Index
A
Activism, 310
Addiction. See Intravenous drug use; Intravenous drug users; Substance abuse; names of specific substances
Addicts. See Intravenous drug use; Intravenous drug users; Substance abuse; names of specific substances
Adler, Michael, 115
Africans, 9 , 192 -93, 198 , 212
AIDS:
crisis, 147 ;
organizations and policy- making, 312 ;
"widows," 261 n131
AIDS Centers, 332
AIDS Council of New South Wales, 310
AIDS Foundation, 303
AIDS Health Services Projects, 333
AIDS Medical Foundation, 205
AIDS-related complex (ARC), 194 , 286 , 304 , 328
Allen, Hilary, 235 n1
Altering behavior, 162 -63.
See also Education; Life-style; Public health; Sex-education
Altman, Dennis, 199
AMA. See American Medical Association
Amebiasis, 273
American Academy of Actuaries, 160
American Association of Physicians for Human Rights, 278
American Foundation for AIDS Research, 330
American Journal of Public Health , 80
American Lung Association, 75
American Medical Association (AMA), 93 , 95 n16, 149
American Museum of Natural History, 172
American Physicians for Human Rights, 309 -10
American Social Hygiene Association, 123 , 140
American Society for Social Hygiene, 131
Amphetamines, 81
Amyl nitrite, 200 , 273 -76, 294 -95nn33-35
Anal:
douche, 288 ;
intercourse (-receptive-sex), 206 , 288 , 295 n35, 312
Anderson, James, 114
And the Band Played On (Shilts), 199
Animal rights movement, 323
Annals of Internal Medicine , 277
See also Penicillin; Streptomycin
Anticontagionists, 71 -73
Antipositivism, 13
Antireductionist tradition, 31 n 16
Antisodomy law, 306
Antitoxin, 21
Anti-Vaccination League, 104
Antivaccination lobby, 105
Antivivisectionist controversy, 323
Anxiety. See Fear; Phobia
"Approved receptacle," 201 (fig. 1).
See also "Natural" receptacle
ARC. See AIDS-related complex Ardill, Susan, 231
Armed forces, screening of, 158
Army camp, 186 (fig. 12)
Arsenic, 139
Arsenicals, 125
Artificial insemination, 207
Artistic representation of AIDS, 241 -42n19
Asiatic cholera, 43 , 61 n35, 91
Associated Medical Schools, 94
Atlantic , The , 212
Atmospheric origin of disease, 45 .
See also Miasmas; Vapors
Australia, 10 , 48 , 303 -5, 308
Austria, 48
Authority:
civic and medical, 87 -91;
scientific experts, 164 .
See also Civic leaders and plague; Crisis of authority
Autologous transfusions, 283
Automobile Club of America:
and quarantine, 54
Azidothymidine (AZT), 327 , 334 -35
AZT. See Azidothymidine
B
"Back-door homophobia," 227
Baltimore City Hospitals, 138
Baltimore Criminal Justice Commission, 135
Baltimore Gay Alliance, 141
Baltimore Health News , 130
Baltimore Police Department, 134 -35
Baltimore Retail Druggists Association, 135
Baltimore Venereal Disease Council, 135
Barbarini, Francesco, 37
Barrett, Wayne, 216
Bathhouses, 247 n45, 273 , 277 , 306
Behavior, 165 -67, 287 , 291 .
See also Life-style
Bejerot, Nils, 81
Bell, Steve, 201
Bellevue almhouse, 42
Benevolent Order of Elks, the, 141
Bentham, Jeremy, 101
Bevan, Aneurin, 98
Beveridge, William, 98
Bills of Mortality, 178 (fig. 4)
"Binary division," 234
"Bioethics movement," 323
Biological experimentation, 202
Biomedical:
discourse, 238 n9;
understanding of AIDS, 196
Birds , The (Hitchcock), 221
Bisexuality, 250 n73
Black:
community, 212 ;
disease (syphilis), 125 ;
patients, 132 ;
population, 125 ;
See also Blacks
Black Death, 5 , 6 , 58 n3, 71 , 87 -88.
See also Plague
"Black hand" letter, 53
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 143 n15
"Blaming the victim," 321
Bleeding as therapy, 90
Bleier, Ruth, 204
Blewett, Neal (Labor Health Minister), 312
Blindness, 148 .
See also Gonorrhea
Blood:
donation, 158 ;
tests, 286 ;
tests for antibodies for HIV, 158 -61, 280 ;
tests for syphilis, 109 , 132 -33;
transfusions, 198 , 281 , 283 ;
vector for AIDS, 281 .
See also Screening
Blood Sister Project of San Diego, 258 -59n120
Blue Cross, 318 , 320 , 323 , 325 , 334
Blue Cross / Blue Shield, 323
BMA. See British Medical Association
Board of Health, New York, 41 -43, 47 , 56
Board of Liquor License Commissioners, 135
Boccaccio, 91
Boilly, Louis Leopold:
La Vaccine , 180 (fig. 6)
"Border case," 200 , 205 , 245 n33, 250 n73
Boycott of school districts, 154
Boy Scouts, 141
Brandt, Edward, 161
Brieux, Eugene:
Damaged Goods , 149
Brigham, Amariah, 74
Brill, Henry, 80 -81
Britain, cholera pandemic in, 41
British Hygiene Council, 112
British Journal of Venereal Diseases , 278
British Medical Association (BMA), 115
British Medical Journal , 116
British Social Hygiene Council, 110
Britt, Harry (San Francisco City Council member), 308
Brown, Lucius P., 80
Browne, Walter (Mayor of New York), 41
Bubonic plague. See Black Death; Plague
Buchanan, Patrick, 155
Buckley, William F., 328 -29
Burke, Edmund, 99
Business leaders as authority in health policy, 324 -25
Butler, Josephine, 106
Butler, Samuel, 97
Butyl nitrite, 273 .
See also Amyl nitrite
Byron, Peg, 216
C
California Association of Realtors, 153
"Camp followers," 143 n5
Cannabis, 288 .
See also Marijuana
Cardiovascular complications, 128
Caring for patients, 173 -74 (fig. 15)
Carr, C., 216
Casual modes of transmission, 150
Cattin, Carlo, 312
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 161 -62, 193 , 200 , 206 , 210 (fig. 3), 211 , 214 -15, 268 , 301 , 328 ;
and AIDS task force, 199 ;
in Atlanta, 197 ;
and cost of AIDS treatment, 331 ;
and "reality" of AIDS, 239 n11;
study of AIDS by, 270 -71
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 202 , 204
Centralization of authority, 10 , 336
Ceremonies for lepers, 69 -70.
