1. Some of the most interesting recent work includes Graham Allan, A Sociology of Friendship and Kinship (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Jessie Bernard, The Female World (New York: Free Press, 1981); Nancy E Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1981); Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Mary P. Ryan, "The Power of Women's Networks: A Case Study of Female Moral Reform in Antebellum America," Ferainist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 66-87; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Female World of Love and Ritual," in A Heritage of Her Own, ed. Nancy E Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck (New York: Simon and Schuster, Touchstone, 1979); Lillian Rubin, Just Friends (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); Barry Wellman, "The Community Question," American Journal of Sociology 84 (1979): 1201-31; and the articles collected in Steve W. Duck and Daniel Perlman, eds., Understanding Personal Relationships (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1985); Laura Lein and Marvin B. Sussman, eds., The Ties That Bind (New York: Ha-worth Press, 1983); Elliott Leyton, ed., The Compact (Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1974); and Helena Z. Lopata and David Maines, eds., Research in the Interweave of Social Roles, vol. 2 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1981). [BACK]

2. The contemporary exemplar of this tradition is Elizabeth Bott, Family and Social Network, 2d ed. (New York: Free Press, 1971). [BACK]

3. See citations in Anne M. Seiden and Pauline B. Bart, "Woman to Woman: Is Sisterhood Possible?" in Old Family/New Family, ed. N. Glazer-Malbin (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1975), 189-228; see also

Adrienne Rich, "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence," Signs 5 (1980): 631-60. [BACK]

4. Compare, for example, research on working-class women in the fifties by Komarovsky and by Young and Willmott, to findings on the seventies by Rubin and, once more, Young and Willmott (Mirra Koma-rovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage [New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1967], chs. 5, 6; Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London [Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1957], ch. 1; The Symmetrical Family [New York: Penguin Books, 1973], ch. 3; Lillian Breslow Rubin, Worlds of Pain [New York: Basic Books, 1976], ch. 7). [BACK]

5. Carol B. Stack, All Our Kin (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), ch. 7. [BACK]

6. Claude S. Fischer and Stacey J. Oliker, "A Research Note on Friendship, Gender, and the Life Cycle," Social Forces 62 (1983): 129-30; Fischer, To Dwell, 130-31. [BACK]

7. Mary Jo Bane, Here to Stay (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 9. [BACK]

1. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers often viewed changes in the institutional surroundings of family life as crucial determinants of family change. See Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society, trans. Charles P. Loomis (New York: Harper and Row, 1963): Frederic LePlay, On Family, Work, and Social Change, ed. Catherine Bodard Silver (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Sociology, 3d ed., vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1895); Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1933); Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (New York: International Publishers, 1969). [BACK]

2. Carle C. Zimmerman, Family and Civilization (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947); Carle C. Zimmerman and Lucius E Cervantes, Marriage and the Family (Chicago: Henry Regney Co., 1956) 38-39; Pitirim Sorokin, Crisis of Our Age (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1942), 187-92; Robert A. Nisbet, The Quest for Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 31, 70; Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless Worm (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 143-47; Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: W. W. Norton, Warner Books, 1979), ch. 8; see Maurice Stein, Eclipse of Community (New York: Harper and Row, 1960). [BACK]

3. Ernest R. Groves and Gladys Hoagland Groves, The Contempo-

rary American Family (Chicago: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1947); William Ogburn, "Changing Functions of the Family," The Family 19 (1938): 139-43; Ernest W. Burgess, "The Family in a Changing Society," American Journal of Sociology 53 (1948): 417-23; William M. Kephart, The Family, Society, and the Individual (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1961); Taleott Parsons, "The American Family: Its Relation to Personality and Social Structure," in Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process, Taleott Parsons and Robert E Bales (Gleneoe, III.: Free Press, 1955); Philip Slater, "Parental Role Differentiation," American Journal of Sociology 67 (1961): 296-311; Mary Jo Bane, Here to Stay (New York: Basic Books, 1976). [BACK]

4. Taking exception to this statement, Smelser, Greenfield, Goode, Harevan, and Hartmann all suggest that variables such as kinship organization, household authority, and gender ideology shaped or mutually interacted with industrial and urban forms. Neff Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959); Sidney Greenfield, "Industrialization and Family in Social Theory," American Journal of Sociology 67 (1961); William J. Goode, Worm Revolution and Family Patterns (New York: Free Press, 1963); Tamara K. Harevan, "Family Time and Industrial Time: Family and Work in a Planned Corporation Town, 1900-1924," in Family and Kin in Urban Communities, 1700-1930, ed. Tamara K. Harevan (New York: Franklin Watts, New Viewpoints, 1977); Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1 (Spring 1976): 137-69. [BACK]

5. LePlay, Family, chs. 8, 20; George Elliott Howard, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Callaghan and Co., 1904), 225, 232, 258; Charles Horton Cooley, Social Organization (New York: Schocken Books, 1962), ch. 31; Ernest R. Mowrer, The Family (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932), 14-19; Joseph Kirk Folsom, The Family and Democratic Society (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1934), 222, 252, 679; Carl N. Degler, At Odds (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 191. [BACK]

