1. Lummis, The Land of Poco Tiempo , p. 222.

2. Cited in Hewett and Fisher, Mission Monuments , p. 172.

3. Vivian, Gran Quivira , pp. 142-143, is a comprehensive report and interpretation of the pueblo and its churches. See also Hayes, "The Missing Convento of San Isidro," pp. 35-40; and Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness .

4. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 145.

5. Carroll, Fulfer, and Schofield, "Gran Quivira."

6. Ibid.

5. Carroll, Fulfer, and Schofield, "Gran Quivira."

6. Ibid.

7. Scholes and Mera, "Some Aspects of the Jumano Problem," pp. 276-277; cited in Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 14.

8. Hodge, Hammond, and Rey, Fray Alonso de Benavides , p. 66.

9. Ibid.

8. Hodge, Hammond, and Rey, Fray Alonso de Benavides , p. 66.

9. Ibid.

10. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 71.

11. Ibid., p. 73.

10. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 71.

11. Ibid., p. 73.

12. Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio , p. 65, n. 7.

13. Vivian, Gran Quivira , pp. 63-68.

14. Wilson, Quarai State Monument , unpaginated.

15. National Park Service, "Gran Quivira," brochure, no date.

16. Hackett, Historical Documents , volume 3, p. 161.

17. Ibid., pp. 188-189.

16. Hackett, Historical Documents , volume 3, p. 161.

17. Ibid., pp. 188-189.

18. In an October 24, 1986, letter National Park Service historian James Ivey informed me that all three Salinas missions "have a plaza on the opposite side of the church from the convento, with main wall locations and alignments echoing the general size of the convento complex."

19. Carleton, "Diary of an Excursion," p. 307.

20. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 73.

21. Cited in ibid., p. 1.

22. Ibid., p. 29.

20. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 73.

21. Cited in ibid., p. 1.

22. Ibid., p. 29.

20. Vivian, Gran Quivira , p. 73.

21. Cited in ibid., p. 1.

22. Ibid., p. 29.

23. Álvarez wrote in 1705 about the 1670s and the finish of the settlements: "They burned the church, profaned the holy vessels, and mocked the images, and the same happened in the pueblo of Humanas. The six pueblos of the Salinas were abandoned." #110; cited in Wilson, Quarai State Monument , unpaginated.