See also Rituals
Chadwick, Edwin, 98 , 100 -101
Chastity, 136
Chemotherapy, 140 -42
Chest X-ray, 76
Chigi, Fabio. See Alexander VII
Chigi, Mario, 39
Children with AIDS, 283 -84
Chloride of lime, 44
Cholera, 5 -6, 13 , 18 -19, 27 , 40 -48;
in Britain, 41 ;
causes of, 71 ;
and civic and medical authority, 91 ;
contagion, 32 n22;
errors in reporting on, 43 ;
and evacuation, 45 ;
fugitives, 61 n36;
laboratory research on, 20 ;
New York pandemic, 41 -48;
victim, 181 (fig. 7)
Cholera Bulletin , 44
"Choleraphobia," 118 n41
Chronic degenerative disease. See Chronic disease
Chronic Disease, 317 -18.
See also Commission on Chronic Illness
Church of Christ, 138
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
"Circumcision," female, 211
Civic authorities. See Civic leaders and plague
Civic leaders and plague, 88 -91
Civil liberties, 106 , 152 , 157 , 161 -63.
See also Civil rights
Civil rights, 29 , 33 , 57 , 156 -57
Classification:
of AIDS, 257 n114;
of children with AIDS, 283 -84
Clitoridectomy, 211
"Clot closet," 237 n6
Clustering, 332 -33
CMV. See Cytomegalovirus
See also Drug "abusers"; Intravenous drug use; Intravenous drug users; Substance abuse
Cofactors, 290 -92.
See also Multifactorial
Collapsing of lung, 75
Collective responsibility, 335
College of Physicians, 72 , 90
"Colored," 125 .
See also Black; Blacks
Colored Vocational School, 127
Comegy, Duke, 311
Commerce (and yellow fever), 73
Commercialization of sexuality, 313
Commission on Chronic Illness, 319
Commission on Training Camp Activities, 123
Committee on Legislation, 135
Committee on Medicine, Public Health, and Pharmacy, 135
Committee on Rehabilitation, 135
Community-based organization, 302 -3
Competition, 325
Compulsory:
public health, 100 ;
reporting, 101 ;
treatment, 138 ;
Compulsory Vaccination acts, 104
and journalism, 227 ;
publicity about, 312 .
See also Prophylactics
Confidentiality, 158 -60, 306 , 328
Conflict between public health and civil liberties, 161 -63
Congregazione della Strada , 36
Congress, 161 -62
Constitution:
and behavior, 22 ;
and disease, 13 , 17 , 39 , 45 -46;
response to therapeutics, 19
Consumption. See Tuberculosis
See also Contamination
Contagionists, 71 -73
Contagious Diseases acts, 100 , 105 -6, 109 -10
Contaminated Other, 217 , 261 n131
Contamination, 6 , 8 , 15 , 29 , 216
Contraceptives, 222 .
See also Condoms; Prophylactics
Conventions of artistic representation, 8 , 172 -73, 183 (fig. 9)
Cost:
benefit ratios, 163 ;
control, 323 -25;
of epidemics, 161 ;
of health care, 318
Costume, leper's, 70 .
See also Robe, physicians'
Course à la Mort , La (Jodalet), 187 (fig. 13)
COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), 209 , 252 n89
Crackdown on prostitution, 151
Crawford, Thomas, 108
Crimean War, 105
Criminal:
offense, 303 -4;
status, 303
Crisis of authority, 316 -17, 324 -28;
and medical research 330 ;
and patient services, 332 -36;
and surveillance, 328
Crusaders, 69
Cultural:
criticism, 13 ;
relativism, 12 -13
Curran, James W., 197 , 199 , 210 (fig. 3), 211 , 272 ;
and infectious agent, 284 ;
and STD Clinic survey, 273 ;
and viral etiology, 298 n76
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 274 -75;
hypothesis, 295 n33
D
Daily Mirror , 112
Damaged Goods (Brieux), 149
Damaged Lives , 127
Danish study, 289
Dannemeyer, William E., 201
Davis, Peter, 227
Death rate. See Mortality rates
Death's Dispensary (Pinwell), 182 (fig. 8)
Decriminalization, 307
Dedicating beds, 332 -33
Definition of disease, 14 -15
Defoe, Daniel, 91
Deforestation, 35
Deinstitutionalization, 13
Demedicalization of homosexuality, 13
Department of Employment, 114
Department of Health, 115 ;
British, 7 ;
Roman, 37 .
See also Board of Health, New York
Deprivation and sickness, 22 -23
Deregulation, 325
Detention, 8
labeling of, 12 -13;
and psychiatry, 23
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 12 , 325
Diagnostic categories, 12 -13
Dialysis, 320
Diet, 17
Dildo, 288
Dillon, Tim, 210 (fig. 3)
Diphtheria:
antitoxin, 21 ;
and laboratory research, 20 -21
Discrimination:
against AIDS victims, 153 -54;
against gays, 156 ;
and HIV positive test, 158 -59;
and polio, 58 ;
and screening, 160
Disease:
definition of and health care policy, 17 ;
as rationale for reimbursement, 24 ;
and social criticism, 15
Disease-specific case management, 334 -35
Disposal of dead, 88
Distribution:
of free sterile needles, 264 n 150 (see also Sterile needles for intravenous drug users);
of medical care, 16
Distrust, public, 164
DNA, 203
Donors of infection, 209
Douglas, Colin:
The Intern 's Tale , 190 -92
Dowdle, Walter, 162
DRGs. See Diagnostic-related groups
Drug "abusers." See Intravenous drug users; Substance abuse; names of specific substances
Druid Hill Health Center, 132
See also Alcohol; Intemperance; Life-style; Sin; Substance abuse
Duncan, Andrew, 117 n8
Duplicity:
and female body, 236 n4;
and venereal disease, 236 n5
Dutch study, 287 -88
"Duty of the Profession to Womanhood, the," 149
Dynamic psychiatry, 31 n17
"Dynasty," 155
E
East Africa, cholera pandemic in, 41
Easter census, 36
Ecological model, 33
"Ecology" of disease, 33 , 58 n1
on AIDS preven-
antisexual, 151 ;
and disease prevention, 164 ;
and ethics, 137 ;
and Hispanics, 264 n151;
on polio, 52 -53;
and response of gay men, 327
Efficient transmission of HIV, 208
EIS. See Epidemic Intelligence Service
ELISA test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), 157 -58, 160 , 228 , 286
Emancipation, 109
Emergency Medical Services for Maryland, 135
Emerson, Haven, 49 -56, 63 nn80-82
Ensor, James:
Le Roi Peste , 185 (fig. 11)
Environmental:
pollution, 322 .
