1. The biases of Thucydides’ history are a major theme of Crane 1996a; two aspects of the ancient world that Thucydides clearly marginalized are the roles of women and of religion, on which, see, for example, Cartledge 1993 and Hornblower 1992. [BACK]

2. Morrison 1986. [BACK]

3. See, for example, Thucydides’ place in such surveys of international relations theory as Votti and Kauppi 1987, 78–84; Vasquez 1990, 16–20; and Knutsen 1992, 30–33. [BACK]

4. E.g., Rusten 1989, 15: “In the Melian dialogue the speakers are anonymous, the occasion private (Thucydides was by then in exile in any case), and the sentiments impersonal; it would be difficult to claim that it is not entirely ficitious.” [BACK]

5. Sherman 1984, 2: 111. [BACK]

6. McMurry 1982, 13. [BACK]

7. Hood was famous as a fighting general with uneven judgment on most matters, and it is not clear that the publication of these letters was much of a public relations success: a sympathetic biographer passes quickly over this “undignified correspondence” (McMurry 1982, 157). [BACK]

8. In fact, history played a relatively minor role at West Point, which concentrated on math and engineering. On the curriculum when Hood was a student, see Morrison 1986, 160–163. Even if Hood had studied a great deal of history, it would probably have mattered little, as he had little affinity for academic work, graduating at the bottom of his class (forty-fourth of fifty-two). [BACK]

9. Sherman 1984, 2: 119. [BACK]

10. Sherman 1984, 2: 120. [BACK]

11. Sherman 1984, 2: 124–125. [BACK]

12. Sherman 1984, 2: 124. [BACK]

13. Sherman 1984, 2: 124 (italics mine). [BACK]

14. Sherman 1984, 2: 125. [BACK]

15. Sherman 1984, 2: 125–126. [BACK]

16. Sherman 1984, 2: 126. [BACK]

17. Howard 1971, 2: 544–547. [BACK]

18. Sherman 1984, 2: 125–126. [BACK]

19. The most recent biography of Sherman, Marszalek 1993, bears the subtitle A Soldier’s Passion for Order. [BACK]

20. Sherman 1984, 2: 126. [BACK]

21. Sherman 1984, 2: 127. [BACK]

22. For the triad, war of total populations, against total populations, and for total stakes, see Morgenthau 1948, 289–301. [BACK]

23. Sherman 1984, 2: 120. [BACK]

24. Sherman 1984, 2: 128. [BACK]

25. Sherman 1984, 2: 129. [BACK]

26. Sherman 1984, 2: 128. [BACK]

27. Orwin 1994. [BACK]

28. So Marszalek (1993, 306), who cites as evidence for this Glatthaar 1985. [BACK]

29. Thucydides does not explain precisely how mass executions were performed. It is clear that the Spartans executed the captured Plataians one by one because we hear that each captured Plataian was given the “opportunity” to explain what he had done in the past for the Spartans to justify mercy (Thuc. 3.68). At Xenophon Hellenika 2.1.32, Lysander cuts the throat (apesphaxe) of the Athenian commander Philokles, but Philokles was explicitly exceptional. He was singled out for special treatment on the grounds that he had committed atrocities, throwing Andrians and Corinthians overboard. [BACK]