6. Mowrer, Family,22; Ernest W. Burgess and Harvey J. Locke, The Family: From Institution to Companionship (New York: American Book Co., 1950), 289, 324; M. E Nimkoff, The Family (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1934), 202; Goode, Revolution,21; Robert O. Blood and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (New York: Free Press, 1960), 149; Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 15-16. [BACK]

7. Mowrer, Family, 19-20; Reuben Hill, "Plans for Strengthening Family Life," in Family, Marriage, and Parenthood, ed. Howard Becker

and Reuben Hill (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1948), 782; Paul H. Landis, "The Changing Family," in Readings in Marriage and the Family, ed. Judson T. Landis and Mary G. Landis (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952), 30; Philip Slater, Footholds (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968), 40. [BACK]

8. Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Parsons, "American Family"; Fred Weinstein and Gerald M. Platt, The Wish to Be Free (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Jessica Benjamin, "The Oedipal Riddle: Authority, Autonomy, and the New Narcissism," in The Problem of Authority in America, ed. John P. Diggins and Mark E. Kann (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 195-224. [BACK]

9. See note 6 above. [BACK]

10. Goode, Revolution, 19; see studies cited by Gary R. Lee, Family Structure and Interaction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 229 . [BACK]

11. Shorter, Modern Family, 259. 12. Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen have persuasively taken this line of argument in criticizing Shorter ("Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon, 2d ed. [New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978]). [BACK]

12. Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Chohen have persuasively taken this line of argument in criticizing Shorter ("Women's Work and European Fertility Patterns," in The American Family in Socio-Historical Perspective, ed. Micahel Gordon, 2d ed. [New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978]). [BACK]

13. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-2800 (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 17, 93-102, 268. [BACK]

14. Ibid., 8. [BACK]

15. Ibid., 4, 268. [BACK]

16. Quoted in ibid., 266-67; discussed on 258. [BACK]

17. Ibid., 268. [BACK]

18. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York: Harper and Row, 1944); Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980), 17-25, 79-82. [BACK]

19. Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), ch. 3. [BACK]

20. Nancy E Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 66. [BACK]

21. Stone, Family, 266. [BACK]

22. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 248. [BACK]

23. Georg Simmel, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (New York: Free Press, 1950), 325. [BACK]

24. Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon, 2d ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978), 325; see also Mary P.

Ryan, Empire of the Mother (New York: Institute for Research in History, 1982). [BACK]

25. Cott, Bonds, 88; see also Mary P. Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), chs. 2, 3. [BACK]

26. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Avon Books, 1977), 86. [BACK]

27. Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology," in A Heritage of Her Own, ed. Nancy E Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck (New York: Simon and Schuster, Touchstone, 1979), 165; Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1962), 59-60; Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1974), 162-68. [BACK]

28. Cott, Bonds, 98; also see Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 220-22, 266-68. [BACK]

29. Shorter, Modern Family, ch. 5; Ariès, Centuries, ch. 2; Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 203-7; Elizabeth Badinter, Mother Love (New York: Macmillan, 1981), 39-52, ch. 3. [BACK]

30. Cott, Bonds, 189-90; on the antipatriarchal impact of Protestantism, see Stone, Family, 135-42, 241. [BACK]

31. Welter, "True Womanhood." [BACK]

32. Douglas, Feminization, 66; Mary R Ryan, Womanhood in America from Colonial Times to the Present, 2d ed. (New York: Franklin Watts, New Viewpoints, 1979), 76-77. [BACK]

33. Cott, "Passionlessness," 173; Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1974), ch. 5; Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," Feminist Studies 1 (Winter-Spring 1973): 40-57; see also Degler, At Odds,271-78. [BACK]

34. Mary R Ryan, "The Power of Women's Networks: A Case Study of Female Moral Reform in Antebellum America," Feminist Studies 5 (Spring 1979): 66-87; Ryan, Cradle, ch. 3; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman," American Quarterly 23 (1971): 562-84; Berg, Remembered Gate, 134-37; Degler, At Odds,chs . 12, 13. [BACK]

35. Ryan, Womanhood,142; Degler, At Odds,160-66. [BACK]

36. Burgess and Locke, Family, 324; Herman Lantz et al., "Pre-industrial Patterns in the Colonial Family in America: A Content Analysis of Colonial Magazines," American Sociological Review 33 (1968): 413-26; Blood and Wolfe, Husbands and Wives, 148-49. [BACK]

37. Goode, Revolution, 19; Stone, Family, ch. 7; Shorter, Modern

Family, ch. 4; Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (1973): 419-28. [BACK]

38. Stone suggests that these changes showed up first among the English gentry, spread to American colonials, and later to the French and Italians. Free choice developed first among the "common people," say Shorter and Stone; they had no fortunes to control. Stone, however, astutely focuses on implications for "companionship" that the abrupt change in courtship offered the upper middle classes; companionship flourished there with other ideological and sentimental trends that were not typical of the working classes (Stone, Family, 320-24, 390-91). After Stone and Shorter, others have entered the debate with historical data that have made the question of priority even harder to resolve; their contributions include readings in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society (London: Europa, 1983). [BACK]

39. Stone, Family, 272-74; Shorter, Modern Family, 15-16, 259-60; Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957), 138-39, 177. [BACK]

