Index
A
Activism, cultural, xvii
Adolescents, urban, 85
Adult education circles, 97 . See also People's houses; People's universities
Adult Education Division (Narkompros), 35 , 41 , 55 ;
budget of, 44 ;
and clubs, 186 .
See also Glavpolitprosvet
Agitprop, 196 , 224
AKhRR (Association of Revolutionary Russian Artists), 230 , 231
Aleksandrov, Grigorii, 243
Aleksandrovskii, Vasilii, 161
Andreev, A. A., 47
Anti-intellectualism, 110 ;
in Proletkult movement, 105 -6
Archangel Proletkult, 75 n, 83 , 125 , 188 , 219
Are you Listening, Moscow? (Slyshish', Moskva? ) (play), 241
Arskii, Pavel, xv n, 84 , 103 , 142 , 143 ;
elected to national governing council, 102
Art:
experimental, 146 -52;
production, 151 -52, 157 , 244 ;
proletarian, 122 -24, 131 -34, 140 -41, 158 ;
worker-centered, 137 -46
Artisans, 62 ;
membership in Proletkult of, 74 -75;
as threat to proletarian values, 74
Artists:
professionalization of, 152 -59;
proletarian, 144 ;
as Proletkult staff members, 110 -11
Arts, visual, 143 -44;
experimental, 150 -51;
Proletkult sponsorship of, 241 -42
Arvatov, Boris, 151 , 153 , 241 -42
Authors, proletarian, 18 -19, 154
Avant-garde movement, 123 , 240 . See also Futurism
Avenarius, Richard, 5
The Avenger (Mstitel ') (play), 142
Avraamov, Arsenii, 13 , 111 , 133 , 147 , 242 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 28
B
Bagdateva, Elena, 180
Barnaul Proletkult, 149
Belev Proletkult, 109 , 119
Belyi, Andrei, 111
Bessalko, Pavel, 26 , 131 , 138 , 141
Biomechanics (in drama), 149 , 240
Blagonravov, Fedor, 40 , 108 -9
Blinkov, V. M., 105
Bliumenfeld, V. M., 244
Blue Shirt (Siniaia Bluza) (theater group), 230
Bogdanov, Aleksandr:
attacked by Pravda , 203 ;
career of, 108 ;
on class purity, 107 ;
and collectivism, 94 ;
and Communist Party, 37 ;
in conflicts with Lenin, xx -xxii, xxiii , 10 , 193 ;
denounced by Bukharin, 214 ;
dismissed from Proletkult, 215 ;
as editor of Proletarian Culture , 49 ;
educational ideals of, 164 , 165 -71, 192 ;
on family life, 174 ;
and first national conference, 45 , 47 ;
as lecturer, 72 ;
and left Bolsheviks, 4 ;
participates in 1920 plenum, 207 ;
and peasantry, 64 , 79 ;
politically suspect under Lenin, xviii ;
and problem of revolutionary leadership, 92 ;
on proletarian culture, 8 -9, 110 , 131 , 253 ;
on proletarian science, 162 -63;
and stylistic innovation, 146 -52;
theories of 1 , 2 ;
and vision of Proletkult, 43 , 89 ;
in Vpered circle, 9 -10;
Western studies of, xxii ;
on working-class art, 137
Bogdanov, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 58
Bologna school, 98 , 131 , 164 , 174
Bolsheviks:
and class alliances, 64 ;
and complexities of working class, 63 ;
at end of Civil War, 194 -95;
and family life, 174 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 27 ;
and reorganization of cultural life, 33 ;
young membership of, 86 .