See also Miasmas; Vapors
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. See ELISA test
Epidemic, 5 ;
cost of, 161 ;
of drug abuse, 81
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 268
"Epidemic toxicomania," 81
Epidemiological:
categories, 8 ;
model, 10
Epidemiologists, 9
Epidemiology, 254 n95, 267 -300
Erewhon (Butler), 97
Erotophobia, 216
Ethics, 89 , 93 , 98 -99, 137 ;
responsibility of physicians, 86 -94
Evacuation, 45
Evangelicalism, 101
Evans, Linda, 155
Examining a Leper, 177 (fig. 3)
Extermination, 70
Extinction, 233
F
"Facing AIDS," 228
Factor VIII, 281
Fain, Nathan, 205
False positive, 305
Falwell, Jerry, 141
Fatal Attraction , 221 , 233 , 262 n138, 266 n158
Fauci, Anthony, 284
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
Fear:
of contamination, 29 ;
and control of sexual morality, 140 -42;
of infection, 153 ;
of loss of status, 89 ;
of sex, 151 ;
of venereal disease, 152 .
See also Feared minorities; Phobia
Feared minorities, 78 -82
Federal AIDS Task Force, 308
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 8 , 130 , 133 , 202
Federal government, response to AIDS of, 161 -63
Federal Health Resources and Services Administration, 333
Feldman, Douglas A., 211 , 212
Female:
"circumcision," 211 ;
genital mutilation, 211 ;
"promiscuity," 262 n138;
-to-female transmission of HIV, 258 n119
Feminine personifications, 235 n2
Feminist:
analysis, 233 ;
community, 232
Fettner, Ann Guidici, 206 , 216
Financing health care, 160 -61
Fineberg, Harvey V., 162
Fire-and-brimstone, 307
"Fisting," 295 -96n35
FitzGerald, Frances, 201 -2
Five Points area, 42 , 44 , 45 , 48
Fleck, Ludvik, 203 -4
Flies. See Polio; Stable-fly
Fly-bites. See Polio; Stable-fly
Food, contamination of, 6
Foucault, Michel, 13
4-H "risk groups," 194 , 198 , 206 , 238 n10, 281
Fox, George Henry:
Photographic Illustration of Cutaneous Syphilis , 183 (fig. 9)
France:
cholera in, 41 ;
plague in, 89
Frank, Barney (Congressman), 308
Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , 184 (fig. 10)
Frederick Douglass High School, 127
Freedom, individual, 98 -99
Free sterile needles, 164 , 253 n94;
New York City Department of Public Health distribution experiment, 264 n150.
See also Sterile needles for intravenous drug users
Friedan, Betty, 262 n138
Functionalism, 18
G
Galen, 86
Galileo, 99
Galle, Theodor, 173 ;
Hyacum et Lues Venera , 176 (fig. 2)
Gallo, Robert C., 203 , 267 , 284 -85
Garbage, 64 n85
Gatekeeping, 246 n36
Gay:
-related immunodeficiency, 198 ;
participation in policy making, 308 ;
politicians, 308 -9;
subculture, 154 -55.
See also Gay movement; Gay-rights movement
Gay and Lesbian March on Washington, 228
"Gay blood ban," 237 n6
"Gay cancer," 198 .
See also Kaposi's sarcoma
"Gay disease," 199 , 202 , 204 , 206 -7, 238 n10
Gay-liberation movement, 166
"Gay life-style," 200 ;
thesis, 273
Gay men:
and AIDS, 198 ;
and military service, 158 ;
population of, 141
Gay Men's Community Health Centre, 302 -3
Gay movement:
in Australia, 10 ;
contributions to health policy of, 10 ;
leadership of, 309 -10;
political impact of AIDS on, 10
"Gay pneumonia," 198 .
See also Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; Pneumocystis pneumonia
Gay-rights movement, 156 , 305
Gay women, 222
Gaze, 71
Gender:
and AIDS, 196 -97;
discourse on, 192 ;
and imperialism, 192 ;
and meaning, 9
General Board of Health, 100
Genetic factors, 290
Genital mutilation, 211
Genitourinary infections, 211
Germ theory, 9 , 19 , 29 , 121 , 142 , 269 , 298 n78
Girard, Steven, 90
Global conspiracy theories, 202
Godwin, William, 99
Goedert, James, 275 , 276 , 289
Goffman, Erving, 156
Gonococcus bacterium, 148
blindness, 148 .
See also Gonococcus bacterium
"Good News (for Women) about AIDS," 224 -25
Gottlieb, Michael, 197 , 270 -71, 274 , 283 .
See also T4 helper cells
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 328
Grant, Madison, 78
Greenwich Village, 42
Gregory, T. W. (U.S. Attorney General), 152
"Grim Reaper, the," 305
"Growing Up in the World Today," 137
Guardian , 201
"Guardians" (military guards), 39
Guilt, 165 , 210 (fig. 3), 217 , 260 n128.
See also Sin
H
Haitians, 9 , 192 , 297 -98 nn68, 70
Haraway, Donna, 203
Hardy, Ann, 214
Harrison, L. W. (Colonel), 112
Harvard School of Public Health, 162
HCFA. See Health Care Financing Administration
Health:
certificates, 53 ;
polity, 316 -19;
and related behavior, 166
Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 331 , 334 , 335
Health Maintenance and Preferred Provider organizations, 331
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), 325
Health Ministry, 111
Health polity, 316 -19
See also Syphilis
Heckler, Margaret, 203
Hefner, Maria, 218 (fig. 4)
Helms, Jesse (Senator), 160
Hemophilia, 237 n6, 243 -44n27, 281
Hemophiliacs, 9 , 165 , 192 , 198 , 299
"Hemophobia," 298 n70
Henry II (king of England), 70
Hepatitis B, 190 -92;
as analogy for AIDS, 281 -82;
and immunosuppression, 275 ;
metaphor of, 284 ;
research on, 200
Herald , 100
Heresy, 70
Heroin, 192
Herpes, 28
Heterosexual:
transmission, 192 -93, 195 , 212 , 215 , 239 n10;
vulnerability, 196
Heterosexual White Male's commentary on AIDS, 227
"High promiscuity populations," 278
High risk groups, 155 , 158 -59, 282 -83, 297 nn68 and 70, 306 .
See also 4-H "risk groups"
Hispanic:
community, 212 ;
Historical method, 1 -4
Hitchcock, Alfred, 221
HIV, 9 ;
infection, 192 -93, 205 , 248 n53;
origin, 263 n141;
screening, 158 -61;
transmission, 222 .
