1. Eastman, Fast Man's Directory , 20.

2. Hone, Diary , 210-11 (entry for 4 June 1866). General information on Jewett's customers can be found in her correspondence, and other information comes from cases mentioned later in this chapter.

3. On types and classes of clients, see McCabe, Lights and Shadows ; Ellington, Women of New York ; Sanger, History of Prostitution , sections on hierarchy of prostitution. On mechanics and prostitutes, see Herald , 22 June 1836; HRCH, no. 1599 (1835). Ellington said that prostitutes called their clients "Johnny," possibly the origin of the term john ( Women of New York , 302).

4. For racism and biracial prostitution, see the discussion of black prostitution in Chapter 2, and Foster, New York by Gas Light , 56-57; Warren, Thirty Years' Battle , 110-11; Walling, Recollections , 487; Sun , 4 June 1834; 27 March, 7 October 1835; 25 May 1836; New Era , 28 March 1837; Herald , 10 June 1836; Tribune , 7 March 1842.

5. Gilfoyle, "City of Eros," 276, and his ch. 7 on "Real Men," 275-92.

6. Goldman, Gold Diggers , 122.

7. Herald , 12 April 1836. Sanger also discusses prostitutes' hostility ( History of Prostitution , 496).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

8. "William to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 October 1834).

9. Ibid., "Charles H. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 5 March 1835).

10. Ibid., "Pupil to Helen," 2 June 1849.

11. Ibid., "Robert to Helen," 26 May 1849.

12. Ibid., "Stanhope to Helen," 26 May 1849.

13. Ibid., "J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

14. Ibid., "Cambaceres to Helen," 26 May 1849.

15. Ibid., "J.J.A.S. to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 4 December 1835).

16. Ibid., "Frederick to Helen," 26 May 1849.

17. Ibid., "John P. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 9 November 1834).

18. Ibid., "N.J. to Helen," 2 June 1849.

19. Ibid., "Archibald to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 1 January 1835).

20. Ibid., "T.C. (Henry) to Helen," 26 May 1849 (letter dated 26 February 1834).

21. Ibid., "Charles C. to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 22 June 1834).

22. Ibid., "Charles Ch . . . to Helen," (letter dated 3 October 1834). Jewett pressed charges against a man for assaulting her at the Park Theatre in June 1834. The reporter who covered the story also did a personal profile article on Jewett's seduction and entry into prostitution.

23. Ibid., "Mary Berry to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 14 December 1835). Jewett made several trips to visit friends at a brothel in Philadelphia. Letters to her from her Philadelphia friends note the existence of a brothel and client environment similar to that indicated in data on Jewett's New York brothel.

24. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

25. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

26. Ibid., preface to letter by "GBM (George B. Marston, alias Bill Easy) to Helen," 28 April 1849. McCabe uses the term harpies for men who look for and recruit girls for prostitution ( Lights and Shadows , 584).

27. Sun , 6 June 1836.

28. "GBM (Bill Easy) to Helen," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 26 May 1849.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

28. "GBM (Bill Easy) to Helen," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 26 May 1849.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

28. "GBM (Bill Easy) to Helen," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 26 May 1849.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

28. "GBM (Bill Easy) to Helen," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 26 May 1849.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

28. "GBM (Bill Easy) to Helen," Police Gazette , 28 April 1849.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., "W. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 26 May 1849.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., "Wm. E. (Bill Easy) to Helen," 12 May 1849.

33. CGS, People v. Robinson , 19 April 1836, Grand Jury Report, 18 April 1836.

34. "Edward to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 4 May [no year given]).

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., "Wandering Willie to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 2 December 1836). See also Herald , 13 April 1836.

34. "Edward to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 4 May [no year given]).

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., "Wandering Willie to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 2 December 1836). See also Herald , 13 April 1836.

34. "Edward to Helen," Police Gazette , 2 June 1849 (letter dated 4 May [no year given]).

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., "Wandering Willie to Helen," 2 June 1849 (letter dated 2 December 1836). See also Herald , 13 April 1836.

37. "Wandering Willie to Helen," Police Gazette , 26 May 1849 (letter dated 22 January 1836).

38. Ibid. On doing favors see 2 June 1849.

37. "Wandering Willie to Helen," Police Gazette , 26 May 1849 (letter dated 22 January 1836).