40. Tocqueville, Democracy, 235. [BACK]

41. Similar, but not identical. Even as formally free agents during a period of relative autonomy, women experienced an ambivalent, asymmetrical individualism. Economically, they had to marry. Tocqueville remarked that an American girl "had learned by the use of her independence, to surrender it without a struggle" for a married life of exceptional "abnegation" (Tocqueville, 24o-41). [BACK]

42. Degler, At Odds, 20; Cott, Bonds, 78-80; Willystine Goodsell, "The American Family in the Nineteenth Century," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 160 (1932): 13-22; Frank E Furstenberg, Jr., "Industrialization and the American Family: A Look Backward," American Sociological Review 31 (1966): 326-37. [BACK]

43. David Hunt, Parents and Children in History (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 79. [BACK]

44. John Demos, A Little Commonwealth (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 83; Morgan, Puritan Family, 48-54; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Good Wives (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982), 109. [BACK]

45. Stone, Family, 272; Watt, Novel, 137-39. [BACK]

46. Peter Gay, The Tender Passion (London: Oxford University Press, 1986); Degler, At Odds, 16. [BACK]

47. Watt, Novel, ch. 5. [BACK]

48. Gay, Tender Passion. [BACK]

49. Degler, At Odds, ch. 2; Cott, Bonds, 22, 72; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between

Women in Nineteenth-Century America," in A Heritage of Her Own, ed. Nancy E Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck (New York: Simon and Schuster, Touchstone, 1979), 331. [BACK]

50. Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World," 322-23, 327-28; Degler, At Odds, 108. [BACK]

51. Ellen Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 63, 75; Steven M. Stowe, "The Thing Is Not Its Vision: A Woman's Courtship and Her Sphere in the Southern Planter Class," Feminist Studies 9 (Spring 1983): 128; Cott, Bonds, 80; also see Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World," 326. [BACK]

52. Graves and Carlier, quoted in Goodsell, "American Family;" see also Furstenberg, "Industrialization," 332. [BACK]

53. Tocqueville, Democracy, 247-48; Furstenberg, "Industrialization," 332. [BACK]

54. John Mack Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), 147-51. [BACK]

55. Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 47. [BACK]

56. Degler, At Odds, chs. 2, 7. [BACK]

57. Laseh, Haven, 106. [BACK]

58. Degler, At Odds, 26-29; Cott, Bonds, ch. 2; Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life (New York: Harper and Row, Colophon Books, 1973), 66. [BACK]

59. Shorter, Modern Family, 205-6, 227. [BACK]

60. Ibid., 16, 166. [BACK]

61. Burgess and Locke, Family, 203. [BACK]

62. Ibid., 324. Works emphasizing romance: William L. Kolb, cited in William J. Goode, "The Theoretical Importance of Love," in The Family, ed. Rose Laub Coser, 2d ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974), 144; emphasizing partnership: Burgess and Locke, Family, ch. 11; Nimkoff, Family, 251; emphasizing complementarity: Kephart, Family, 465; Parsons, "American Family," 80-81; David R. Miller and Guy E. Swanson, The Changing American Family (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1958), 200-201; emphasizing communication: see Goode, "Love"; and Sherod Miller, Ramon Corales, and Daniel B. Wackman, "Recent Progress in Understanding Marital Communication," Family Coordinator 24 (1975): 143. [BACK]

63. Harvey J. Locke, Predicting Adjustment in Marriage (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 251; Ernest W. Burgess and Leonard S. Cott-well, Jr., Predicting Sources of Failure in Marriage (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939); Gerald Gurin, Joseph Veroff, and Sheila Feld, Americans View Their Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1960), 101-10; Jessie

Bernard, The Future of Marriage (New York: Bantam Books, 1976), chs. 1-3; Joseph Veroff, Elizabeth Douvan, and Richard A. Kulka, The Inner American (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 24, 164, 178. [BACK]

64. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929), 118, 311. [BACK]

65. Kephart, Family, 465; see also John R. Seeley, R. Alexander Sim, and E. W. Loosley, Crestwood Heights (New York: Basic Books, 1956), 217-18, 382; Lillian Rubin, Intimate Strangers (New York: Harper and Row, 1983). [BACK]

66. Hill, "Plans," 782; see also Slater, Footholds, 40; Folsom, Family, 190. [BACK]

67. Louis Wirth, "Urbanism as a Way of Life," American Journal of Sociology 44 (1938): 13; Nisbet, Quest, 31. [BACK]

68. Ariès, Centuries, part 3; Shorter, Modern Family, 5, 39-53; Flandrin, Former Times, ch. 2. [BACK]

69. Demos, Commonwealth, 49-50; Lutz Berkener, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An 18th-Century Austrian Example," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon, 2d ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973), 37-38; Alexander Keyssar, "Widowhood in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts: A Problem in the History of the Family," Perspectives in American History 8 (1974): 83-122; Flandrin, Former Times, 36; Stone, Family, 268; Shorter, Modern Family, 5-6, chs. 1, 2; Claude S. Fischer et al., Networks and Places (New York: Free Press, 1977), ch. 10. [BACK]

70. Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980). [BACK]

71. Michael Anderson, Family Structure in Nineteenth-Century Lancashire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), ch. 9; Harevan, "Family Time." [BACK]