See also Blood;
Confidentiality; Mandatory: screening; Military screening program; Universal screening; Voluntary: screening
Hobson, Richmond Pearson (Captain), 80
HMOs. See Health Maintenance Organizations
Home Defense League, 52
Home health care agencies, 334
Homeopaths, 98
Homophobia, 156 , 198 -99, 216 , 227 ;
epidemiologists and, 291 ;
and fear of AIDS, 306 -7;
medical, 201
Homosexuality, 142 , 155 , 162 , 246 n36
Homosexualization of AIDS, 204
Homosexuals, 154 . See also Gay
Horder, Thomas (Lord), 204
Hormones, 290
Hosken, Fran P., 211
Hospital, 175
Host-agent relationship, 275
Howard, William Travis, 143 n6
Howard Association, 92
HTLV/LAV, 285 -86
Hudson, Rock, 154 -55, 196 , 205 -13, 210 (fig. 3), 249 -50nn64 and 65, 330
Human body, as image of society, 236 n2
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See HIV
Human Rights Campaign Fund, 311
Humoral balance, 39
Hyacum, 174
Hyacum et Lues Venera (Galle), 174 , 176 (fig. 2)
Hygiene, 292
I
Illicit drugs. See Substance abuse; names of specific substances
Illness as Metaphor (Sontag), 168 n1, 242 n20
"Images of Plague," 8
Immigrants:
and cholera 48 ;
and polio, 49 , 52 -53, 57 , 58 , 64 n91;
and yellow fever, 184 (fig. 10).
See also specific nationalities
Immigration, 77 -78, 149 , 306
Immigration Act, 78
Immunity, 48
Immunization, 21
Immunosuppression, 272 -74
Immunosuppressive illness, 272
Imperialism:
medical, 104 ;
State-medical, 98
Incarceration, 131
Incubation period, 290
Indigent. See Poor
Individual:
liberties, 98 -99;
responsibility, 321 -22
Individualization of public health services, 321 -22
Industrial revolution, 41
Inequities in health care, 256 n108
Infantile paralysis. See Polio
Infection, 29 ;
genitourinary, 211 .
See also HIV
Infectious:
agent, 202 -3;
Infectious Diseases acts, 108
Infibulation, 211
Influenza, 186 (fig. 12)
"Injection" of virus, 222
Innocent:
agents of disease, 217 ;
"receivers," 209 ;
victims, 252 n89;
of syphilis, 155 , 183 (fig. 9).
See also Insontium , venereal
Insane, 102 -3
Insertive-anal sex, 288 .
See also Anal contact; Anal intercourse
Insontium , venereal, 148 , 150 , 155 , 165
Institute of Medicine, 285
Insurance, 24 , 29 , 76 , 82 -83, 318 ;
and access to health care, 327 ;
and chronic illness, 320 ;
commercial, 320 , 322 , 325 , 334 ;
community and "experience" rating, 324 ;
discrimination, 160 ;
individualizing risks, 338 ;
linked to employment, 338 ;
private, 334 ;
and syphilis, 132 ;
and testing, 160 -61
Intemperance, 46 , 62 n39, 74 .
See also Alcohol; Drunkenness
International trade, 87 -88
Internment, 8
Intern 's Tale , The (Douglas), 190 -92, 233
Interventionist:
medicine, 24 ;
social agenda, 22 -23
Intimacy, 173 -74
Intragovernmental Task Force on AIDS Health Care Delivery, 335
Intravenous drug use, 9 , 209 , 252 n87.
See also Intravenous drug users; Substance abuse; names of specific substances
Intravenous drug users, 160 -61, 204 , 207 ;
and activism, 264 n150;
children of, 9 ;
female, 209 ;
heterosexual, 279 ;
moth-
Intravenous drug users (continued )
ers, 9 ;
partners of, 9 .
See also Intravenous drug use; Substance abuse; names of specific substances
"Invidious transmission," 211
Invisibility:
of women, 194 -95;
of risk groups, 261 n132
Involuntary:
isolation, 82 -83;
treatment laws, 76
See also Cholera; Immigrants
Isolation, 6 ;
of drug users, 80 -81;
in hospitals, 108 ;
of physicians, 89 ;
of plague victims, 88 ;
and polio, 55 ;
for tuberculosis, 75
Italians:
and polio, 49 , 52 , 58 , 64 n91;
and yellow fever, 184 (fig. 10).
See also Polio; Yellow fever
Itzel, Joseph, 133 -34
J
Jackson, Howard (Mayor), 131 -32
Jaffe, Harold W., 282 , 288 -89.
See also San Francisco City Clinic: study
Japan, 260 n128
Jews:
and blood donation, 258 n120;
and plague, 37 , 40 , 59 n13, 71 ;
Jodalet:
La Course à la Mort , 187 (fig. 13)
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 149
Johns Hopkins University, 135
Jones, James H.:
Bad Blood : The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment , 143 n15
Journalism, 228 ;
condom-, 227 ;
genres, 227
Journalistic gatekeeping, 246 n36
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA ), 208 , 213 , 214
Journal of the American Medical Woman 's Association , 278
Judicial system, 308
Justice, 164
Justice Department, 156
K
Kameralwissenschaft , 99
Kaplan, Helen Singer, 227 -28, 233
Kaposi's sarcoma, 173 (fig. 15), 272 -76.
