1. Manuel Antonio Ramírez y Góongora, The Escort Seen Through a Magnifying Glass (Córdoba, 1774), 35—37. [BACK]

2. Abbé de Vayrac, Present State of Affairs in Spain (Amsterdam, 1718), 1:56. [BACK]

3. Ramón de la Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays (Madrid, 1843), 414. [BACK]

4. María Rosa Gálvez de Cabrera, "Literary Figureheads," Complete Works (Madrid, 1804), 1:307. [BACK]

5. One can find the original meaning of cortejo in some works of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For example: Bretón de los Herreros, "The Two Nephews," in Complete Works (Madrid, 1883-1884), act 1, sc. 3. B. Pérez Galdós, The Great Orient (Madrid: n.p., 1903), 175. E. Pardo Bazán, Memoirs of a Bachelor (Madrid: n.p., 1911), 26. Chichisveo is spelled chichisbeo in some texts of the period; as such it comes closer to the Italian cicisbeo . [BACK]

6. Benigno Natural, Definition of the Cortejo (Málaga, 1789). [BACK]

7. Juan Salazar y Ontivero, Catholic Protest Against the Custom of the Chichisveo (Madrid, 1737), 6. break [BACK]

9. Giuseppe Baretri, An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy with Observations on the Mistakes of Some Travelers with Regard to that Country , (London, 1769), 1:101. [BACK]

10. It seems peculiar to find chichisbear with the meaning of "to murmur" in a contemporary novel by Pérez de Ayala, Tigre Juan (N.p., n.d.), 10. [BACK]

11. Constantino Roncaglia, Modern Conversations Commonly Termed of the Cicisbei (Lucca, 1753), 3-4. [BACK]

12. F. J. del Corral, Some Advice to a friend Enthusiast About the Cortejo Defended by E. G. Lobo (Madrid, 1717), 6-7. [BACK]

13. Luis de Granada, On Prayer and Thought , quoted in Julia Fitzmaurice Kelly, "Women in the Sixteenth Century," Revue Hispanique 70 (1927). [BACK]

14. Philarète Chasles, Studies on Spain and on the Influence of Spanish Literature in France and in Italy (Paris, 1847). [BACK]

15. Lope de Vega, The Right Moment , quoted in R. del Arco Garay, Spanish Society in the Works of Lope de Vega (Madrid: n.p., 1942). [BACK]

16. Ernest Martinenche, Spanish Drama in France (Paris, 1900), 81. [BACK]

17. Mme d' Aulnoy, 1679—Travel Notes in Spain , quoted in José Deleito Piñuela, The King is Having Fun (Madrid; n.p., 1955), 155. [BACK]

18. Lope de Vega, To Guard and be on Guard (Guardar y Guardarse), vol. 12 of Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Real Academía Española). [BACK]

19. E. Rodacanachi, Italian Women Before, During and After the Renaissance (Paris: Hachette, 1922), 324. [BACK]

20. Gabriel Quijano, Six Dialogues Between a Clergyman and a Lady on the Vices of . . . Modern Conversations Otherwise Called Cortejo . . . . (Madrid, 1784) 220 ff. This book is an almost literal translation of an Italian work by Abbe S. Zucchino Stefani, The Mirror of Disillusion (Rome, 1751). [BACK]

21. A. Salza, The Cicisbei in the Life and Literature of the Eighteenth Century (Rome: n.p., 1910). See also:

G. Natali, Ideas, Ways, and Men of the Eighteenth Century (Turin: n.p., 1926).

L. Valmaggi, The Cicisbei (N.p.: n.p., 1927).

Charles Rabany, Carlo Coldoni (Paris: n.p., 1896). [BACK]

22. Jean Sarrailh, Mid-Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in Spain , trans. A. Alatorre (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957), 375. break [BACK]

23. Mariano Francisco Nipho, Answer to the Insults of "The Thinker" and its Followers Against Spain (Madrid, 1764), 32. [BACK]

24. Salazar y Ontivero, "Dedication to the Duke of Arcos," Catholic Protest Against the Custom of the Chichisveo . [BACK]

25. Sarrailh, 376. [BACK]

26. A. Ossorio de la Cadena, Virtue in the Drawing Room: Judicious Guests (Salamanca, 1739), 96. [BACK]

27. Baretti, 80. [BACK]

28. Roncaglia, 219.

29. Ibid., 326. [BACK]

28. Roncaglia, 219.

29. Ibid., 326. [BACK]