The Molecular Biology of Plant Cells
  CONTRIBUTORS
  PREFACE

 collapse sectionSECTION ONE—  PLANT CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
 collapse sectionIntroduction
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 1—  Plant Cell Walls
 •1.1—  Introduction
 collapse section1.2—  The Molecular Structure of Plant Cell Walls
 •1.2.1—  Cellulose
 •1.2.2—  Hemicelluloses
 collapse section1.2.3—  The Pectic Polysaccharides and Structural Protein
 •1.2.3.1—  Rhamnogalacturonans
 •1.2.3.2—  Arabinogalactans
 •1.2.3.3—  Structural Protein
 •1.3—  Interconnections between Cell Wall Components
 •1.4—  The Universality of Plant Cell Wall Structures
 collapse section1.5—  Cell Wall Plastics
 •1.5.1—  Lignin
 •1.5.2—  Cutin
 •1.6—  Biosynthesis of Plant Cell Walls
 collapse section1.7—  Cell Wall Ultrastructure
 •1.7.1—  Cellulose Microfibrils
 •1.7.2—  Specialized Structures
 •1.8—  Hormonal Control of Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Differentiation
 •1.9—  The Role of the Plant Cell Wall in Interactions with Other Organisms
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 2—  Membrane Structure and Transport
 •2.1—  Introduction
 collapse section2.2—  Chemical Composition of Membranes
 collapse section2.2.1—  Lipids
 •2.2.1.1—  Phospholipids
 •2.2.1.2—  Glycolipids
 •2.2.1.3—  Sterols
 •2.2.2—  Proteins
 •2.2.3—  Water
 collapse section2.3—  Membrane Structure
 collapse section2.3.1—  The Membrane Matrix
 •2.3.1.1—  Phospholipids
 •2.3.1.2—  Sterols
 •2.3.1.3—  A Model of the Membrane Matrix
 collapse section2.3.2—  Membrane Sub-Structure
 •2.3.2.1—  A Model of Membrane Structure
 •2.3.2.2—  Membrane Fluidity
 •2.3.2.3—  Membrane Synthesis and Flow
 collapse section2.4—  Transport of Substances Across Membranes
 •2.4.1—  Passive ('Downhill') Transport
 •2.4.2—  Criteria For Active ('Uphill') Transport
 collapse section2.4.3—  The Nature and Origin of the Membrane Potential
 •2.4.3.1—  Diffusion Potential
 collapse section2.4.4—  Membrane Pumps
 •2.4.4.1—  Neutral Ion Pumps
 •2.4.4.2—  Electrogenic Pumps
 collapse section2.4.5—  Membrane Carriers
 •2.4.5.1—  Evidence from Kinetics
 •2.4.5.2—  Ionophores as Lipophilic Carriers
 •2.4.5.3—  Co-transport
 collapse section2.5—  Correlation of Structure and Function
 •2.5.1—  Membrane Pores and Channels
 •2.5.2—  Ion Pumps and Membrane Substructure
 •2.5.3—  Endocytosis and Vesicular Transport
 •2.5.4—  Concluding Remarks
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 3—  Chloroplasts—Structure and Development
 •3.1—  Introduction
 collapse section3.2—  Chloroplast Structure
 •3.2.1—  Chloroplast Dimensions and Number
 •3.2.2—  Chloroplast Fine-Structure
 •3.2.3—  The Mobile and Stationary Phases of Chloroplasts
 collapse section3.2.4—  The Range of Chloroplast Structure
 •3.2.4.1—  The Algae
 •3.2.4.2—  The Dimorphic Chloroplasts of C4 Plants
 •3.2.4.3—  The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Chloroplast Structure
 •3.2.4.4—  Chloroplast Mutants
 •3.3—  Isolation of Chloroplasts
 collapse section3.4—  Chloroplast Development
 •3.4.1—  The Proplastid
 •3.4.2—  Etioplast Formation
 •3.4.3—  The Conversion of Etioplasts into Chloroplasts
 •3.4.4—  The Formation of Chloroplast Components in Greening Leaves
 •3.5—  Summary
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 4—  Chloroplasts—Structure and Photosynthesis
 •4.1—  Introduction
 collapse section4.2—  Thylakoid Structure