See also Communist Party
Bourgeoisie, 67 , 93 ;
values of, 9 ;
workers' dependence on, 10
The Bricklayer (Kamenshchik ) (play), 141
Brik, Osip, 26 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 28 -29
Briusov, Valeryi, 111
Bukharin, Nikolai, 200 , 214 , 215 , 222
Bureaucracy, Soviet, expansion of, 76
Burliuk, David, 58
C
Capri school, 6 -7, 9 , 98 , 131 , 164 , 174
Central Economic Council (Vesenkha), 34 , 35
Chekan, Viktoriia, 112
Chief Committee for Political Education (Narkompros). See Glavpolitprosvet
Children, proletarian, 180 -81
Children's Proletkults (Detskie Proletkul'ty ), 181 -82
Chuvinok, Anton, 105
Chuzhak, Nikolai, 58 , 111 , 239
Civil War:
as cohesive force for the state, 194 ;
and disruption of social hierarchy, 256 -57;
effect of on class distinctions, 84 ;
effect of on factory workers, 70 , 72 ;
effect of on industry, 72 ;
effect of on Proletkult, xviii , 70 ;
effect of on workers' leadership, 116 ;
in Proletkult drama, 142
Class purity, 65 , 69 , 78 , 97
Clubs, 183 -91, 233 -39;
during Civil War, 184 ;
criticism of, 188 -89;
function of, 186 ;
importance of stressed by Proletkult, 208 ;
during revolution, 184 n.
See also Workers' clubs
Collectivism, 93 -94, 173 , 215
Collectivists in Proletkult, 217
Communist Party:
attacks on local Proletkults by, 211 ;
in Civil War, 116 ;
and clubs, 185 ;
and dissolution of cultural circles, 249 ;
and Proletkult, 37 -39, 255 ;
role of in early Soviet state, 34 , 38 ;
social diversity of, 88 ;
women in, 174 .
See also Bolsheviks
Communist Party Central Committee, 214 ;
suppression of Proletkult autonomy by, 193 , 198 , 202 -5
Congress of Soviets, 23 , 28
Constructivism, 247
Cossacks, 64
Create! (Tvori! ) (Proletkult journal), 150
Creation (Tvorchestvo ) (Narkompros journal), 150 , 206
Culture:
bourgeois, 3 , 8 , 18 , 19 , 30 , 168 , 208 ;
Bogdanov on proletarian, 8 -9;
defined by Bolsheviks, xvi ;
Lenin's views on, xvi , 225 , 226 ;
links of with politics, 20 ;
proletarian, xix , 1 , 2 -3, 10 , 29 , 123 , 160 , 221 -28;
Proletkult's views of, xxvi ;
Russian, xvi , 2
Culture of the Future (Griadushchaia kul'tura ) (Proletkult journal), xxvii
D
Dawn of the Future (Zori griadushchego ) (Proletkult journal), xxvii , 99 , 140
Dawn of the Proletkult (play), 240
"Declaration of Children's Rights," 180
Democratic Centralists, 195
Division for Proletarian Culture (Narkompros), 45
Divorce, 174
Dodonova, Anna, 40 , 239 n;
career of, 108 ;
and production art, 151 -52
Don't Go (Ne khodi ) (play), 148 , 177
Drama:
collective, 148 ;
Russian, 13
Duma, 21
E
Education:
adult, 11 -16;
and political activism, 15 ;
popular, 2 -3
Eisenstein, Sergei, 111 , 149 , 240 , 244
Ekaterinodar, 51 n
Eleventh Party Congress, 222 , 225
Elkina, Dora, 41
Empiriomonism (Bogdanov), 5 , 200
Encyclopedia, proletarian, 48
Engineer Menni (Bogdanov), 163 -64
Enough Simplicity for Every Wise Man (Ostrovsky), 240
Esenin, Sergei, 79 , 147
Exile schools, 6 -7, 97 , 98 , 100 , 131 , 164
F
Factory clubs, 176 ;
Proletkult control of, 212
Factory committees:
