| Afghanistan |
| Preface |
| Maps |
 | Introduction |
| • | Notes |
| 1. A Client Government in Afghanistan |
| 1. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan |
| • | Storming of the Presidential Palace |
| • | A Poisoned Luncheon in the Presidential Palace |
| • | President Amin’s Faith in his Soviet Comrades |
| • | The Elimination of President Amin |
| • | Occupation of other Military Centers |
| • | The Defiant Attitude of the Ghazni Military Division |
| • | Military Officers and the Invasion: An Evaluation |
| • | Notes |
| 2. Why Did the Soviet Union Invade? |
| • | Rift in the Khalq Leadership |
| • | Soviet Scheme for a New Afghan Government |
| • | The Palace Plot |
| • | Rift with the Soviet Union |
| • | The Dilemma of Afghan Reformist Rulers |
| • | Invasion without Invitation |
| • | Notes |
| 3. Under the Soviet Shadow |
| • | Rule by surrogates |
| • | The Sitam-e-Milli |
| • | The Khalq and Parcham Factions |
| • | The Parchamis during the Khalq Rule |
| • | Babrak Karmal |
| • | Karmal as a Ruler |
| • | The Invisible Ruling Circle |
| • | Empty Promises |
| • | Notes |
| 2. The Afghans Against the Invaders and the Client Government |
| 4. Islamic Resistance Organizations |
| • | Islamic Radicalism |
| • | Features of Islamic Radicalism |
| • | The Islamic Movement in Afghanistan |
| • | Unsuccessful Uprising and Split |
| • | Attempts at Unity |
| • | Shi’ite Resistance Groups |
| • | Notes |
| 5. Nationalist Resistance Organizations |
| • | Afghan Jirga in Peshawar |
| • | Afghan Jirga in Pishin |
| • | Mohammad Zahir |
| • | Leftist Resistance Groups |
| • | Notes |
| 6. Urban Uprisings and Their Suppression |
| • | Prelude to Urban Uprisings |
| • | Herat and Kandahar in Turmoil |
| • | The Great Uprising of Kabul |
| • | Student Uprisings |
| • | Notes |
| 7. Beginning of the Countrywide Armed Clashes |
| • | A Government without Rural Territories |
| • | Mujahideen as Local Rulers |
| • | Public Concern |
| • | Features of Military Confrontations |
| • | Attempts at Controlling the Strategic Frontier Posts |
| • | The First Soviet Expedition in Laghman |
| • | The Changed Role of the Afghan Army |
| • | Notes |
| 8. A New Type of War Leader |
| • | Inhabitants |
| • | Traditional Political Leadership |
| • | The Rise of Mullas as Leaders |
| • | The Force of Jehad |
| • | Suppression of National Culture |
| • | The Political Significance of Weapons |
| • | Public Concern |
| • | Notes |
| 3. The Politics of Confrontation and Suppression |
| 9. KhAD as an Agency of Suppression |
| • | Khad in Action |
| • | Prisoners of Pul-e-Charkhi |
| • | Inmates’ Responses |
| • | Notes |
| 10. Military and Administrative Measures for Consolidation of the Government |
| • | Recall of the Reserve Army |
| • | Military Posts |
| • | Relations with Frontier Tribes |
| • | Administrative Measures |
| • | Notes |
| 11. Victory at Any Cost |
| • | Security Measures for the City of Kabul |
| • | Mujahideen’s Penetration of the city of Kabul |
| • | Security Measures for the Land |
| • | The Afghan Problem in International Forums |
| • | The Unsuccessful Drive from City to Village |
| • | Notes |
| 12. Elimination of Opponents by Nonmilitary Means |
| • | Alienation of the Pdpa |
| • | Party Members Terrorized in Provincial Cities |
| • | Party Members Terrorized in Kabul |
| • | Terrorism and Intraparty Rivalry |
| • | Party Conference Overshadowed by Terrorist Activities |
| • | Murderous Society |
| • | Notes |
| 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan |
| 13. Genocide Throughout the Country |
| • | Features of Genocide in Afghanistan |
| • | Russia at a Glance |
| • | Problems Relating to Genocide in Afghanistan |
| • | Early Instances of Genocide |
| • | Mass Killings in Civic Gatherings and the Kidnapping of Women |
| • | Killing along the Roads |
| • | Notes |
| 14. Genocide in Districts Around Kabul |
| • | Massacre in Logar |
| • | Massacre in Shamali |
| • | Massacre in Panjsher |
| • | Massacre in Paghman |
| • | Chemical Warfare |
| • | Notes |
| Conclusion |
| • | Notes |
| Epilogue, 1982-1994 |
| • | Notes |
| A. Political Organizations, Factions, and Unions |
| B. Selected Biographical Sketches |
| • | Amin, Hafizullah (1929-79) |
| • | Badakhshi, Tahir |
| • | Baryalay, Mahmud |
| • | Baw’ess, Abharuddin |
| • | Daoud (Da’ud), Mohammad (1910-78) |
| • | Gailani, Pir Sayyed Ahmad (1932-) |
| • | Gulabzoy, Sayyed Mohammad (1951-) |
| • | Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin (1948-) |
| • | Karmal, Babrak (1929-) |
| • | Khalis, Mawlawi Mohammad Yunus (1919-) |
| • | Khybar, Mier Akbar (1925-78) |
| • | Kishtmand, Sultan Ali (1936-) |
| • | Laweq, Sulaiman |
| • | Meesaq, Karim |
| • | Mohammadi, Mawlawi Mohammad Nabi (1920-) |
| • | Mojaddidi, Sibgatullah (1929-) |
| • | Muhsini, Ayatullah Shaykh Mohammad Asif (1935-) |
| • | Najibullah (1947-) |
| • | Niazi, Ghulam Mohammad (1932-1978) |
| • | Panjsheri, Dastagir (1933-) |
| • | Rabbani, Burhanuddin (1940-) |
| • | Rafi, Mohammad (1946-) |
| • | Ratebzad, Anahita (1931-) |
| • | Sarwari, Asadullah |
| • | Sayyaf, Abd Al-rab Rasul (1947-) |
| • | Taraki, Nur Mohammad (1917-79) |
| • | Watanjar, Aslam (1946-) |
| C. Afghan Refugees in Pakistan |
| D. Telephone Conversation Between Kosygin and Taraki |
| Glossary |
| Select Bibliography |
| • | Manuscripts |
| • | Books and Booklets |
| • | Articles |
| About the Author |
| Publications |