 •4.2.1—  Thin Sectioning and Heavy Metal Shadowing
 •4.2.2—  Freeze-Etching
 •4.2.3—  Negative Staining
 collapse section4.3—  Thylakoid Composition
 •4.3.1—  Lipids
 •4.3.2—  Chlorophyll-Proteins
 •4.3.3—  Electron Carrier Proteins
 collapse section4.4—  Photosynthesis
 •4.4.1—  The Photosynthetic Unit and Energy Transfer
 •4.4.2—  Two Photosystems and the Z-Scheme of Electron Transport
 •4.4.3—  Photosynthetic Phosphorlation
 •4.4.4—  Phosphorylation and Thylakoid Structure
 collapse section4.5—  Subchloroplast Fragments and the Fractionation of the Photosystems
 •4.5.1—  Digitonin Method
 •4.5.2—  Mechanical Disruption of Chloroplasts
 •4.6—  Thylakoid Structure in Relation to the Photosystems
 collapse section4.7—  Assembly of the Thylakoid Membrane
 •4.7.1—  Protochlorophyllide
 •4.7.2—  Chlorophyll Accumulation
 •4.7.3—  Development of the Photosystems
 •4.7.4—  Thylakoid Structure During Greening
 •4.8—  Relationship of Chloroplast to Cytoplasm
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 5—  Plant Mitochondria
 •5.1—  Introduction
 collapse section5.2—  Morphology
 •5.2.1—  Morphology in Situ
 •5.2.2—  Morphology of Isolated Mitochondria
 collapse section5.3—  Isolation and Purification
 •5.3.1—  Techniques of Isolation and Purification
 •5.3.2—  Isolation from Green Tissues
 collapse section5.4—  Mitochondrial Membranes
 •5.4.1—  Structure of Membranes
 •5.4.2—  Membrane Lipids
 collapse section5.5—  Enzymes
 collapse section5.5.1—  Enzymes of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
 •5.5.1.1—  Citrate Synthetase
 •5.5.1.2—  Pyruvate Oxidase
 •5.5.1.3—  Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
 •5.5.1.4—  Malate Dehydrogenase
 •5.5.1.5—  Malic Enzyme
 •5.5.2—  Enzymes of Fatty Acid Oxidation
 •5.5.3—  Enzymes of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
 •5.5.4—  Enzymes of Phospholipid Biosynthesis
 collapse section5.6—  Mitochondrial Electron Transport
 collapse section5.6.1—  Components of the Respiratory Chain
 •5.6.1.1—  Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
 •5.6.1.2—  Flavoproteins of NADH Dehydrogenase
 •5.6.1.3—  Flavoprotein of Succinate Dehydrogenase
 •5.4.1.4—  Ubiquinone
 •5.6.1.5—  Cytochrome b
 •5.6.1.6—  Cytochrome c
 •5.6.1.7—  Cytochrome Oxidase
 •5.6.1.8—  Non-Heme Iron Proteins
 •5.6.2—  Cyanide Resistant Respiration
 collapse section5.7—  Energy Linked Reactions of Mitochondria
 collapse section5.7.1—  Oxidative Phosphorylation
 •5.7.1.1—  Coupling Sites
 •5.7.1.2—  ADP:O Ratios
 •5.7.1.3—  Energy Coupling in Cyanide Resistant Respiration
 •5.7.1.4—  Mechanism of Coupling
 •5.7.2—  Reverse Electron Flow
 collapse section5.7.3—  Ion Transport
 •5.7.3.1—  Monovalent Cations
 •5.7.3.2—  Divalent Cations
 •5.7.3.3—  Anion Transport
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 6—  Microbodies
 •6.1—  Introduction
 •6.2—  Structure and Occurrence
 •6.3—  Isolation
 collapse section6.4—  Glyoxysomes
 •6.4.1— b -Oxidation
 •6.4.2—  The Glyoxyllate Cycle
 •6.4.3—  Metabolic Functions of the Glyoxysome
 collapse section6.5—  Peroxisomes
 •6.5.1—  The Glycollate Pathway
 •6.5.2—  Metabolic Reactions of the Peroxisome
 •6.5.3—  Photorespiration
 •6.6—  Ontogeny and Turnover of Microbodies
 •6.7—  Algal Microbodies
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 7—  Microtubules
 collapse section7.1—  Introduction
 •7.1.1—  Description
 •7.1.2—  Background
 collapse section7.2—  Biochemical Studies
 •7.2.1—  Drug Interaction
