1. For this section I have relied heavily on the work of Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio de Abó; and on Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness . This detailed text offers an extremely thorough discussion of the history of the pueblos and missions and the results of on-site excavation, and it includes some radical interpretations that question long-held opinions. Mr. Ivey provided me with an advance draft of the book, drawings from which the plans were prepared, and several hours discussing his findings. I am most grateful to him for all his help.

2. Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio , p. 5.

3. Ibid.

2. Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio , p. 5.

3. Ibid.

4. Forrest, Missions and Pueblos , p. 147.

5. Walter, "Mission Churches," p. 117.

6. Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio , p. 4.

7. Whiffin, "The Manzano Missions," p. 219. In addition, the name for the Finnish city is actually Åbo, pronounced "Oh-bo."

8. Kubler, The Religious Architecture , pp. 37, 69-70.

9. Carleton, "Diary of an Excursion," p. 301.

10. Hewett and Fisher, Mission Monuments , p. 160.

11. Ibid., p. 164. The painting—and illustrations from this period, which should always be taken with some caution—was executed by Regina Tatum Cooke with the WPA Museum Extension Project. For increased verity, see Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness .

10. Hewett and Fisher, Mission Monuments , p. 160.

11. Ibid., p. 164. The painting—and illustrations from this period, which should always be taken with some caution—was executed by Regina Tatum Cooke with the WPA Museum Extension Project. For increased verity, see Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness .

12. Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness , p. 219. Ivey suggested that some construction taken for bird pens was actually a privy.

13. Ivey, In the Midst of Loneliness , pp. 415-421.

14. Toulouse, The Mission of San Gregorio , p. 9.

15. Carleton, "Diary of an Excursion," pp. 300-301.