38. Ibid. On doing favors see 2 June 1849.

39. HRCH case files describe the social world of young girls before they were admitted to the Refuge.

40. Several newspaper articles complained about police living in brothels; see Tribune , 13 March 1844.

41. My position on the late nineteenth-century development of the pimp system is supported by Ruth Rosen and Christine Stansell. Tim Gilfoyle has argued that "by the 1850s a visible, well-established system of pimps existed in New York." I don't find evidence to support this. Gilfoyle's own evidence also points to a much more diverse set of relationships than those that can be truly characterized as "pimp" relationships. "As brothels were attacked with increasing frequency during the 1830s, men for the first time were hired to provide protection. Both brothel keepers and prostitutes admitted that men lived in their houses of prostitution to provide physical protection or perform services such as buying groceries, repairing the house, or serving the guests." Gilfoyle also comments that ''the corner of Broadway and Broome Street was a notorious hangout for pimps waiting for prostitutes to hand over their earnings before returning to work," but the reference date is unclear. In discussing late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century prostitution, Gilfoyle describes "pimps" as "responsible for securing a steady supply of women for the brothel," or professional seducers. Some of these men did live off prostitutes' earnings in exchange for protection. But even for this early twentieth-century period, he makes a distinction between these and pimps of a later period: "In contrast to their successors after 1920, pimps were middlemen and brokers of sex, subject to the control of madams. Only a minority enjoyed the economic and psychological control over prostitutes like they do today [italics mine]." See Gilfoyle, "Strumpets and Misogynists," 64 n. 48, and "City of Eros," 416; Rosen, Lost Sisterhood , 33; and Stansell, City of Women , 174.

42. NYMS, First Annual Report , 18.

43. McDowall's Journal , May 1833; New Era , 6 July 1839.

44. W. A. Swanberg, Sickles The Incredible , 339.

45. [Smith], Madam Restell , 34-35.

46. Ibid., 36.

45. [Smith], Madam Restell , 34-35.

46. Ibid., 36.

47. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 556.

48. Ibid.

47. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 556.

48. Ibid.

49. Police Gazette , 24 February 1849.

50. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 486.

51. Ellington, Women of New York , 202-3.

52. Ibid., 169.

51. Ellington, Women of New York , 202-3.

52. Ibid., 169.

53. Sun , 4 October 1836. See similar case of Charlotte Baldwin beaten by John McChain, Sun , 20 February 1835.

54. Sun , 27 February 1835.

55. Sun , 21 June 1836. Other examples of brutality by paramours include Mary Ann Grover and John Hopkins, Sun , 3 March 1834; and Mary Hill and Bill Bigby, Sun , 26 January 1835.

56. "Ann Farmer to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 6 September 1835).

57. Transcript , 29 September 1837. See similar case of Hetty Jones, New Era , 28 January 1837.

58. Sun , 26 December 1833.

59. Tribune , 13 March 1844.

60. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

61. Ibid., " C . [Clara] Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

62. Ibid., "Clara Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 20 October 1835).

60. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

61. Ibid., " C . [Clara] Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

62. Ibid., "Clara Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 20 October 1835).

60. "Clara to Helen," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 12 June 1835).

61. Ibid., " C . [Clara] Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 26 July 1835).

62. Ibid., "Clara Hazard to Helen," 5 May 1849 (letter dated 20 October 1835).

63. Sun , 10 February 1842.

64. Times , 14 June 1855.

65. Commercial Advertiser , 11 July 1836.

66. "Agnes J. Thompson to Helen Jewett," Police Gazette , 5 May 1849 (letter dated 2 November 1835).

67. Sun , 16 September 1835.

68. CGS, People v. Robinson , 19 April, Grand Jury Report, 18 April 1836.

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

69. "Helen to Frank Rivers," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849 (letter dated 24 July 1835).

70. Ibid., "Frank to Helen," 2 June 1849.

71. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

72. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

73. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849.

74. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 28 April 1849.

75. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 2 June 1849. See also 9 June 1849, and several other letters.

76. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 9 June 1849.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid., "Helen to Frank," 26 May 1849. See also 2, 9 June 1849.

81. Ibid., 9 June 1849. Apparently, Jewett's suspicions were not unfounded. In August 1835, Robinson was seeing a woman at the brothel of Elizabeth Stewart on Reade Street ( Commercial Advertiser , 6 June 1836; Sun , 6 June 1836). Other women he was said to have been involved with earlier were Emma Chancellor and a Miss Browne ( Sun , 14 June 1836; Police Gazette , 14 April 1849).

82. "Helen to Frank," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849.

83. Ibid.

82. "Helen to Frank," Police Gazette , 9 June 1849.