 •7.2.2—  Polymerization
 collapse section7.3—  Biological Studies
 •7.3.1–  Cytoskeletal Role
 •7.3.2—  Cell Wall Architecture
 •7.3.3—  Intracellular Transport
 •7.3.4—  Cell Division
 •7.3.5—  Cell Motility; Cilia and Flagella
 •7.4—  Concluding Remarks
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 8—  The Endomembrane System and the Integration of Cellular Activities
 •8.1—  Introduction
 collapse section8.2—  Techniques
 •8.2.1—  Electron Microscopy
 •8.2.2—  Biochemistry
 collapse section8.3—  Composition and Characteristics of the Membrane Types
 •8.3.1—  Nuclear Membrane
 •8.3.2—  Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
 •8.3.3—  Chloroplast Envelope
 •8.3.4—  Golgi Membranes
 •8.3.5—  Plasma Membrane
 collapse section8.4—  Functional Relationships between Membranes
 •8.4.1—  Membrane Synthesis
 •8.4.2—  Synthesis and Secretion of Extracellular Material
 •8.4.3—  Differentiation
 •8.5—  Conclusions
 •Further Reading

 collapse sectionSECTION TWO—  GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION IN PLANT CELLS
 •Introduction
 collapse sectionChapter 9—  The Nucleus and the Organization and Transcription of Nuclear DNA
 •9.1—  Introduction
 •9.2—  Nuclear Structure and Composition
 •9.3—  Nuclear DNA Content
 collapse section9.4—  Fractionation and Properties of DNA
 •9.4.1—  General Properties
 •9.4.2—  Buoyant Density Centrifugation
 •9.4.3—  Satellite DNA
 •9.4.4—  Dissociation and Reassociation of DNA
 •9.4.5—  Repeated Sequence DNA
 collapse section9.5—  The Genes for Ribosomal-RNA
 •9.5.1—  DNA-RNA Hybridization
 •9.5.2—  Electron Microscopy
 collapse section9.6—  Organization and Function of the Genome
 collapse section9.6.1—  Repetitive DNA
 •9.6.1.1—  Transcription of Repeated Sequences
 •9.6.1.2—  Palindrome Sequences
 •9.6.1.3—  Other Types of Repetitive DNA
 •9.6.2—  Unique DNA Sequences
 collapse section9.7—  RNA Synthesis
 •9.7.1—  General Properties of RNA
 collapse section9.7.2—  Ribosomal RNA Synthesis
 •9.7.2.1—  The Ribosomal RNA Precursor
 •9.7.2.2—  Processing of the Precursor
 collapse section9.7.3—  Messenger-RNA Synthesis and Metabolism
 •9.7.3.1—  Poly (A)-Containing RNA
 •9.7.3.2—  Postranscriptional Modification of mRNA
 collapse section9.8—  Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions
 •9.8.1—  Histones
 •9.8.2—  Subunit Structure of Chromatin and Chromosome Organization
 •9.8.3—  Regulation of Transcription
 •9.9—  Conclusions
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 10—  Protein Synthesis in the Cytoplasm
 •10.1—  Introduction
 collapse section10.2—  Polysomes
 •10.2.1—  Structure of Ribosomes
 •10.2.2—  Free and Membrane-Bound Polysomes
 •10.2.3—  Isolation and Purification
 collapse section10.3—  The Biochemical Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
 collapse section10.3.1—  Amino Acid Activation and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthesis
 •10.3.1.1—  tRNA
 •10.3.1.2—  Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
 collapse section10.3.2—  Translation of mRNA
 •10.3.2.1—  Initiation of the Polypeptide Chain
 •10.3.2.2—  Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain
 •10.3.2.3—  Termination and Release of the Polypeptide Chain
 •10.3.2.4—  Cell-Free Systems
 •10.3.2.5—  Inhibitors
 •10.3.3—  Post-Translational Changes
 •10.4—  Protein Synthesis in vivo
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 11—  The Genetic Information of Organelles and Its Expression