72. Harevan, "Family Time," 156. [BACK]

73. Sally Griffen and Clyde Griffen, "Family and Business in a Small City: Poughkeepsie, New York, 1850-1880," in Family and Kin in Urban Communities, 1700-1930, ed. Tamara K. Harevan (New York: Franklin Watts, New Viewpoints, 1977). [BACK]

74. Stone, Family, 268; Cott, Bonds, ch. 5; Simmel, Sociology, 325; Philippe Ariès, "The Family and the City," in The Family, ed. Virginia Tufte and Barbara Myerhoff (New York: W W. Norton and Co., 1978), 33-36. [BACK]

75. Stone, Family; see also, Watt, Novel, ch. 5; and Sennett, Public Man, chs. 4, 5. [BACK]

76. Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1957), 188-90; Michael Young and

Peter Willmott, The Symmetrical Family (New York: Penguin Books, 1973), 91; Anderson, Family Structure, 178; Bender, Community, 71, 96. [BACK]

77. Ryan, Cradle, chs. 3, 5, 236-37; Bender, Community, 79-100; Berg, Remembered Gate; Gerda Lerner, "Community Work of Black Club Women," Journal of Negro History 59 (April 1974): 158-67; Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1985), chs.

3-6; Sennett, Public Man, chs. 4, 5. [BACK]

78. Ryan, Cradle. [BACK]

79. Ibid., 236-38; Berg, Remembered Gate; for Europe, Ariès, "Family and City," 36-38. [BACK]

80. Gunther Barth, City People (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 121, 129, 146. [BACK]

81. Susan Strasser, Never Done (New York: Random House, Pantheon Books, 1982); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976); Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 173, 253, ch. 18; Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1937), 245, 247-48, 267. [BACK]

82. William H. Whyte, Jr., "The Wife Problem," in Selected Studies in Marriage and the Family, ed. Robert Winch, 2d ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962), 111-25; Seeley, Crestwood, 135-36. [BACK]

83. Herbert Gans, The Levittowners (New York: Random House, Pantheon Books, 1967), 154-62; William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., Anchor Books, 1956), 378, 389, 394; Helena Z. Lopata, Occupation Housewife (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 241, 269-71; Nicholas Babchuk and Alan P. Bates, "The Primary Relations of Middle-Class Couples: A Study in Male Dominance," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 377-85. [BACK]

84. Nisbet, Quest; Folsom, Family, 190. [BACK]

85. See Degler, At Odds, 145; Margaret Jones Bolsterli, "It Seems to Help Me Bear It Better When She Knows About It," Southern Exposure (March/April 1983): 58-61. [BACK]

86. Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World"; Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1981); Cott, Bonds, ch. 5; Stone, Family, 336, 722, 386, 400-403. [BACK]

87. Flandrin, Former Times, 36; Nathalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), 75; Mary P. Ryan, Womanhood in America from Colonial Times to the Present, 2d ed. (New York: Franklin Watts, New Viewpoints, 1979), 36; Martine Segalen, Love and Power in the Peasant Family (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 138; Ulrich, Good Wives, 109. [BACK]

88. Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800-1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, ed. Mary Hartman and Lois W.

Banner (New York: Harper and Row, Torch Books, 1974); Cott, Bonds, 126. [BACK]

89. Cott, "Passionlessness," 173. [BACK]

90. Cott, Bonds, 97; see also Degler, At Odds, chs. 4, 5; Welter, "True Womanhood," 326. [BACK]

91. Cott, Bonds, ch. 5; Ryan, Cradle; Berg, Remembered Gate; Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty." As Mary Ryan argues (in Cradle) voluntary organizations enabled women to define new bourgeois family ideals during this social transition. [BACK]

92. On the literature of domesticity, see Douglas, Feminization; Degler, At Odds, 378-79. On female versus male sensibilities, see Cott, Bonds,67-70, 98, 190; Douglas, Feminization, 54; Berg, Remembered Gate, 136. [BACK]

93. Cott, Bonds, 105, 117; Degler, At Odds, 307. [BACK]

94. Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World," 315, 328; Cott, Bonds, 173-78. [BACK]

95. Cott, Bonds, 173; Faderman, Surpassing, 74-76. [BACK]

96. Quoted in Faderman, Surpassing, 172. [BACK]

97. Faderman, Surpassing, 145-204; Cott, Bonds, 185. [BACK]

98. Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World," 320. [BACK]

99. Ibid., 314. [BACK]

100. Cott, Bonds, 176. [BACK]

101. Degler, At Odds, 147. [BACK]

102. Degler, At Odds, 149; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 339. [BACK]

103. Faderman, Surpassing, 82; Smith-Rosenberg, "Female World," 317; Degler, At Odds, 146; Cott, Bonds, 190. [BACK]

104. Welter, "True Womanhood," 327. [BACK]

105. Cott, Bonds, 80-81. [BACK]

106. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 111; Faderman, Surpassing, 298; Paula S. Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), ch. 3; Niles Carpenter, "Courtship Practices and Contemporary Social Change in America," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 160 (1932), 38-44; John Modell, "Dating Becomes the Way of American Youth," in Essays on the Family and Social Change, ed. David Levine (Arlington: University of Texas Press, 1983), 91-127; Outhwaite, Marriage and Society. [BACK]