and cultural work, 24 -25, 33 ;
in February Revolution, 22 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 27 , 53
Factory Proletkult organizations, 54 , 71 , 77 , 188 , 220
Faidysh, Vladimir, 69n, 108 , 201 , 219
Family, proletarian, 173 -83;
values of, 173
February Revolution (1917), 21 , 29 , 116 ;
educational reforms in, 22
First Five-Year Plan, 245 -51;
cultural ramifications of, 245 ;
and growth of Proletkult, 229
First National Conference. See National Founding Conference (1918)
First Workers' Socialist Club (Kostroma), 187
First Workers' Theater (Moscow), 240 , 241 , 242 -43
Folk music, 125 , 134
For the Red Soviets (Za krasnye sovety ) (play), 142
Forward (Vpered ) (journal), 98
The Foundry (Kuznitsa ) (journal), 102 , 155
Furnace (Gorn ) (Proletkult journal), 150 , 151 , 221 ;
demise of, 234
The Future (Griadushchee ) (Proletkult journal), xxvii , 52 , 82 , 132 ;
editorial policies of, 139 -40
Futurism, 204 , 205 , 239 -40;
attacked by Proletkult, 145 ;
denunciations of, 149 , 150
G
Gas Masks (Protivogazy ) (play), 241
Gastev, Aleksei, 10 , 71 , 101 n;
and organization of Proletkult, 101
Gerasimov, Mikhail, 18 , 98 , 122 , 138 , 147 , 176 , 258 ;
criticism of Proletkult by, 155 ;
early career of, 99 -100;
leaves Proletkult, 102 ;
in Paris, 10 ;
and peasantry, 65 ;
and Samara Proletkult, 101
Ginzburg, Raisa, 216 , 234
Glavpolitprosvet, 189 , 196 -97, 207 , 208 , 209 ;
financial support of Proletkult, 218 , 219 -20.
See also Adult Education Division (Narkompros)
Glière, Reinhold, 111 , 133
Glizer, Iuliia, 243
Glow of the Factories (Zarevo zavodov ) (Proletkult journal), 101 , 109 , 140 , 154
GOMZ (Tsentral'noe pravlenie gosudarstvennykh ob" edinennykh mashinostroiternykh zavodov ), 71
Gorky, Maxim, 4 , 18 , 247 ;
breaks with Lunacharskii, 7 ;
and Capri school, 6 ,7;
defends proletarian literature, 19
Gripich, Aleksei, 241
Gumilev, Nikolai, 111
H
The Hammer (Molot ) (Proletkult journal), 140
Herald of Knowledge (Vestnik znaniia ) (journal), 14
Hymns, revolutionary, 140 -41
I
Iakolev, Iakov, 224 , 225
Ignatov, Vasilii, 56 -57, 69 n, 98 , 201 ;
and first national conference, 45 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 101 ;
and Tula Proletkult, 101 , 104 ;
and women workers, 179
Imagery, industrial, 123 , 140
Improbable, but Possible (Neveroiatno, no vozmozhno ) (play), 142
Individualism, 94 ;
in Proletkult, 94 -95
Institute for Artistic Culture (Narkompros), 149
Intellectuals, 67 , 254 ;
criticized by Proletkult, 106 ;
involvement of in adult education, 15 ;
as laborers, 3 , 75 -79;
membership of in Communist Party,
107 ;
in proletarian movements, 31 ;
in proletariat, 157 ;
in Proletkult, xxiv -xxv, 76 -77, 93 , 95 -97, 105 -15, 117 ;
in Soviet government, 91 ;
women, 178 ;
and workers' clubs, 17 ;
and working class, 11 -12, 120
International Women's Day, 235
"In the Proletkult" (Pletnev), 223
The Iron Messiah (Zheleznyi messiia ) (poetry), 99
Iudenich, N. N., xv
Iustinskii, V., 149
Ivanovo-Voznesensk Proletkult: clubs, 189 ;
constituency of, 77 ;