 •11.1—  Introduction:  The Concept of Organelle Autonomy
 collapse section11.2—  Chloroplast Autonomy
 collapse section11.2.1—  Chloroplast DNA
 •11.2.1.1—  Discovery
 •11.2.1.2—  Buoyant Density
 •11.2.1.3—  Ease of Renaturation
 •11.2.1.4—  Absence of Histones and 5-Methylcytosine
 •11.2.1.5—  Circularity
 •11.2.1.6—  Ploidy
 collapse section11.2.1.7—  Functions
 •The Selective Inhibition of Chloroplast DNA Transcription
 •Genetic Analysis of Mutants
 •DNA-RNA Hybridization Studies
 •Identification of RNA and Protein Molecules Synthesized by Isolated Chloroplasts
 •11.2.2—  Chloroplast DNA Polymerase
 •11.2.3—  Chloroplast RNA Polymerase
 collapse section11.2.4—  Chloroplast Protein Synthesis
 •11.2.4.1—  Ribosomes
 •11.2.4.2—  Amino Acid Activation
 •11.2.4.3—  Initiation of Chloroplast Protein Synthesis
 •11.2.4.4—  Energy Source
 •11.2.4.5—  Inhibitors
 •11.2.4.6—  Functions
 •11.2.5—  Co-Operation between Chloroplast and Nuclear Genomes
 •11.3—  Mitochondrial Autonomy
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 12—  Regulation of Enzyme Levels and Activity
 collapse section12.1—  Introduction
 •12.1.1—  Pacemakers
 •12.1.2—  Occam's Razor
 •12.1.3—  Systems Properties
 collapse section12.2—  The Identification of Control Points
 •12.2.1—  Equilibrium Considerations
 •12.2.2—  The Crossover Theorem
 collapse section12.3—  Control Mechanisms
 •12.3.1—  Control by Product Inhibition
 •12.3.2—  Control by Negative Feedback
 •12.3.3—  Patterns of Control
 collapse section12.3.4—  Control of Branched Pathways
 •12.3.4.1—  The Aspartate Family
 •12.3.4.2—  Aromatic Biosynthesis
 •12.3.4.3—  Enzyme Multiplicity
 •12.3.4.4—  Enzyme Aggregation
 •12.3.5—  Metabolic Interlock
 collapse section12.3.6—  Enzymes as Control Elements
 collapse section12.3.6.1—  Allosteric Enzymes
 •Variable K Systems
 •Variable V Systems
 •12.3.6.2—  Alternative Models for Allosteric Enzymes
 •12.3.6.3—  Kinetic Constants for Allosteric Enzymes
 collapse section12.4—  Control Mechanisms Involving Changes in the Amount of Enzyme
 collapse section12.4.1—  Protein Turnover and Degradation
 •12.4.1.1—  Degradation of Specific Enzymes
 •12.4.1.2—  The Measurement of Enzyme Half-Lives
 collapse section12.4.2—  Enzyme Inactivation
 •12.4.2.1—  Inactivation by Protein-Protein Interaction
 •12.4.2.2—  Chemical Modification
 •12.4.3—  Enzyme Activation
 collapse section12.4.4—  Enzyme Synthesis
 •12.4.4.1—  Density Labelling
 •12.4.4.2—  Enzyme Induction
 •12.5—  Final Comments
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 13—  Hormone Action
 •13.1—  Introduction
 collapse section13.2—  Auxin Actions
 •13.2.1—  Introduction
 •13.2.2—  Regulation of Cell Wall Extension Ability
 •13.2.3—  Action on Cell Wall Associated Enzymes
 •13.2.4—  Hydrogen-Ion Pump
 •13.2.5—  Regulation of Genetic Material
 •13.2.6—  Action on Membranes
 •13.2.7—  Summary
 collapse section13.3—  Gibberellin Action
 •13.3.1—  Introduction
 •13.3.2—  Gibberellin Control of Enzyme Synthesis
 •13.3.3—  The Effects on RNA Synthesis
 •13.3.4—  Gibberellin Control of Enzyme Secretion
 •13.3.5—  Effects of Gibberellins on Membranes
 •13.3.6—  Summary
 collapse section13.4—  Action of Cytokinins
 •13.4.1—  Introduction
 •13.4.2—  Actions of Cytokinins on Enzymes
 •13.4.3—  Nucleic Acid Synthesis
 •13.4.4—  Role of Cytokinins on Transfer RNA
 •13.4.5—  Model for Cytokinin Action
 •13.4.6—  Summary
 collapse section13.5—  Actions of Ethylene
 •13.5.1—  Introduction