83. Ibid.

84. CGS, People v. Robinson , 19 April 1836; Commercial Advertiser , 7 June 1836. A letter written on 11 November 1835 concerning the return of the miniature was read on 8 June 1836 at the trial.

85. Herald , 22 June 1836.

86. Sun , 3 March 1835.

87. HRCH, no. 1599 (1835), reference to 7 January 1837.

88. Sickles was a lawyer and served as corporation counsel for New York City, a state legislator, and secretary to Buchanan at the U.S. Legation in London. Later he served in Congress, 1856-1861, and then as a Union general, commander of one of the five military districts during Reconstruction, and minister to Spain. See Edward Longacre, "Damnable Dan Sickles," 16-25; Strong, Diary , vol. 2, 438-39 (editor's note with entry for 28 February 1859) and 330 (entry and note for 10 April 1857); vol. 4, 138, 249, 502, 507 (entries for 29 May 1867, 12 July 1869, 21 November and 27 December 1873); Thomas Balderston, "The Sad Shattered Life of Teresa Sickles," 41-45.

89. Swanberg, Sickles , 61, 75, 83-98, 285, 359; Balderston, "Sad Shattered Life." The controversy over whether White had helped with campaign funds was referred to by Strong in his Diary , vol. 4, 248 (entry for 12 July 1869) and 422 (entry for 20 April 1872).

90. The personal property tax record for 119 Mercer (Fanny White's brothel) lists "M. Bagiolix, $1000" which is crossed out and replaced with the phrase, "appears 92 Prince Street." At 92 Prince Street, following a notation that the previous owner has died, is a listing for "Antonio Baggioli, $1000." The owner of the Mercer Street property before White was John Graham, a Tammany friend of Sickles. Sickles's family also owned property that housed prostitutes in the 1820s.

Among other rumors "granted and generally believed," Strong mentions reports that Sickles had seduced his mother-in-law, blackmailed his father-in-law, and seduced his wife before their marriage. Strong also noted that Teresa Sickles was said to have had an affair with Buchanan, the reason Buchanan remained loyal to Sickles. Strong greatly disliked Sickles and gleefully noted the

New York World's response to a libel suit threatened by Sickles: "[We] might as well try to spoil a rotten egg as to damage Dan's character" (quoted in Diary , vol. 4, 422, entry for 20 April 1872). Other information from vol. 2, 77, 330, 438, 440-41, 449, 456 (entries for 20 December 1851, 10 April 1857, 28 February, 5 March, 26 April, 20 July 1859); vol. 3, 323, 328, 350 (entries for 17 May, 4 July, 21 August 1863); vol. 4, 138, 248-49, 422, 502, 507 (entries for 29 May 1867, 12 July 1869, 20 April 1872, 21 November and 27 December 1873).

91. Quote from Strong, Diary , vol. 2, 377 (entry for 24 December 1857). See n. 89 above for other information on White and Sickles.

92. Life and Death of Fanny White , 9-16; Strong, Diary , vol. 2, 377 (entry for 24 December 1857). George Strong recorded in his diary in 1860 that "a retired strumpet," formerly with Fanny White, had become the "housekeeper" for old Jake LeRoy and remained with LeRoy after he married an upstate woman several decades younger than himself. The housekeeper, Mary Ann, who was married to LeRoy's body servant, supposedly told the new wife "that she must not presume on her position, and that if she did, she should be turned out of doors" (vol. 3, 68-69 [entry for 4 December 1860]). The young wife became pregnant and very ill with venereal disease and died. Because of rumors that she had been poisoned, her body was exhumed, and an autopsy and inquest were held. Strong found it ironic that the same doctors performed the autopsy on Jake LeRoy's wife and on his former concubine Mrs. Blankman, Fanny White, who had died a few weeks before. "The coincidence is partly funny, partly hideous and revolting" (vol. 3, 73, entry for 12 December 1860).

93. Hone, Diary , 98 (entry for 3 July 1833). Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, Aaron Burr: Portrait of an Ambitious Man ; Leonard Faulkner, Painted Lady, Eliza Jumel: Her Life and Times .