district branches of, 73 ;
financial problems of under new Economic Policy, 212
Izhevsk Proletkult (Viatka province), 53 , 57 , 94 n, 71 , 104 ;
intellectuals in, 118
K
Kalinin, Fedor: in Capri school, 7 , 41 , 42 , 49 , 98 , 258 ;
and clubs, 185 ;
death of, 94 , 102 ;
early career of, 98 ;
as link between Proletkult and Narkompros, 101 ;
and Metalworkers' Union, 71 ;
and musical curriculum, 141 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 26 , 28 ;
in paris, 10 ;
and Proletkult's mission, 43 ;
and role of intellectuals, 96
Kaminskii, Grigorii, 179
Karl Leibknecht University, 167 -68, 169
Karl Marx University of Proletarian Culture (Tver), 170
Kastalskii, Aleksandr, 13 , 111 , 113 , 134
Katurkin, Timofei, 111 , 119 , 134
Kerzhentsev, Platon, 26 , 109 , 110 , 133 , 144 ;
and first national conference, 45
Khersonskaia, E. P., 45 , 88
Khodasevich, Vladislav, 111 , 135
Kirillov, Vladimir, 18 , 92 , 138 , 217 , 255 ;
early career of, 99 ;
extremism of, 131 ;
leaves Proletkult, 102 ;
and "Smithy," 155 ;
and Tambov Proletkult, 101
Klychkov, Sergei, 147
Kollontai, Aleksandra, 174 , 175 , 195
Kologriv Proletkult (Kostroma province):
closure of, 210 ;
intellectuals in, 118 ;
music studio of, 114 ;
peasants in, 80 -82
Komissarzhevskaia, Vera, 114
Komsomol (Communist Party youth organization), 33 , 86 -87
Konenkov, Sergei, 134 , 147 -48
Kossior, Vladimir, 40 , 102 ;
and Metalworkers' Union, 71
Kostroma Proletkult, 73 -74, 154 ;
clubs, 187 ;
studios in, 127 ;
women members of, 178
Kozochkin, Andrei, 57 , 102 , 104
Krasin, Boris, 144
Kritsberg, Lazar, 241
Krivtsov, Stefan, 156 , 189 ;
and first national conference, 45 ;
and Karl Liebknecht University, 167
Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 35 , 41 , 55 , 197 -98;
attacks on Proletkult by, 224
Kuban People's University (Ekaterinodar), 12
Kuznetsov Proletkult, 220
L
Labor and Creation (Trud i tvorchestvo ) (Smolensk Proletkult journal), 132
Laboratory method, 128
Lebedev-Polianskii, Pavel, 4 , 10 , 39 , 67 ;
and class purity, 106 -7;
and composition of Proletkult, 64 ;
early career of, 107 -8;
and first national conference, 45 , 46 , 49 ;
in Geneva, 10 ;
mobilization of, 55 ;
at national plenum (1920), 206 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 26 , 42 -43;
and Petrograd Proletkult, 119 ;
in Proletarian Culture , 110 ;
on proletarian culture, 160 ;
and Proletkult's mission, 43 ;
on provincial journals, 136 ;
resigns from Proletkult, 206 ;
and role of clubs, 176 ;
and role of intellectuals, 96 ;
on working-class art, 137 -38
Left Bolsheviks, 4 , 6 , 7 , 10 . See also Vpered (Forward) circle.
Léger, Fernand, 150
Lena (Pletnev), 142 , 240
Lenin: assassination attempt on, 46 ;
attacks Pletnev, 224 -25;
on culture, xvi , 199 , 225 -26, 245 ;
and legal status of Proletkult, 201 ;
materialism of, 4 ;
methods of party organization by, 4 ;
opposes Bogdanov, xxiii , 193 ;
opposes Proletkult, 130 , 196 , 198 -99, 201 -2, 224 -25, 232
Leningrad Proletkult, 244 ;
musical productions of, 242 .