 •13.5.2—  Effect of Ethylene on Enzymes
 •13.5.3—  Actions on Membranes
 •13.5.4—  Enzyme Induction by Ethylene
 •13.5.5—  Effects of Ethylene on RNA Synthesis
 •13.5.6—  Effects of Ethylene on Chromatin Activity
 •13.5.7—  Effects of Ethylene on DNA Metabolism
 •13.5.8—  Summary
 collapse section13.6—  Actions of Abscisic Acid
 •13.6.1—  Introduction
 •13.6.2—  Role of ABA in Dormancy
 •13.6.3—  Effects on Abscission
 •13.6.4—  Effects of ABA on Wilting
 •13.6.5—  Affects of ABA on Enzyme Activities
 •13.6.6—  Effects of ABA on Nucleic Acid Synthesis
 •13.6.7—  The Involvement of Abscisic Acid in Messenger-RNA Translation
 •13.6.8—  Summary
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 14—  Phytochrome Action
 •14.1—  Introduction
 •14.2—  Phytochrome Dogma
 collapse section14.3—  The Phytochrome Molecule
 •14.3.1—  Molecular Properties
 •14.3.2—  Photoconversion Reactions
 collapse section14.3.3—  Dark Reactions
 •14.3.3.1—  Dark Reversion
 •14.3.3.2—  Synthesis and Destruction
 •14.3.3.3—  Physiological Significance of Dark Reactions
 •14.3.4—  Localization
 collapse section14.4—  Phytochrome Physiology
 collapse section14.4.1—  Induction-Reversion and High Irradiance Responses
 •14.4.1.1—  Induction-Reversion Responses
 •14.4.1.2—  High Irradiance Responses (HIR)
 •14.4.1.3—  A Unitary Model
 •14.4.1.4—  Modes of Light Signal Transmission
 collapse section14.4.2—  Response Kinetics
 •14.4.2.1—  Rapid Action/Rapid Expression Responses
 •14.4.2.2—  Rapid Action/Delayed Expression Responses
 •14.4.2.3—  Delayed Action/Delayed Expression Responses
 •14.4.3—  Response Manifestations
 •14.5—  Mechanism of Action
 •Further Reading

 collapse sectionSECTION THREE—  THE MANIPULATION OF PLANT CELLS
 •Introduction
 collapse sectionChapter 15—  Plant Cell Culture
 •15.1—  Introduction
 •15.2—  Changes in Growth and Metabolism of Plant Cells in Batch Culture-Cytodifferentiation
 collapse section15.3—  Steady States of Growth and Metabolism of Plant Cells in Continuous Culture
 •15.3.1—  Chemostat Cultures
 •15.3.2—  Turbidostat Cultures
 •15.4—  Synchronous Cell Cultures—Study of the Cell Cycle
 collapse section15.5—  Morphogenesis in Cell Cultures—Concepts of Totipotency and Determination
 •15.5.1—  Somatic Embryogenesis
 •15.5.2—  Polarity of Embryogenic Cells
 •15.6—  Pollen Grains as Isolated Embryogenic Cells and as a Source of Haploid Cell Lines for Mutagenesis
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 16—  The Physiology of Isolated Plant Protoplasts
 •16.1—  Introduction
 collapse section16.2—  Isolation and Culture of Protoplasts
 •16.2.1—  Preparation of Protoplasts
 •16.2.2—  Cell Wall and Whole Plant Regeneration
 •16.3—  Protoplasts and Auxin Responses
 collapse section16.4—  Uptake Properties of Protoplasts
 •16.4.1—  Macromolecules
 •16.4.2—  Chloroplasts, Nuclei and Bacteria
 •16.4.3—  Virus Particles
 collapse section16.5—  Somatic Hybridization of Plants
 •16.5.1—  Induced Fusion of Protoplasts
 •16.5.2—  Culture of Fusion Products
 •Further Reading
 collapse sectionChapter 17—  Genetic Variation in Cultured Plant Cells
 •17.1—  Introduction
 •17.2—  Induced Variation and Selection
 collapse section17.3—  Introduced Variation—Gene Transfer
 •17.3.1—  Introduction
 •17.3.2—  Isolated DNA-Mediated Transgenosis
 •17.3.3—  Viral-Mediated Transgenosis
 •17.3.4—  Conclusion
 •Further Reading

  REFERENCES
 collapse sectionINDEX
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