See also "Gay cancer"
Kelly, Howard, 149
Kennedy, Raymond E. (state senator), 131
KGB, 204
Kidney transplant, 320
"Killer sperm," 201
Kingston Avenue Hospital, 50
Kinsey, Alfred, 278
games, 129
Koch, Robert, 75
Koop, C. Everett (U.S. Surgeon General), 75 , 193 , 304 -5, 307
Kozup, Matthew, 210 (fig. 3)
Krauthammer, Charles, 157
Krieger, Nancy, 216
L
Labor, 324
Laboratory research, 14 , 20 -21, 29
Ladies National Association, 106
Laird, M.J., 111
Lancet , The , 111 , 112 , 274 , 276
Langone, John, 206 , 217 , 224
LAV, 285
La Vaccine (Boilly), 180 (fig. 6)
La VACCINE aux prises avec la FACULTÉ , 179 (fig. 5)
Law, 235 n1
League of Women Voters, 141
"Leap-frog war," 167
Legionnaires' disease, 272 , 326
Leibowitch, Jacques, 200 , 205
Leishman, Katie, 216
Leper, 81 ;
costume, 70
Leprosaria , 68 -69
Leprosy (Smith), 188 (fig. 14)
Lesbians, 216 ;
with AIDS, 198 ;
discrimination against, 302 ;
and perception of AIDS, 217 ;
and risk, 207 ;
and solidarity with gay men, 258 -59nn120-121
Leviticus, 68
Liberalism, 103
Liberties, individual, 98 -99
Lieberson, Jonathan, 205
Life-style, 250 -51n73, 282 , 321 ;
and chronic disease, 290 ;
hypothesis, 9 , 272 , 274 , 275 -80;
voluntary, 166
Lindgren, Olga, 219 (fig. 5)
Linguistic:
activism, 214 ;
analysis, 8 ;
construction of AIDS, 195 -96;
construction of scientific reality, 242 n20
Local Government Act, 107
Local Government Board, 110
Long-term-care facilities, 335
Lunacy. See Mental illness
Lung, collapse, 75
Lust and leprosy, 71
M
MacDonald, 204
McKeldin, Theodore (Mayor), 138
McKeown, Thomas, 292
McKinlay, John and Sonia, 292
"Magic bullet," 162 , 167 , 220
"Malign neglect," 311 -12
Manchee, Dorothy, 112
Mandatory:
reporting, 75 ;
Maryland Medical Association, 135
Maryland State Department of Health, 135 , 139 -40
Masturbation, 137
Maternal immunity to polio, 48
May Act, 133
Meacher, Michael, 115
Meaning of disease, 12 , 26 -27
Mechanistic reductionism, 20
Medical:
authority, 23 ;
imperialism, 104 ;
knowledge and social intervention, 15 ;
police, 117 n8;
security, 153 .
See also Authority
Medical Act of 1848, 100
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 135
Medical Council of New York, 45
"Medical counsel," 91
"Medical homophobia," 201
Medical officer of health (MOH), 108
"Medical secret," 251 n78
Medical Society of New York, 42
Meeks, Ken, 173 (fig. 15)
Meese Commission for the Study of Pornography, 201
Memento mori , 178 (fig. 4), 187 (fig. 13)
Mendelian genetics, 77
Menstruation, 190 -92, 236 n2, 261 -62n134
Mental health community and neighborhood centers, 324
classification, 13 ;
as consequence of habits, 27 ;
and deviance, 23 ;
somaticism, 13
Mentor contraceptives, 222
Metaphors:
in AIDS discourse, 204 ;
body as, 236 n2;
leprosy as, 70 ;
liquid, 262 n136;
regarding prostitutes, 262 n136;
sexuality, 235 n1;
venereal disease as, 151 ;
water, 220
Metropolitan Asylum Board, 108
Mexicans, as drug "abusers," 81
Miasmas, 89 .
See also Environmental; Vapors
Middlesex Hospital, 115
Milbank Quarterly , The , 317
Military metaphors. See Metaphors: military
Military screening program, 158 .
See also Blood: tests; HIV: screening
Mill, John Stuart, 99 -104, 118 n40
Ministry for Information, 112
"Miracle":
cures, 138 ;
drugs, 140
Misogyny, 106
Mitchell, John P. (Mayor), 49 , 52
MMWR . See Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Mobilizing Against AIDS : The Unfinished Story of a Virus (Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences), 285
Model of Disease, in the nineteenth century, 19 -20
Montagnier, Luc, 284 -85.
See also HTLV / LAV; Pasteur Institut
Moral:
absolutism, 136 ;
code, disease and violation of, 167 ;
crusade, 141 ;
dimensions of promiscuity, 278 ;
failings as cause of cholera, 48 ;
judgment and "life-style" model, 277 ;
obligation to treat plague victims, 89 ;
order, violators of, 155 ;
paternalism, 101 ;
puritanism, 166 ;
training, 140 ;
turpitude, 70
See also Sin
Moralism, 304
Morality:
and disease causation, 18 ;
in health care policy, 16 ;
as medical issue, 22
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR ), 197 , 198 , 270 , 271 , 275 , 281 -82
Mortality rates:
for infectious diseases, 292 ;
for tuberculosis, 76
Moses, 68
See also Yellow fever
Ms ., 226 (fig. 7), 216 , 225 , 228 , 230 (fig. 8)
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 299 n95
Multifactorial:
conception of AIDS, 202 , 287 ;
model of disease, 269 , 275 , 291 -92
Murray, Marea, 216 -17
Mutations, 56
N
Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act, 79
National Academy of Sciences, 285
National Advisory Committee on AIDS (NACAIDS), 303
National Anti-Contagious Diseases acts, 106
National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools, 127
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 202 , 284
National Center for Health Services Research and Technology Assessment, 336
National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse, 80 -81
National Consciousness of AIDS, 196
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 330
National French League Against Venereal Disease, 187 (fig. 13)
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), 305
National Geographic , 202 -3
National health insurance, 325
National Health Service, 98
National Hemophilia Foundation, 237 n6
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 284
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), 279 -80
National Institute of Medicine, 193
National Institutes of Health, 28 , 161 , 275 , 322 , 329 -30
National Office of Social Hygiene, 187 (fig. 13)
National Organization for Women, 141
National Tuberculosis Association, 75 , 330
National Vigilance Movement, 106
"Natural" receptacle, 201 , 247 n39.
See also "Approved receptacle"
Needles, free sterile. See Sterile needles for intravenous drug users
Némésis médicale illustrée , recueil de satires (Fabre, after Daumier), 181 (fig. 7)
Neoarsphenamine, 126
Neonatal intensive care, 25
New Deal, 326
New England Journal of Medicine , 274 , 283
Newsweek , 208 (fig. 2), 210 (fig. 3), 212 , 217 , 227
New York Blood Center, 287
New York City:
cholera pandemic in, 41 -48;
New York City Board of Health, 74
New York City Department of Public Health free needle distribution experiment, 264 n150
New York City Health Department:
and tuberculosis, 75 ;
and polio, 55
New York City's Gay Men's Health Crisis, 224 , 302
New York City's Special Medical Council, 73
New York Equitable Insurance Company, 45
New York Evening Post , 74
New York Health Department, 49 -53
New York Medical Society, 91
New York State Health Department, 332 -33
New York Times , 156 , 211 , 227 , 329
New York Times / CBS poll, 153
New York Times Magazine , 194 -95, 227
New York University Medical Center, 276
Nichols, Eve K., 214
Nitrite:
and CMV, 295 -96
Nixon administration, 320
Nobel laureate, 148 .
See also Ehrlich, Paul
Nonvenereal syphilis, 123
Norwegian rat, 35
Notification laws, 113
Notification of Disease acts, 100 , 108 , 109
Novey, Alexander, 136
Nuisance Removal acts, 100
Nutrition, 292 .