See also Petrograd Proletkult
Lenin State Sugar Factory Proletkult (Kursk province), 53 ;
literacy classes at, 82
Lie, Vladislava, 109
Life of the Arts (Zhizn' iskusstv ) (Kologriv Proletkult journal), 132 , 135
Ligovskii People's House, 14
Literature: experimental, 147 -48;
Proletkult sponsorship of, 242 ;
themes in, 135 -36, 138 , 141 -42
Liubimov, Grigorii, 113 , 133
Local Proletkults, 51 -59;
composition of, 74 ;
leadership of, 94
Loiter, Naum, 241
Lower classes: leadership in Proletkult, 97 -105
Lukino Proletkult (Tver province), 87
Lunacharskii, Anatolii, xvii , 4 , 25 , 36 ;
and autonomy of Proletkuh, 59 ;
breaks with Gorky, 7 ;
as Commissar of Enlightenment, 205 ;
in compromises with Narkompros, 197 ;
and demise of Proletkult, 226 ;
disgrace of, 246 ;
on importance of art, 19 ;
and international Proletkult, 200 ;
in organization of Proletkult, 28 , 29 , 30 , 253 ;
in Paris, 10 ;
at Proletkult National Congress (October 1920), 156 -57, 200 ;
vision of Proletkult movement, 31
M
Mach, Ernst, 5
Maiskii, Ivan, 23 -24
Mandelbaum, B. D., 29
Marx, Karl, on proletarian class rule, 8
Marxism, in people's schools, 14
Marxists, Russian, 63
Marxist theory, reinterpretation of by left Bolsheviks, 4
Mashirov, Aleksei. See Samo-bytnik-Mashirov, Aleksei
Materialism and Empiriocriticism (Lenin), 7 , 200
Metalworkers, during Civil War, 71 , 72
Metalworkers' Union, 71 -72, 194
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 149 , 240
Mgebrov, Aleksandr, 88 , 103 , 112 , 113 ;
and collective readings, 148
Ministry of Education, 22
Moscow, as center of Proletkult, activity, 45
Moscow Metalworkers' Union, 72
Moscow Proletarian University, 165
Moscow Proletkult, 54 ;
and anniversary of revolution, 129 ;
art studio of, 114 -15;
and factory clubs, 187 ;
founding of, 40 -41;
literary studios of, 135 ;
music studio of, 113 -14, 134 , 242 ;
theater of, 85 , 103 ;
traveling studio of, 142 -43
Moscow Proletkult Conference (1918), 185
Moscow Province Proletkult, 83
Music: experimental, 123 , 147 ;
Proletkult sponsorship of, 242 .
See also Studios
Music collectives, 143
N
Narkompros, 33 -36;
and closing of Kologriv Proletkult, 82 ;
and clubs, 185 ;
in conflicts with Proletkult, 40 -41, 43 , 47 , 56 -57, 59 , 200 -213;
and founding of Proletkult branches, 53 ;
funding of, 209 ;
reorganization of, 208 ;
support of Proletkult by, 89 , 218 -19
National Congress (1921), 105 , 214 ;
delegates to, 77
National Congress (October 1920), 156 -57, 201 ;
guidelines on art from, 157
National Founding Conference (1918), 88 , 96 , 98. See also Proletkult, founding of
Nazarov, Georgii, 103 -4;
elected to national governing council, 102
Nechaev, Egor, 18
Nevskii, V. A., 74
Nevskii, V. I., 168 ;
attacks Bogdanov, 200
New Economic Policy, xviii , 228 ;
and decline of Proletkult, 211 , 215 ;
denunciation of, 214 ;
end of, 245 ;
and proletarian culture, 229
New Journal for Everyone (Novyi zhurnal dlia vsekh ), 14
New Life (Novaia zhizn' ) (newspaper), 25 , 27
Nihilism, cultural, 130
Nikitin, I. I., 26
Nikolaitsev, Valentin, 109
Novikov, S., 169
O
October Revolution, xviii ;
and cultural activities, 33 .
See also Russian Revolution
Omsk Proletkult, 219
On Guard (Na postu ) (VAPP journal), 231 -32
"On the Ideological Front" (Pletnev), 222 -23
"On the Proletkults" (Pravda article), 203 -4
Ozolin, Ianis, 114 , 141
Ozol-Prednek, Karl, 40 , 98
P
Palace of Proletarian Culture (Petrograd), 44 , 129
Panina, Countess, 14 , 22 , 99 , 100
Paper, scarcity of, 126
Parfenev Proletkult (Kostroma province), 66 , 128
Peasants, 62 , 64 , 65 , 195 , 209 ;
in factory organizations, 82 ;
in
Peasants (continued )
February Revolution, 21 ;
in Proletkult, 79 -84, 235 ;
as soldiers, 83 ;
views of Bogdanov on, 64 -65, 79 -80;
views of Bolsheviks on, 63
People's Commissariat of Enlightenment. See Narkompros
People's Conservatory (Moscow), 13
People's houses (narodnye doma ), 13 -16, 100 ;
in World War I, 20
People's theaters, 13 , 132
People's universities, 3 , 12 , 164 , 170
Petrograd: assault on, xv ;
food shortages in, xv
Petrograd Proletkult, 88 , 109 , 129 , 141 ;
autonomy of, 36 ;
club division of; 186 ;
intellectuals in, 118 ;
size of, 68 ;
Socialist Education Division of, 171 ;
theater of, xv , 51 , 112 -13, 114 .
