Index
A
Agribusiness, 29 , 30 , 41 -42
corporate farming, 41
development of, 37 -38, 51 -56, 66 -67
and nonagricultural companies, 50 -51.
See also Growers
Lettuce
Agricultural unions, 53 .
See also United Farm Workers (UFW)
Teamsters
Agriculture: and capitalist mode of production, 12 -14
historical development in California and Southwest, 51 -56
as production system, 43 -44
Agricultural exceptionalism, 36 -37
Agricultural labor markets. See Farm workers
Labor markets
Labor supply
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 71 -72, 211
B
Border Patrol, 144 -146
Bracero programs, 62 -73
conflicts within, 69 -73
and domestic farm workers, 73 -74
origins of programs, 62 -64
stipulations of, 67
termination of, 73 -74.
See also Green-cards
Undocumented workers
Braceros, 64 -72 passim
and labor contractors, 118 -121
in lettuce industry, 86 -87
recruitment by employers, 68
Braverman, Harry, 20 -21, 22 -23
Burawoy, Michael, 24 -26, 46 -47, 48
C
Chinese farm workers: living and working conditions, 58
recruitment by employers, 56 -57, 60
as threats to urban business and unions, 57 , 58 -59
Citizenship, 26 -28 passim
and capitalist relations of production, 116 -134 passim
and earnings of lettuce workers, 108 -111, 131 -134
and gender inequality, 111 -114
and immigration policy, 209 -213
and the labor process, 204 -209
and political inequality, 72 , 106 -107
and the politics of labor supply, 70 -71
theory of, 214 -221
variations in worker vulnerability by, 73 , 105 -106
Civil Rights Movement: and ideology of citizenship equality, 71 , 72
and termination of the bracero program, 70 -71
Competition: among ethnic farm workers, 125 -127
among lettuce workers and crews, 130 -131
Control: and competition in the labor process, 125 -129
over labor process in lettuce industry, 142 -151 passim, 174 -176, 178 -181
Crews: composition of different, 93 -102 passim
similarities to other work groups, 55 , 97
variations in earnings by, 108 -114
E
Edwards, Richard, 17 -20 passim, 23 -24
Ethnicity, 56 -62 passim.
See also Braceros
Chinese farm workers;
Filipino farm workers
Green-cards, Mexican farm workers
Undocumented workers
Farm workers, 35 -49 passim
wages, 38 -39.
See also Braceros
Chinese farm workers
Filipino farm workers
Green-cards
Labor force
Mexican farm workers
Undocumented workers
Filipino farm workers, 35
Fisher, Lloyd, 36 , 43 -49 passim
Friedland, William, 79
G
Gender: and earnings, 111 -116
and expectations about performance at work, 192 -193
harassment on the basis of, 180 -181
and labor and labor force stability, 114 , 183 -186, 196 -197
and labor supply, 114 -115, 181 -201
and management control, 178 -181, 194 -196
and patriarchy, 222 -224
and sexual division of labor, 187 -191, 197 -199
and theories of social class, 197 -199
Green-cards, 73 -76
as workers in lettuce industry, 89 -91
Growers: grower-shippers, 80 -83
and industry structure, 80 -83 passim, 85 -86
and organizations, 61 -62
union-busting tactics, 62
wage-fixing efforts, 66
Gouldner, Alvin, 97
H
Hartmann, Heidi, 222 -223
Human capital: and earnings, 109 -110
and income determination among farm workers, 114 -116
I
Immigration policy, 209 -213
Simpson-Mazzoli legislation, 212 -213.
See also Citizenship
Undocumented workers
J
Jenkins, J. Craig, and Charles Perrow, 70
L
Labor force, 86 -92
citizen, 88 -89
female, 198 -201
green-card, 89 -91
at Miracle Vegetable Co., 139 -142
recruitment and organization of, 54 -56
undocumented, 91 -92
internal, 15 -16
neoclassical economic approaches, 41 -42
structured and unstructured, 43 -49 passim
Labor process, 20 -26
Marxian theories of, 20 -26, 209 -213
gender and, 171 -172
in lettuce harvesting, 1 -2, 4 -5, 92 -94, 171 -172, 178 -181 passim
and systems of managerial control, 23 -24.
See also Crews
Wrapping machines
Labor supply, 48 -50
in agriculture, 52 -77 passim
employer control over, 62 -64
political constraints on 67 -68.
See also Bracero programs
Labor markets
Undocumented workers
Lettuce, 4
contract production, 82 -83
distribution of, 80
landownership in, 85
producers of, 81 -83
production history of, 86 -87
structure of industry, 80 -86
M
McWilliams, Carey, 51
Majka, Linda and Theo, 70 -71
Maricopa County Organizing Project (MCOP), 165
Marshall, T. H., 72 , 217 -218
Mechanized harvesting, 10 -11, 73 -74
Methodology, 28 -34
case study, 136 -137
interview, 31 -32
qualitative, 32
triangulation in, 33 -34
Mexican farm workers, 10 -12, 61 .
See also Braceros
Documented workers
Green-cards
Undocumented workers
Migration: under Bracero program, 62 -64
enforced, 46 -47
of lettuce companies, 85
among lettuce workers, 90 , 92
Miracle Vegetable Company, 41 , 137 -152 passim
R
Rural sociology, critiques of, 29 -30, 78 -79
S
Simpson-Mazzoli legislation, 212 -213
Stinchcombe, Arthur, 55
T
Teamsters (International Brotherhood of) 71 -72
and Miracle Vegetable Co., 138 -139
representation of workers by, 138
U
Undocumented workers, 67 -69, 74 -77
earnings of, 114 -116
distribution by crew 111 -112, 148
and immigration policy, 76 , 211 -213
in lettuce labor force, 90 -92
manipulation of' by foremen, 151 -153
as ratebusters, 130
recruitment of, 67 , 74 -76, 146 -148
relations with documented workers, 150 -151
as "special workers," 68 , 117 -121
as strikebreakers, 145
Unions. See American Federation of Labor
Teamsters
United Farm WorkersUnited Farm Workers (UFW): and foremen's authority, 150 , 154 -156
hiring halls, 162 -163
impact on work organization, 159 -161
and lettuce workers, 164
relations with other unions, 165
seniority provisions, 154 -157, 159 -160, 165 -166
and undocumented workers, 160 -162
V
Verde Lettuce, Inc., 41 , 152 -167
W
as a political entitlement, 218 -219
and undocumented immigrants, 89
Western Growers Association, 61 , 65
Wrapping machines: diagram of, 99
employment of women on, 177 -181 passim
estimated cost, 100
impacts on harvest labor process, 100 -101
labor process in, 98 -102, 174 -177 passim
Designer: U.C. Press Staff
Compositor: Prestige Typography
Printer: Edwards Bros., Inc.
Binder: Edwards Bros., Inc.
Text: 10/12 Baskerville
Display: Palatino