See also Regimen
O
Obligation to treat lepers, 177 (fig. 3)
Obligatory notification, 108
Obscenity, 247 n39
Occupational hazards, 322
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 161 -62
Open-air regimen, 75
Opiates, 78 -79;
addiction to, 274
Opportunistic infection, 272 , 274 -75;
in transfused infants, 281
Opthalmia neonatorum , 148
Organs, procurement and distribution for transplantation, 334 .
See also Transplants
O'Sullivan, Sue, 231
Otherness, 240 -41n17
Oyster Bay, 55 -56
P
Pally, Marcia, 216
Panem, Sandra, 199
Pankhurst, Christabel, 106
Paris:
clinical school in, 19 ;
International AIDS Conference in, 217
Patient with AIDS (Reininger), 189 (fig. 15)
"Patient Zero," 217 , 260 n130
Patton, Cindy, 216
Pavia, 89
PCP, 197 -98, 270 , 271 , 272 -73, 276
therapy, 141 ;
and Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 143 n15
Pentamidine, 272 -73
Perinatal AIDS, 258 n115, 260 n128
Personal behavior. See Life-style
Personal-support networks, 339
Pesthouses, 37 -38
Pets, in artistic representations of AIDS patients, 250 n65
Philadelphia:
yellow fever, 72
Philip V (king of France), 70
Phobia:
about contamination, 216 ;
erotophobia, 216 ;
homophobia, 298 n70
conventions of, 173 ;
Eugene W. Smith, 188
Physicians:
oversupply of, 324
Pitch, 44
images of, 8 ;
international trade and, 87 -88;
Jews and, 58 n13;
in London, 36 ;
in Naples, 35 -36;
in North Africa, Spain, and France, 35 ;
and physicians' behavior, 86 -87;
in Rome, 34 -37.
See also Black Death
Plague Hospital (Wolff), 175 (fig. 1)
Plain Words About Venereal Disease (Parran), 129
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 197 -98, 270 , 271 , 272 -73, 276
Podhoretz, Norman, 155 -56
Poe, Edgar Allan:
"King Pest," 185 (fig. 11)
Poles, 52
Police Department of Baltimore, 134 -35
Policy-making and AIDS organization, 312
Polio (poliomyelitis), 5 , 6 , 48 -56, 64 n85;
and New York Health Department, 49 -53
Political Justice (Godwin), 99
Politics:
of diagnosis, 13 ;
of health, 98 ;
of physicians' responsibility, 86 -94
Polity. See Health polity
Polk, B. Frank, 289
Pollution, environmental, 322
Poor:
evacuation of, 45 ;
and plague, 36 ;
responsibility for treating, 92 ;
as scapegoats, 40 ;
and syphilis, 125 -26
Poppers (amyl nitrite), 200
Pornography, 201 ;
"safer sex" instruction as, 246 n36
"Portals," 214 ;
postrelativism, 14
Potter's Field, 45
Poverty:
and sickness, 22 -23.
See also Poor
Power:
balance of, between preventive and curative medicine, 114 ;
knowledge and, 12 -13;
of the medical profession, 13 ;
and medico-scientific knowledge, 97 ;
of the state versus the individual, 98 -99
Predictors of AIDS, 288 -89
Predisposition:
to AIDS, 28 ;
to disease, 19
Preferred Provider organizations, 331
Pregnancy and suppression of immunity, 258 nn116 and 117
Prejudices, 157 ;
and polio, 57
Premarital:
continence, 151 ;
screening, 151
Premenstrual tension, 235 n1
Prenatal screening, 151
Prepaid group practices, 325
Presentism, 3 -4
Prestige, physicians', 320
Prevention:
of AIDS, 264 n151;
methods, 296 n35;
of polio, 65 n106;
of tuberculosis, 75
Primary prevention, 290 -92, 302 -303, 305
Prisons, screening programs of, 158
Progressive:
era, 128 -152;
reform, 23
Promiscuity:
of homosexuals, 278 ;
and "life-style" model, 277 ;
metaphorical, 237 n8;
moral dimension of, 278 ;
use of term in scientific journals, 9 ;
and venereal disease, 112 , 122 , 278
Prophylactic:
measures, 127 ;
treatment of gonorrheal blindness, 148
Prophylactics, 110 , 113 , 136 .
See also Condoms
Prophylaxis, 137
Prostitutes. See Prostitution
Prostitution, 7 , 100 , 106 -7, 208 (fig. 2);
and Baltimore police, 134 ;
and cholera, 46 ;
and class, 200 ;
contaminated prostitutes, 207 ;
and disease discourse, 251 n79;
as federal offense, 133 ;
as free-market activity, 105 ;
in Germany, 208 -9;
incarceration of prostitutes, 131 ;
prostitutes as immigrants, 149 -50;
prostitutes as intravenous drug users, 209 , 215 ;
law enforcement against, 8 ;
as metaphor, 262 n136;
in Nairobi, 228 , 252 nn86 and 87 ;
organizations, 216 ;
and plague, 37 ;
quarantined prostitutes, 152 ;
and "safer sex," 228 ;
prostitutes as sources of infection, 9 , 151 ;
prostitutes as sources of information regarding sexual practices, 260 n124;
stigmatization of prostitutes, 110 ;
types of, 135 ;
and venereal disease, 109 , 123
Protozoan-produced condition, 270
"Psychic contagion," 81
Psychodynamic models, 31 n17
Psychoses, biological basis of, 13
Public health:
agencies, 321 ;
AIDS as an issue of, 33 ;
and expansion of medical responsibility, 22 -23;
measures as punishment, 38 ;
nurses and polio, 52 -53;
and plague, 37 ;
policies, 163 -64;
services, 322 ;
and tuberculosis, 76 .
See also names of specific agencies and services
Public Health Act of 1848, 100
Public Health Service, 8 , 125 , 129 ;
and blood screening, 282 ;
and conceptualization of AIDS, 280
Punishment, 125 ;
cholera as, 47 ;
leprosy as, 69 ;
public health measures as, 165
Purgatory, 69
"Purged" buildings, 38
Putrefaction, 72
Q
"Quality of life," 25
Quarantine, 6 ;
for AIDS, 82 -84;
definition of, 67 ;
of drug abusers, 80 -81;
for individuals testing positive for HIV antibody, 158 ;
and leprosy, 70 -71;
organized by health boards, 88 ;
for polio, 50 , 52 -55, 57 , 65 n100;
of prostitutes, 152 ;
for refusing treatment, 138 ;
separate facilities as, 327 ;
of ships, 67 ;
for tuberculosis, 75 -77;
for yellow fever, 72 -74
Queens AIDS Center, 211
Queensboro Hospital, 50
Queensland AIDS Council (QAC), 304
Quicklime, 44
R
Rabies, immunization against, 21
Racial:
discrimination, 81 ;
superiority, 77
RAND corporation report, 335
Rapid Treatment Center, 138 -39
Rask, Grethe, 238 n10, 260 -61n130
Reagan, Ronald (president of the United States), 154 , 307
Reagan administration, 10 , 162 , 203 ;
and AIDS, 305 -6;
and contact with gay groups, 302 -3;
devolution of, 326 ;
and erosion of civil rights and affirmative action, 262 n138;
and health care policy, 304 , 329 ;
and state governments' responsibility for health care, 334
Reaganite volunteerism, 312
Reaganomics, 201
Reallocation of resources, 324 -25
Real Truth About Women and AIDS , The , (Kaplan), 227
Received View on AIDS, 238 n9
Reckord, Milton (major general of the U.S. Army), 113
Recreational drugs, 275
Red Cross, 53
Red-light district, 74 , 151 -52, 262 n136
Reform, 13 ;
progressive, 23 ;
of state hospitals, 31 n10;
policy guidelines for, 22 -23
Reform, medical, 16 .