107. Degler, At Odds, 150; Faderman, Surpassing, 308. [BACK]

108. Faderman, Surpassing, 90, 229, 298; Nancy Sahli, "Smashing: Women's Relationships before the Fall," Chrysalis 8 (Summer 1979). [BACK]

109. Folsom, Family, 39, 563; Christine Simmons, "Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat," Frontiers 4 (1979): 54-59. [BACK]

110. Nimkoff, Family, 251; see also Lasch, Haven, ch. 2. [BACK]

111. Ewen, Captains; May, Great Expectations, ch. 8. [BACK]

112. Locke, Predicting, 233; Burgess and Cottrell, Sources of Failure, 129; Kephart, Family, 465; Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1967), ch. 12; Gans, Levittowners, ch. 8; Marjorie Fiske Lowenthal, Four Stages of Life (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1975), chs. 1, 2. [BACK]

113. Theodore Caplow et al., Middletown Families: Fifty Years of Change and Continuity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 125. [BACK]

1. Robert O. Blood, "Kinship Interaction and Marital Solidarity," Merill-Palmer Quarterly 15 (1969): 171-82; Gary R. Lee, "Effects of Social Networks on the Family," in Contemporary Theories about the Family, vol. 1, ed. Wesley R. Burr et al. (New York: Free Press, 1979), 27-56; Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1957), ch. 3; and Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1967), ch. 12. [BACK]

2. Don H. Zimmerman and Candace West, "Sex Boles, Interruptions, and Silences in Conversation," in Language and Sex, ed. Barrie Thorne and Nancy Henley (Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1975), 105-29. [BACK]

3. Robert O. Blood and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (New York: Free Press, 1960), ch. 2. [BACK]

4. Ibid., 42-43; Norval Glenn and Sara McLanahan, "Children and Marital Happiness: A Further Specification of the Relationship," Journal of Marriage and the Family 44 (1982): 63-72. [BACK]

5. See also Claude S. Fischer and Stacey J. Oliker, "A Research Note on Friendship, Gender, and the Life Cycle," Social Forces 62 (1983): 126-30. [BACK]

6. Philip Slater, "Social Limitations on Libidinal Withdrawal," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 339-64. [BACK]

7. Myra Marx Ferree, "Housework: Rethinking the Costs and Benefits," in Families, Politics, and Public Policy, ed. Irene Diamond (New York: Longman, 1983). [BACK]

8. Blood and Wolfe, Husbands and Wives, 45-43. [BACK]

9. Robert A. Nisbet, The Quest for Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 31. [BACK]

10. Fischer and Oliker, "Friendship, Gender," 131; Edward A. Powers and Gordon Bultena, "Sex Differences in Intimate Friendships of Old Age," Journal of Marriage and the Family 38 (1976): 739-47. [BACK]

11. Zick Rubin, Liking and Loving (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973). [BACK]

12. Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World (New York: Basic Books, 1977), chs. 1, 8. [BACK]

13. Willard Waller, The Family (New York: Dryden Press, 1938). [BACK]

1. Georg Simmel, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (New York: Free Press, 1950), 325. [BACK]

2. Ralph Linton, cited by Cora DuBois, "The Gratuitous Act: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Friendship Patterns," in The Compact, ed. Elliott Leyton (Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1974), 30; Gerald D. Suttles, "Friendship as a Social Institution," in Social Relationships, ed. George McCall et al. (Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1970), 96-98. [BACK]

3. Robert Paine, "In Search of Friendship: An Exploratory Analysis in Middle-Class Culture," Man 4 (1969): 514. [BACK]

4. Ibid.; DuBois, "Gratuitous Act," 17; S. N. Eisenstadt, "Friendship and the Structure of Trust and Solidarity in Society," in The Compact, ed. Elliott Leyton (Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1974), 139. [BACK]

5. Eisenstadt, "Friendship," 141; see also Max Scheler, The Nature of Sympathy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954); and Lawrence A. Blum, Friendship, Altruism, and Morality (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980). [BACK]

6. See discussions in Paine, "Search of Friendship"; DuBois, "Gratuitous Act," 17; and Eisenstadt, "Friendship," 140. [BACK]

7. Simmel, Sociology, 78-79, 317-29. See chapter 4. [BACK]

8. DuBois, "Gratuitous Act," 16, 28-29. [BACK]

9. Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton, "Friendship as a Social Process," in Freedom and Control in Modern Society, ed. M. Berger, T. Abel, and C. Page (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1954), 18-66; Edward O. Laumann, Bonds of Pluralism (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1973); Robert Max Jackson, "Social Structure and Process in Friendship Choice," in Claude S. Fischer et al., Networks and Places (New York: Free Press, 1977); Irwin Altman and Dalmas A. Taylor, Social Penetration (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973); and Steve W Duck and R. Gilmour, eds., Personal Relationship, vols. 1-6 (London: Academic Press, 1981-1985). [BACK]

10. Paine, "Search of Friendship," 510-11. [BACK]

11. Graham Allan, A Sociology of Friendship and Kinship (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979), 17. [BACK]

