1. Quoted in Champagne et al., Afghanistan, 4. Victor V. Grishin, a politburo member, was specific about the dispatch of troops to Afghanistan: “Socialist internationalism obliged us to help the Afghan people defend the April Revolution’s gains”; see Payand, “Soviet-Afghan Relations,” 122.

2. Quoted in Bradsher, Afghanistan, 208.

3. Quoted in Dobbs, “Dramatic Politburo Meeting.”

4. Champagne et al., Afghanistan, 20, 21.

5. Ibid., 21.

6. For a detailed study of the negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations that led to the conclusion of the Geneva agreements on the basis of which the Soviets withdrew their forces from Afghanistan, see Khan, Untying the Afghan Knot. As a Pakistani diplomat, Riaz M. Khan had attended all the meetings covering the negotiations. See also Kakar, Geneva Compromise on Afghanistan.

7. Quoted in Hyman, “Afghan Crisis,” 18.

8. Ivanov, “Revelations,” 20.

9. Hyman, “Afghan Crisis,” 18.

10. Ivanov, “Revelations,” 20.

11. Shevardnadze, Future, 121.

12. Quoted in Mackenzie, “Brutal Force,” 9, 14.