See also Sigerist, Henry
Regimen:
concern with, 27 ;
open-air, 75
Regional Medical Program, 322
Reimbursement systems, 24 -25
Reinhard, Ferdinand, 127 -29
Reininger, Alon, 173 (fig. 15)
Relativism, cultural, 13
Renal disease, 320
Reporting:
compulsory, 101 ;
errors in, 43
"Repression of sexual promiscuity," 134
Requiem mass, 69
Research. See Laboratory research; names of specific agencies , researchers , and projects
Resectioning rib, 75
Reservoir of AIDS virus, 208 -10, 252 n86
Responsibility:
for costs of health care, 161 ;
of physicians, 86 -94
Restrictive legislation, 305
"Retrovir." See Azidothymidine
Retrovirus, 203
Rickets, 16
Riley, Robert, 134
See also 4-H "risk groups"
Rituals, 84 ;
RNA, 203
Robe, physicians', 89
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 333
Roi Peste , Le (Ensor), 185 (fig. 11)
Rosenau, Milton, 51
Royal Collges of Physicians and Surgeons, 107
Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases, 109
Rumsey, Henry, 104
Rush, Benjamin, 72 -73, 90 -91
Russia, 41
Ryle, John, 113
S
Sacchetti, Giulio, 37
"Safer sex," 228 , 233 , 246 n36, 327
"Safe sex," 114 , 162 , 224 , 226 -27
Saint Paolo's churchyard, 38
San Francisco:
as pacesetter, 303
San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 224 , 310
San Francisco City Clinic, 289 ;
study by, 288 -89
San Francisco City Office of Lesbian and Gay Health, 311
San Francisco General Hospital AIDS Center, 332
"SANITA" (sanitary service), 38
Sanitarian's method, 105
Sanitary Code, 51 ;
and polio, 56
Sanitary Committee of New York, 91 -92
Sanitary Institute, 108
Sanitary laws and polio, 57
Sanitation:
and tuberculosis, 75
Santayana, George, 147
Sanzio, Alain, 312
Scandinavia, 48
Scaremongering, 118 n41
Schweitzer, Albert, 188 (fig. 14)
Scientific:
conservatism, 198 ;
writing about AIDS, 256 n108
Scientific American , 212
Screening:
in armed forces, 158 ;
of blood, 157 -68;
compulsory, 115 ;
discrimination resulting from, 160 ;
for HIV, 157 -58;
premarital and prenatal, 151
(see also Wasserman test);
in prisons, 246 n36.
See also Blood: tests
Segregation, 133 , 154 , 332 -33
Selective service examinations, 133
Self-extinction, 233
Self Help (Smiles), 101
"Self-inflicted" disease, 164
Semantic imperialism, 192 , 197 , 214
Serum hepatitis, 277 .
See also Hepatitis B
Servicemen in Germany, 209
Sex:
and yellow fever, 74
Sex and Germs (Patton), 21
Sex-education, 137 -38, 151 , 162 .
See also Safer sex; Safe sex; Unsafe sex
Sexual:
continence, 136 ;
germs, 137 ;
intercourse, 137 ;
revolution, 166 ;
transmission of disease, 28 , 109 , 318 -19;
"underworld," 155
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 278
Sexuality:
anxiety about, 8 ;
as source of pathology, 190 -92
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 148 , 198 ;
and clinics, 273 ;
prostitutes and, 209
Shadow on the Land (Parran), 129
Shaftesbury (Lord), 102 -3
Shandera, Wayne, 197
Shanti Project, 303
Shaw, Nancy, 207 , 211 , 215 -16, 233 ;
and Paleo, 209
Shilts, Randy, 213 , 214 , 216 , 217 ;
And the Band Played On , 199
"Shooting galleries," 327
Sigerist, Henry, 14 -17
Sikes, Ralph, 136
Silverman, Mervyn, 227
Silver nitrate, 148
Simon, John (Sir), 100 -104, 106
Sin, 7 ;
as cause of disease, 166 -67;
and cholera, 46 ;
and leprosy, 69 ;
and sexually transmitted diseases, 244 n30;
and venereal diseases, 121 -42, 150 .
See also Intemperance; Moral: turpitude
Sixth Ward, 42
Smiles, Samuel, 101
Smith, W. Eugene:
Leprosy, "A Man of Mercy," 188 (fig. 14)
Smithsonian Institution Travelling Exhibition Service, 172
Smoking, 321
Social:
control, 161 ;
"diseases," 131 ;
intervention and medical knowledge, 15 ;
medicine, 15 -16;
prejudice, 114 ;
programs for AIDS, 10 ;
purity, 106 ;
values of science, 269 ;
stigma, 156
reformers, 139
Social Hygiene Association, 8 , 128
Social Security Act:
amendment to, 320 ;
and disability insurance, 320 ;
Income Program of, 331
Society for the Prevention of Venereal Disease, 110
Socrates, 99
Sodomy law, 157
Sojourner , 217
Solidarity of lesbians with gay men, 258 -59n120
Somaticism, 13
Sontag, Susan:
Illness as Metaphor , 168 n1, 242 n20
Spare Rib , 216 , 227 , 228 , 231 (fig. 9)
Specialism, 21
Special Medical Council of New York, 47 , 74
Sperm, and the immune system, 200 -201
Spinal fluid examination, 50 , 55
Stable-fly, 51 , 54 , 64 n83, 65 n105
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 333
Stanton (Police Commissioner), 134
State health departments, 325
State intervention, 103
State Supreme Court of Maryland, 135
Statistics of HIV infection in the U.S., 255 -56n103
Stephens, Alexander H., 73
Sterile needles for intravenous drug users, 164 , 253 n94, 264 n150, 327
Stevens, Cladd, 287
Stigma : Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Goffman), 156
Stigmatization:
of AIDS victims, 153 -54;
of high-risk groups, 165 ;
and HIV infection and testing, 158 -61;
and homosexuality, 301
Streptomycin, 319
Strickland, Paula, 207
Studds, Gerry E. (Congressman), 308
Substance abuse, 321 ;
and addiction, 6 , 29 , 80 -81, 209 ;
and illicit drugs, 277 , 321 .