12. Paine, "Search of Friendship," 512. [BACK]

13. S. N. Eisenstadt, "Ritualized Personal Relations," Man 56 (1956):

90-95; Robert Paine, "Anthropological Approaches to Friendships," in The Compact, ed. Elliott Leyton (Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1974), 4-6. [BACK]

14. Eisenstadt, "Friendship," 140-41. [BACK]

15. Paine, "Search of Friendship," 510-12; DuBois, "Gratuitous Act," 16. [BACK]

16. See also Robert R. Bell, Worlds of Friendship (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1981), 68. [BACK]

17. Barry Wellman, "Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Network," in Understanding Personal Relationships, ed. Steve W. Duck and Daniel Perlman (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1985), 169-70; Lillian Rubin, Just Friends (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 68; see also Bell, Worlds, 60. [BACK]

18. Carol B. Stack, All Our Kin (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), ch. 7. [BACK]

19. Ibid., 39. [BACK]

20. Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), ch. 12. [BACK]

21. Harry T. Reis, Marilyn Senchak, and Beth Solomon, "Sex Differences in the Intimacy of Social Interaction: Further Examination of Potential Explanations," Journal of Personality and Social Interaction 48 (1985): 1204-17. [BACK]

22. See William J. Goode, "Why Men Resist," in Rethinking the Family, ed. Barrie Thorne (New York: Longman, 1982), 131-50. [BACK]

23. Michael Argyl and Adrian Farnham, "Sources of Satisfaction and Conflict in Long-Term Relationships," Journal of Marriage and the Family 45 (1983): 490-91; Harriet Braiker and Harold H. Kelly, "Conflict in the Development of Close Relationships," in Social Exchange in Developing Relationships, ed. Robert L. Burgess and Ted L. Huston (New York: Academic Press, 1979), 152. [BACK]

24. Deborah E. Belle, "The Impact of Poverty on Social Networks and Supports," in The Ties That Bind, ed. Laura Lein and Marvin B. Sussman (New York: Haworth Press, 1983), 89-104; Dair L. Gillespie, Richard S. Krannich, and Ann Leffler, "The Missing Cell: Amiability, Hostility, and Gender Differentiation in Rural Community Networks," Social Science Journal 22 (1985): 17-30; Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 136; Ann Leffler, Richard S. Krannich, and Dair L. Gillespie, "Contact, Support, and Friction: Three Faces of Networks in Community Life," Sociological Perspectives 29 (July 1986): 337-56; Barry Wellman, "Applying Network Analysis to the Study of Support," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. Benjamin H. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1981), 179-81. [BACK]

25. Blum, Friendship, Altruism, 124. [BACK]

26. Robert Jackson finds that people often perceive far-away friends

and kin as close; he maintains that otherwise they would probably not keep up the effort to stay in touch. Close far-away friends remain friends; others who are not close drop away (Jackson, "Friendship Choice," 48-49); Fischer, To Dwell, 172. [BACK]

27. Fischer, To Dwell, 362. [BACK]

28. Ibid., 90. [BACK]

29. Ann Steuve and Laura Lein, "Problems in Network Analysis: The Case of the Missing Person," manuscript, Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1979. [BACK]

30. Fischer, To Dwell, 106; Wellman, "Paid Work," 168-69; Claude S. Fischer and Stacey J. Oliker, "A Research Note on Friendship, Gender, and the Life Cycle," Social Forces 62 (1983): 126-27. [BACK]

31. Fischer, To Dwell, 102; see Wellman, "Paid Work," 169, 186. [BACK]

32. See also Fischer, To Dwell, 102. [BACK]

33. Lazarsfeld and Merton, "Friendship"; Laumann, Bonds; Jackson, "Friendship Choice"; Fischer, To Dwell, 181. [BACK]

34. Myra Marx Ferree, "Working-Class Jobs: Housework and Paid Work as Sources of Satisfaction," Social Problems 23 (1976): 431-41. [BACK]

35. Jackson, "Friendship Choice," 73; Fischer, To Dwell, ch. 14. [BACK]

36. Jackson, "Friendship Choice." [BACK]

37. I am making a speculative comparison with Robert Jackson's large survey of men's friendships, which indicates greater economic similarity than I found here. And his category of "friends" includes kin friends, who tend to be less economically similar than nonkin. See also note 17 above. [BACK]

38. See also Claude S. Fischer, "What Do We Mean By 'Friend'? An Inductive Study," Social Networks 3 (1982): 287-306. [BACK]

39. See note 24 above. [BACK]

40. Rubin, Just Friends, 139-40. [BACK]

41. Nicholas Babchuk and Alan E Bates, "The Primary Relations of Middle-Class Couples: A Study in Male Dominance," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 380. [BACK]

42. Other studies agree on the nature of men's networks: see Well- man, "Paid Work," 167-68; and Rubin, Just Friends, 60. [BACK]

43. Fischer, To Dwell; Fischer and Oliker, "Friendship, Gender"; Claude S. Fischer and Susan L. Phillips, "Who Is Alone: Social Characteristics of Respondents with Small Networks," in Loneliness: A Source-book of Theory, Research, and Therapy, ed. L. A. Peplau and D. Perlman (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982). [BACK]

