel ( Police Gazette , 28 October 1848).

58. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 477-83.

59. Advocate of Moral Reform , January 1835.

60. Ibid.; Sanger, History of Prostitution , 483.

59. Advocate of Moral Reform , January 1835.

60. Ibid.; Sanger, History of Prostitution , 483.

61. HRCH, no. 858 (1831); no. 4665 (1850).

62. N.Y., Census, 1855, Wards 5 and 8; U.S., Census, 1850, Wards 5 and 8.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

62. N.Y., Census, 1855, Wards 5 and 8; U.S., Census, 1850, Wards 5 and 8.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

62. N.Y., Census, 1855, Wards 5 and 8; U.S., Census, 1850, Wards 5 and 8.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

65. New Era , 18 February 1837.

66. Sun , 14 November 1834.

67. Advocate of Moral Reform , September 1835.

68. HRCH, no. 2170 (1838).

69. Herald , 5 January 1850.

70. HRCH, no. 1538 (1835).

71. HRCH, no. 1648 (1835).

72. McDowall's Journal , May 1833; Advocate of Moral Reform , 15 January 1836; Herald , 27 April 1849; Sun , 21 June 1836. See Chapter 7.

73. McDowall's Journal , May 1833, 35.

74. Herald , 9 October 1850.

75. Sun , 17 August 1836.

76. "Ann Farmer to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 10 September 1835).

77. Ibid.

76. "Ann Farmer to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 10 September 1835).

77. Ibid.

78. See Cott, Bonds of Womanhood ; Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History," 9-39.

79. "Helen to Frank," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.