See also Intravenous drug use; Intravenous drug users; names of specific substances
Sulpharsphenamine, 126
Sulphuric acid, 44
Summerskill, Edith, 111
Suppression of prostitution, 136 , 140
Supreme Court, 306
Surgeons, and plague, 88
Surgery, unnecessary, 324
Survey Graphic , 129
Swedish model of disease control, 131
Syphilis, 7 , 20 , 122 , 187 (fig. 13);
as disease of blacks, 125 ;
engraving of treatment of, 173 -74;
history of, 277 ;
nonvenereal, 123 ;
and penicillin, 140 ;
photographic portraits of, 183 (fig. 9);
"Sympathetic victims" of, 210 ;
Tuskegee experiment on, 143 n15;
Wasserman test for, 109 .
See also Treponema pallidum
"Syphilis Control Day," 131
T
T-cell, 203 ;
ratios, 238 n10
Technology, 322 -23
Temperance, 41 ;
movement, 74
Terence Higgins Trust, 302 -3, 310
Testing:
anti-, 305 ;
for HIV, 305 ;
tuberculin skin test, 76 .
See also Screening
T4 helper cells, 274
Thatcher government, 302 -3
Third Lateran Council, 69
Third party payors, 323 -25, 327
Third Ward (police) Station, 91 -92
Third World, women of, 207
Time , 212
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 312
Transfusion-related AIDS, 210
Transmission of AIDS:
casual, 150 ;
as criminal offense, 303 -4;
female-to-female, 222 , 258 n 19 ;
heterosexual, 10 ;
homosexual, 301 ;
invidious, 211 ;
mechanisms of, 206 ;
nonsexual, 10 ;
perinatal, 258 n115;
by women, 9
Transplants, 320
Treponema pallidum , 122 , 123 .
See also Syphilis
Trevethin Committee, 110
Trudeau, Edward, 75
Tubercle bacillus, 75
Tuberculin skin test, 76
Tuberculosis, 6 , 74 -77, 187 (fig. 13);
Association, 75 ;
and laboratory research, 20 ;
sanatariums for, 75
Turner, Thomas B., 140 -41
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 143 n15
"Toxic-cock syndrome," 201
"Toxic-shock syndrome," 326
Typhus, 15
U
Unemployment, 126
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 275
United States, immigration laws of, 77
United States Department of Defense, 158
United States Department of Health and Human Services, 268
United States Justice Department, 159 , 306
United States Public Health Service, 8 , 53 , 129 ;
Tuskegee syphilis experiment of, 143 n15
USA Today , 205 , 210 (fig. 3)
U .S . News and World Report , 193 , 212
Universal screening, 158 , 161
"Unsafe sex," 301
Urbanization:
and cholera, 41 ;
and plague, 34
Urban VII, 37
Uroscopy, 177 (fig. 3)
Utilitarianism, 102
V
smallpox, 179 (fig. 5);
voluntary, 321
Vaccination Inquirer , 104
Vaccine, 292
Van Gelder, Lindsy, 225
Vapors:
and cholera, 45 ;
poisonous, 39 .
See also Miasmas
"Vectors of infection," 208 , 252 n86
Venereal disease (VD), 7 , 32 n20, 77 , 106 -7, 109 ;
compulsory treatment of, 138 ;
in Crimean War, 105 ;
feminine personifications of, 235 n2;
social history of, 163 ;
"insontium " (innocent), 148 , 150 , 155
Venereal Disease Control Office of the Third Service Command, 135
Vermont, polio in, 48
"Vertical Transmission" of AIDS, 211
Victim-blaming, 165
Victimization of patients, 167
Victorian:
anxieties, 151 ;
social and sexual systems, 150
Village Voice , The , 212 , 227
Viral:
hypothesis, 285 ;
infection, 6 ;
theory, 284 -91
Virologists, 9 , 203 , 209 , 248 n49.
See also names of specific virologists
and AIDS research, 9 ;
and polio research, 51 ;
success of, 10
Virus, 202 -3
Vogue , 216
Volition, and susceptibility to disease, 18 , 22 , 27
Voluntary:
screening, 160
Volunteerism, 312
Volunteer workforce on AIDS, 217 -18
W
"Wages of sin," 141 .
See also Sin
Wallace, Joyce, 278
Wall Street Journal , 199
War:
on cancer, 320 ;
on polio, 52 ;
sex education during, 136 -38;
and visibility of venereal disease, 123 .
See also Metaphors: military
Wasserman test, 109
Water, contamination of, 6 , 15 ;
as public health issue, 23
Watney, Simon, 213 , 214 , 216 , 217
Waxman, Henry A. (Representative), 308
Wechtlin, Johannes:
Examining a Leper , 177 (fig. 3)
Weekly World News , 218 (fig. 4), 219 (fig. 5), 220
Weeks, Jeffrey, 206
Weiss, Ted (Representative), 308
West Bengal, cholera pandemic in, 41
Western blot technique, 286
White, Ryan, 154 , 210 (fig. 3)
"Why Don't We Stamp Out Syphilis?" (Parran), 129
Williams, Huntington, 130
Winter, Max, 210 (fig. 3)
Wives of AIDS victims, 218 -19 (figs. 4 , 5)
Wockner, Rex, 227
Wofsy, Constance, 215
Wolff, Jeremiah:
Plague Hospital , 175 (fig. 1)
Wolkoff, Claire, 160
Woman in the Body : A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction , The (Martin), 235
Woman-to-woman transmission of HIV, 215 -16
Women:
in the Third World, 207 ;
as victims and transmitters of AIDS, 192 -93
Women and AIDS, 192 -93, 196 -97;
in New York City, 210
Womens' bodies as sources of pathology, 190 -92
Workmen's compensation, 132
World Health Organization (WHO), 193
Wrath of God syndrome (WOGS), 198 .
See also Sin
X
X-ray, 76
Y
Benjamin Rush and, 90 ;
Italians as source of, 184 (fig. 10);
in Natchez, Mississippi, 91 ;
in New Orleans, 92
Yellow Jack, 184 (fig. 10)
Yellow signs, 50
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