1. Robert Paine, "In Search of Friendship: An Exploratory Analysis in Middle-Class Culture," Man 4 (1969): 514; S. N. Eisenstadt, "Friendship

and the Structure of Trust and Solidarity in Society," in The Compact, ed. Elliott Leyton (Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1974), 139-41. [BACK]

2. Georg Simmel, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (New York: Free Press, 1950), 138, 130. [BACK]

3. Talcott Parsons, "The American Family: Its Relation to Personality and Social Structure," in Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process, Talcott Parsons and Robert F. Bales (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955), 3-21. [BACK]

4. Peter L. Berger, Facing Up to Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 76. [BACK]

5. Simmel, Sociology, 318-27. [BACK]

6. Ibid. [BACK]

7. Ibid., 138. [BACK]

8. Ibid. [BACK]

9. William F. Goode, "Why Men Resist," in Rethinking the Family, ed. Barrie Thorne (New York: Longman, 1982), 136-39. [BACK]

10. For sources maintaining that married men perceive fewer problems in marriage and are more satisfied with communication, see Jessie Bernard, The Future of Marriage (New York: Bantam Books, 1976), 28. [BACK]

11. Simmel, Sociology, 326. [BACK]

12. Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pts. 3, 4; Robert Max Jackson, "Social Structure and Process in Friendship Choice," in Claude S. Fischer et al., Networks and Places (New York: Free Press, 1977), 59-78. [BACK]

13. Graham Allan, A Sociology of Friendship and Kinship (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979), 51. [BACK]

14. Barry Wellman, "Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Network," in Understanding Personal Relationships, ed. Steve W Duck and Daniel Perlman (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1985), 167-68; Nicholas Bahchuk and Alan P. Bates, "The Primary Relations of Middle-Class Couples: A Study in Male Dominance," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 380. [BACK]

15. Ann Steuve and Laura Lein, "Problems in Network Analysis: The Case of the Missing Person," manuscript, Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1979. [BACK]

16. Robert O. Blood and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (New York: Free Press, 1960), 39; Andrew J. Cherlin, Marriage Divorce Remarriage (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 50-54. [BACK]

17. Jessica Benjamin, "The Oedipal Riddle: Authority, Autonomy, and the New Narcissism" in The Problem of Authority in America, ed. John

P Diggins and Mark E. Kann (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 208. [BACK]

18. Ibid., 207. [BACK]

19. Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); for work on moral development in this tradition, see Carol Gilligan, In A Different Voice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). [BACK]

20. See Benjamin, "Oedipal Riddle," 208-10. [BACK]

21. Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1967), ch. 12; Miehael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1957), ch. 3; Carol B. Stack, All Our Kin (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), ch. 7; Robert Paine, "Search of Friendship," 508. [BACK]

22. Simmel, Sociology, 325. [BACK]

23. Ibid., 326. [BACK]

1. Arlie Russell Hochschild, "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure," American Journal of Sociology 85 (1979): 551-75; and Hochschild, The Managed Heart (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). [BACK]

2. Hochschild, "Emotion Work," 552, 561. [BACK]

3. Ibid., 562. [BACK]

4. Ibid. [BACK]

5. Ibid., 552, 566. [BACK]

6. Ibid., 569. [BACK]

7. On lax emotion work, see ibid., 567. [BACK]

8. For a power analysis, see Hochschild, Managed Heart, ch. 8. For functionalist analyses, see Talcott Parsons, "The American Family: Its Relation to Personality and Social Structure," in Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process, ed. Talcott Parsons and Robert E Bales (Gleneoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955); and David R. Miller and Guy E. Swanson, The Changing American Family (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1958), 200-201. [BACK]

9. Jessie Bernard, The Future of Marriage (New York: Bantam Books, 1976), 28. [BACK]

10. Elizabeth Bott, Family and Social Network, 2d ed. (New York: Free Press, 1971). [BACK]

11. At the time of the interviews median earnings for full-time female workers were $12,001 (Janet L. Norwood, "The Female-Male Earnings

Gap: A Review of Employment and Earnings Issues," U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, report 673 [Washington, D.C., 1982], 9). [BACK]

12. Barbara R. Bergmann, The Economic Emergence of Women (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 230. [BACK]

13. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Poverty in the U.S.: 1985, ser. P-60, no. 158 (Washington, D.C., 1987), 111; Diana M. Pearce, "Farewell to Alms: Women's Fare Under Welfare," in Women: A 3d ed., ed. Jo Freeman (Palo Alto, Ca.: Mayfield, 1984), 508, 509; Bergmann, Emergence, chs. 6, 10. [BACK]

14. Andrew J. Cherlin, Marriage Divorce Remarriage (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 82; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Child Support and Alimony: 1983, Current Population Reports, sen 3, no. 141 (Washington, D.C., 1985). [BACK]

15. Helen Koo and C. M. Suchindran, "Effects of Children on Worn-en's Remarriage Prospects," Journal of Family Issues 1 (1980): 505; and Paul C. Glick, "Remarriage: Some Recent Changes and Variations," Journal of Family Issues 1 (1980): 475-76. [BACK]

16. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Anchor Press, 1983), ch. 7. [BACK]

17. See Stacey J. Oliker, "Abortion and the Left: The Limits of 'Pro-Family' Politics," Socialist Review 56 (March 1981): 71-95; and Deirdre English, "The Fear that Feminism Will Free Men First," in Powers of Desire, ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 477-83. [BACK]