94. Dunlap, Diary , vol. 3, 796 (entry for 19 June 1834).

95. Strong, Diary , vol. 4, 22 (entry for 19 July 1865).

96. Ibid., vol. 1, 114 (entry for 16 November 1839).

97. Ibid., vol. 1, 132-33 (entry for 6 April 1840).

95. Strong, Diary , vol. 4, 22 (entry for 19 July 1865).

96. Ibid., vol. 1, 114 (entry for 16 November 1839).

97. Ibid., vol. 1, 132-33 (entry for 6 April 1840).

95. Strong, Diary , vol. 4, 22 (entry for 19 July 1865).

96. Ibid., vol. 1, 114 (entry for 16 November 1839).

97. Ibid., vol. 1, 132-33 (entry for 6 April 1840).

98. Acton, Prostitution Considered , 27, 33, 47, 49; Walkowitz, "We Are Not Beasts," 67-69. Walkowitz cites Frances Place and E. P. Thompson as supporting documentation.

99. Christine Stansell, "Women of the Laboring Poor in New York City, 1850-1860," 170-72. See also Stansell's note on the role of sexual mores in the laboring classes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ( City of Women , 254 n. 35).

100. WSHW, Second Annual Report (1871), 34.

101. See HRCH, nos. 728, 747, 783 (1830); nos. 858, 865, 924 (1831); nos. 1343 (1834); nos. 1524, 1570, 1613, 1655 (1835); nos. 2559, 2496, 2520 (1840); no. 5015 (1850).

102. See Chapter 2, Personal Profiles, 40-41.

103. Herald , 13 September 1849; Court of Common Pleas, CCHR, "John Waters v. Felicite Waters," no. 1506, 5 October 1849. See a similar case of "Peter Duryea v. Marietta Duryea," 30 March 1850, discussed in A. A. Reidy, "A Peek at Divorce in Old New York."

104. Sun , 21 July 1836; Advocate of Moral Reform , 15 August 1836.

105. HRCH, no. 1342 (1834). See also Sun , 18 June 1834.

106. Madeleine , 326, notes that there is "little difference between an unhappy marriage and prostitution."

107. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 475.

108. Herald , 21 May 1848.

109. Ibid.

108. Herald , 21 May 1848.

109. Ibid.

110. HRCH, no. 932 (1831).

111. Sanger, History of Prostitution , 473, 475.

112. HRCH, no. 728 (1830).

113. Ibid., no. 2540 (1840).

114. Ibid., no. 924 (1831). The 1850 Census lists a Caroline Dean, age 20, in Cinderella Marshall's house and notes that Dean had been married within the past year, indicating she either had left her husband or was helping to support the new union by working in the brothel. U.S., Census, 1850, Wd. 5.

112. HRCH, no. 728 (1830).

113. Ibid., no. 2540 (1840).

114. Ibid., no. 924 (1831). The 1850 Census lists a Caroline Dean, age 20, in Cinderella Marshall's house and notes that Dean had been married within the past year, indicating she either had left her husband or was helping to support the new union by working in the brothel. U.S., Census, 1850, Wd. 5.

112. HRCH, no. 728 (1830).

113. Ibid., no. 2540 (1840).

114. Ibid., no. 924 (1831). The 1850 Census lists a Caroline Dean, age 20, in Cinderella Marshall's house and notes that Dean had been married within the past year, indicating she either had left her husband or was helping to support the new union by working in the brothel. U.S., Census, 1850, Wd. 5.

115. Herald , 30 May 1848.

116. Superior Court, "Mary Browning v. Jacob Browning," 24 June 1863; also discussed in Reidy, "A Peek at Divorce."

117. Walkowitz and Walkowitz, "We Are Not Beasts," 211. Some may have feared prostitutes would use a claim of marriage as an escape from prostitution/ vagrancy charges. This is a possible explanation for a note that was sent to the district attorney during a court hearing on charges against Julia Brown. The note said: "Esq. Hoffman--Sir I wish you wold cawl on Miss Julia Browns Trial & see if she will cawl Mr. Harrison her husband the man she lives with now. for hur one husband is hear from Albany now in the Cort house & is agoing to leave this after noon. Yours--S. Rathbone" CGS, People v. Julia Brown , 13 October 1834.

118. Police Reorganization , DBA, 53: 975-80, case of Melinda and Alexander Hoag. See also Acton, Prostitution Considered , 47; Walkowitz, "We Are Not Beasts," 69-70.

119. CGS, People v. Taylor and Shannon , 19 April 1836; Advocate of Moral Reform , August 1835; Police Gazette , 13 March 1847. See Free Loveyer, Directory to Seraglios , 17; N.Y., Census, 1855, Ward 5; Sun , 7-8, 20 January 1840; New Era , 10 August 1839.

120. Tribune , 13 March 1844; Ellington, Women of New York , 214-15; Tribune , 18 July 1842.

121. Gilfoyle, "City of Eros," 120-35.