1. Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, Program for Action , p. 11. [BACK]

2. Friendly, Circumstances , p. 303. [BACK]

3. John E. Burke has provided a much more detailed account of events leading up to the Carnegie Commission in "The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, Part 1, Historical Origins and the Carnegie Commission," published in Educational Broadcasting Review 6, no. 2 (Apr. 1972). The article was drawn from Burke's Ph.D. dissertation for Ohio State University, 1971. Among other contributions to the historical record, Burke notes the key roles played by Hartford N. Gunn, Jr., and David Ives, both executives with Boston's WGBH, in the preparation both of Ralph Lowell's original proposal to the 1964 national conference and the subsequent submission to President Johnson. [BACK]

4. In addition to Killian, Hobby, Hayes, and Kellam, the members of the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television were James B. Conant, former president of Harvard University; Lee A. DuBridge, president of the California Institute of Technology; Ralph Ellison, author; David P. Henry, president of the University of Illinois; Edwin H. Land, president, Polaroid Corporation; Joseph H. McConnell, president, Reynolds Metals Company; Franklin Patterson, president, Hampshire College; Terry Sanford, former governor of North Carolina; Robert Saudek, television producer; Rudolf Serkin, concert pianist; and Leonard Woodcock, vice president, United Automobile Workers of America. The Commission staff, headed by Hyman H. Goldin, included Stephen White, Gregory G. Harney, and Joan Cummings Solomon. White was the principal author of the resulting report. [BACK]

5. See Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, Program for Action . [BACK]

6. U.S. Congress, The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 . The Act called for "the extension of duration of construction grants" originally embodied in the Educational Television Facilities Act of May 1962, which established a program of federal matching fund grants "for the construction of television broadcasting facilities to be used for educational purposes." The funds were restricted to the purchase of equipment and required assurances that the recipient had sufficient funds to operate and maintain the equipment. [BACK]

7. The argument over the phrase "strict adherence to objectivity and balance" is treated in more detail in Chapter 17. [BACK]

8. In a letter endorsing the general objectives of the Commission, President Lyndon B. Johnson wrote: "From our beginnings as a nation we have recognized that our security depends upon the enlightenment of our people; that our freedom depends on the communications of many ideas through many channels. I believe that educational television has an important future in the United States and throughout the world. . . . I look forward with interest in the judgments which this Commission will offer" (quoted from the preface to Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, Program for Action ). [BACK]

9. The prospects for a dedicated tax to support public television were never favorable. Joseph D. Hughes, former board member of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, recounts a Washington meeting held in Douglass Cater's office shortly after the CPB meeting when Stanley S. Surrey, Assistant Treasury Secretary, expressed to Pace, Hughes, and Chamberlin the Treasury's traditional opposition to dedicated taxes. Hughes notes that all hope for the tax was abandoned when the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee warned that a bill for a dedicated tax to support public television would not clear his committee. See Joseph D. Hughes, "Heat Shield or Crucible: A Blueprint for Carnegie II," Public Telecommunications Review (PTR) 5, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1977). [BACK]

10. Friendly's warning about government funding appears in U.S. Congress, "Senate Subcommittee on Communications, Committee on Commerce, Hearings to Accompany S. 1160" (Public Broadcasting Act of 1967), quoted in Blakely To Serve the Public Interest , p. 172. [BACK]

11. James Killian, Jr., chairman of the Carnegie Commission, and Milton Eisenhower were named to the CPB board at the time the Public Broadcasting Act was signed. In March 1969, in addition to Pace, President Johnson named the following to the board of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting: Joseph A. Beirne, president of the Communications Workers of America; Robert S. Benjamin, attorney, Philips, Nizer, Krim & Ballon, and chairman, United Artists; Roscoe C. Carroll, corporation counsel, Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company; Michael A. Gamino, Jr., president, Columbus National Bank of Providence, R.I.; Saul Haas, chairman, KIRO/Seattle (AM-FM-TV); Oveta C. Hobby, chair and editor, The Houston Post Corporation; Joseph D. Hughes, vice president, T. Mellon & Sons; Erich Leinsdorf, music director, Boston Symphony Orchestra; John D. Rockefeller 3d, chair, Rockefeller Foundation; Carl E. Sanders, former Governor of Georgia; Frank E. Schooley, director of broadcasting, University of Illinois; and Jack Valenti, president, Motion Picture Association of America. Of the fifteen appointees, eight were Democrats (Haas, Leinsdorf, Gammino, Sanders, Beirne, Pace, Benjamin, and Valenti), six were Republicans (Carroll, Rockefeller, Schooley, Hobby, Hughes, and Eisenhower), and one was an Independent (Killian). [BACK]

12. Leonard Marks is quoted in Robertson, Televisionaries , p. 251. [BACK]

13. "Assure the maximum freedom" is from U.S. Congress, The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 , sec. 396 (g) (1) (D). [BACK]

14. The CPB board search committee that selected Macy comprised John D. Rockefeller 3d, Oveta C. Hobby, and Milton Eisenhower. [BACK]

15. Macy, Wasteland , p. 32. [BACK]

16. White resigned to accept the presidency of the fully endowed Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. His "farewell" message is contained in a memorandum from J. F. White to NET staff, Mar. 12, 1969, NPBA. [BACK]

17. Robert Hudson to Sara Garland Frederickson, memorandum, "John F. White: One Man's Contribution to Educational Broadcasting," Nov. 17, 1971, NPBA. [BACK]

18. Blakely, To Serve the Public Interest , p. 165. [BACK]

19. Wood, "First Decade of the 'Fourth Network,'" p.417. [BACK]

20. J. F. White's address to the NET Affiliates, New York, Apr. 10, 1969. Reprinted in Educational Broadcasting Review (June 1969), NPBA. [BACK]