18. For findings that men are less expressive, see: John G. Allen and Dorothy M. Haccoun, "Sex Differences in Emotionality: A Multidimensional Approach," Human Relations 29 (1976): 711-22; Sandra Lipsitz Bern, Wendy Martyna, and Carol Watson, "Sex Typing and Androgyny: Further Explorations of the Expressive Domain," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976): 1016-23; Mirra Komarovsky, Dilemmas of Masculinity: A Study of College Youth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).----For findings that men are less empathetic, see: Martin L. Hoffman, "Sex Differences in Empathy and Related Behaviors," Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977): 712-22.----For findings that men disclose less on intimate topics, see: Paul C. Cozby, "Self-Disclosure: A Literature Review," Psychological Bulletin 79 (1973): 73-91; Brian S. Morgan, "Intimacy of Disclosure Topics and Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure," Sex Roles 2 (1976): 161-66; Sidney Jourard, The Transparent Self, (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1971); Elizabeth J. Aries and Fern L. Johnson, "Close Friendship in Adulthood: Conversational Content Between Same-Sex Friends," Sex Roles 4 (1983): 1183-95; Komarovsky, Dilemmas.----For findings that men have fewer friendships of intimacy and emotional ex-

change, see: Barry Wellman, "Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Network," in Understanding Personal Relationships, ed. Steve W. Duck and Daniel Perlman (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1985), 169-70; Lillian Rubin, Just Friends (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 60; Mayta A. Caldwell and Letitia Anne Peplau, "Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendships," Sex Roles 3 (1982): 721-32; Alan Booth, "Sex and Social Participation" American Sociological Review 37 (1972): 183-93; Marjorie Fiske Lowenthal and Clayton Haven, "Interaction and Adaptation: Intimacy as a Critical Variable," American Sociological Review 33 (1968): 20-30; Zick Rubin and Stephen Shenker, "Friendship, Proximity, and Self-Disclosure," Journal of Personality 46 (1978): 1-22; Michael R Farell and Stanley Rosenberg, "Male Friendship and the Life Cycle," paper presented at the American Sociological Association, 1977; see also Joseph H. Pleck, The Myth of Masculinity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981). [BACK]

19. Claude S. Fischer and Susan L. Phillips, "Who Is Alone: Social Characteristics of Respondents with Small Networks," in Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Theory, Research, and Therapy, ed. L. A. Peplan and D. Perlman (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982), 21-39; Harry T. Reis, Marilyn Senchak, and Beth Solomon, "Sex Differences in the Intimacy of Social Interaction: Further Examination of Potential Explanations," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985): 1204-17. [BACK]

20. Bernard, Future, 28; John Scanzoni, "Sex Roles, Economic Factors, and Marital Solidarity in Black and White Marriages," Journal of Marriage and the Family 37 (1976): 130-45; Gerald Gurin, Joseph Veroff, and Sheila Feld, Americans View Their Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1960), 101-10; Joseph Veroff, Elizabeth Douven, and Richard A. Kulka, The Inner American (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 24, 164, 175-78. [BACK]

1. Leslie Woodcock Tentler, Wage-Earning Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 62-63; Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Commitment and Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972). [BACK]

2. Talcott Parsons, "The American Family: Its Relation to Personality and Social Structure" in Talcott Parsons and Robert E Bales, Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955), 17-20; Peter L. Berger and Hansfried Kellner, "Marriage and the Construetion of Reality," in The Family, ed. Rose Lanb Coser, ed ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974), 161. [BACK]

3. Parsons, "American Family." [BACK]

4. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: W W Norton, Warner Books, 1977), ch. 8; Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Feminists Against the Family," The Nation, 17 November 1979, 497-500. [BACK]

5. Claude S. Fischer et al., Networks and Places (New York: Free Press, 1977), 12. [BACK]

6. Ibid., 202. [BACK]

7. Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). [BACK]

8. Robert A. Nisbet, The Quest for Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), 50-52, 70. [BACK]

9. Ibid., 48-52. [BACK]

10. Robert A. Nisbet, The Sociological Tradition (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 47-48. [BACK]

11. Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World (New York: Basic Books, 1977), chs. 1, 8. [BACK]

12. Philip Slater, "Social Limitations on Libidinal Withdrawal," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 339-64. [BACK]

13. Susan Krieger, "Lesbian Identity and Community: Recent Social Science Literature," Signs 8 (1982): 91-108. [BACK]

14. See chap. 3, note 24. [BACK]

15. Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 135; see also Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1974). [BACK]

16. See Lillian Rubin, Intimate Strangers (New York: Harper and Row, 1983). [BACK]

1. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Geographical Mobility, March 1975- March 1980, Current Population Reports, ser. P-20, no. 368 (Washington, D.C., 1981), 9. [BACK]

2. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Marriage, Divorce, Widowhood, and Remarriage, Current Population Reports, ser. P-20, no. 312 (Washington, D.C., 1977), 1. [BACK]

3. Lois M. Verbrugge, "The Structure of Adult Friendship Choices," Social Forces 56 (1977): 576-97; see chap. 3, note 9. [BACK]