1. J. Gerlitt, "The Development of Quarantine," Ciba Symposia 2 (1940): 566-580. [BACK]

2. George Rosen, "Forerunners of Quarantine," Ciba Symposia 2 (1940): 563-565. [BACK]

3. Saul N. Brody, The Disease of the Soul : Leprosy in Medieval Literature (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974), 66-67.

4. Ibid., 68. [BACK]

5. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, "Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22 (1948): 562-593. [BACK]

6. Benjamin Rush, "An Account of the Bilious Yellow Fever, as it Appeared in Philadelphia in 1793," in Medical Inquiries and Observations , ed. Benjamin Rush, 4th ed., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: M. Carey, 1815), 3:111. [BACK]

7. Benjamin Rush, "An Inquiry into the Various Sources of the Usual Forms of Summer and Autumnal Disease, in the United States and the Means of Preventing Them," in Medical Inquiries , 4:138. [BACK]

8. Benjamin Rush, "Facts, Intended to Prove that Yellow Fever not to be Contagious," in Medical Inquiries , 4:170. [BACK]

9. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years : The United States in 1832 , 1849 , and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 30.

10. Ibid., 34. [BACK]

9. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years : The United States in 1832 , 1849 , and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 30.

10. Ibid., 34. [BACK]

11. Amariah Brigham, A Treatise on Epidemic Cholera (Hartford, Conn.: H. and F.J. Huntington, 1832), 338, emphasis in original. [BACK]

12. George Rosen, A History of Public Health (New York: M.D. Publications, 1958), 388. [BACK]

13. Daniel M. Fox, "Social Policy and City Politics: Tuberculosis Reporting in New York, 1889-1900," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 49 (1975): 169-195. [BACK]

14. Connecticut Public Health and Safety Committee, "An Act Concerning Prevention of the Spread of TB," Hearings , stenographic transcript, State of Connecticut Legislative Archives, 17 April 1945, p. 178. [BACK]

15. A. L. Hoyne, "Are Present-Day Quarantine Methods Archaic?", Illinois Medical Journal 80 (1941): 205-208. [BACK]

16. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet : A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 116. [BACK]

17. John Higham, Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860-1925 (New York: Athenaeum, 1963), 156, 325. [BACK]

18. David F. Musto, The American Disease : Origins of Narcotic Control , exp. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 3-8, 219. [BACK]

19. Robinson v . California , 370 U.S. 660 (1962). [BACK]

20. Musto, The American Disease , 190-197. [BACK]

21. Lucius P. Brown, "Enforcement of the Tennessee Anti-Narcotics Law," American Journal of Public Health 5 (1915): 323-333. [BACK]

22. Henry Brill, "Medical and Delinquent Addicts or Drug Abusers: A Medical Distinction of Legal Significance," Hastings Law Journal 19 (1968): 783-801. [BACK]

23. Nils Bejerot, Addiction and Society (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1970), 271-275. [BACK]

24. U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982), 295-301. [BACK]