See also Leningrad Proletkult
Pinegina, L. A., xxii
Pletnev, Valerian, 220 , 239 n, 241 ;
contributions of to Workers' Club , 234 ;
and cultural revolution, 246 ;
in dealings with Lenin, 202 ;
in dealings with local Proletkults, 216 ;
and decline of Proletkult, 213 ;
defends Proletkult, 209 , 222 -24, 253 ;
dramatic works of, 142 ;
early career of, 102 -3;
elected to national governing council, 102 ;
opposes New Economic Policy, 222 -23;
succeeds Lebedev-Polianskii, 207
Poetry, proletarian, 122 , 139 -140
Pokrovskii, Mikhail, 201
Polekova factory Proletkult, 133 , 188
Politburo, 202 , 214 ;
and cooperation with Proletkult, 217 ;
and debates on proletarian culture, 221 -22;
and demise of Proletkult, 226
Politprosvet, 210
Polonskii, Viacheslav, 245
Popova, Liubov, 111
Posters, 129
Potresov, Aleksandr, 18 -19
Pozhidaev, Dmitrii, 181
Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 38
Press, popular, 13 -14
Professionalization in the arts, 152 -59;
and worker-artists, 153
Proletarian cultural-educational organizations. See Proletkult
Proletarian Culture (journal), 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 55 , 57 , 150 , 188 , 189 , 200 , 207 ;
demise of, 221
Proletarian Writers' Union, 102 , 246. See also VAPP
Proletariat: characteristics of, 65 ;
after Civil War, 225 ;
definition of, xxvi , 62 -63;
after revolution, 225.
See also Working class
Proletkult:
artistic practice of, 239 -45:
autonomy of, xxv , 32 , 36 -44, 46 , 47 , 50 , 54 , 60 -61, 121 , 193 , 194 , 196 -205, 255 ;
and avant-garde, 240 ;
Bolsheviks among, 39 , 63 ;
during Civil War, 32 , 71 ;
class-based ideology of, 111 ;
and clubs, 185 -91, 234 -39;
in collaboration with Red Army, 83 ;
and Communist Party, 32 , 37 -39, 67 , 198 ;
in competition for influence, 34 -36;
constituency of, 32 , 61 -62;
cultural prac-
tices of, 124 -30, 130 -37, 158 , 214 -21;
decline of, xxvii -xxix, 158 , 205 -13, 227 -28, 233 , 256 ;
definition of, 67 ;
demise of, xviii , 249 -50;
denunciation of by Lenin, 232 ;
emergence of, 3 , 10 ;
expansion of, 50 , 257 ;
and family life, 175 -77, 192 ;
financial difficulties of, 218 -20;
during First Five-Year Plan, 245 -50, 256 , 257 ;
founding of, xviii , 21 -31, 26 -30, 45 -50;
funding, 44 , 48 , 212 ;
identified as Bogdanov's movement, xxiii ;
ideology of, 61 ;
intellectual foundations for, 3 ;
international branch of, 200 -201;
leadership of, 49 , 93 -97, 117 ;
legal status of questioned, 201 ;
literary activities of, 126 , 135 -36;
loss of autonomy by, 196 -205, 202 -5, 210 , 232 ;
membership of, xix , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 ;
mission of, xviii -xix, 42 -44, 55 , 123 , 152 , 254 -55;
music studios of, 13 , 133 -34;
and Narkompros, 40 -44, 47 , 50 , 56 -57, 89 , 203 , 206 ;
national agenda of, 44 -50;
in national plenum (December 1920), 206 -8;
during New Economic Policy, 84 , 158 , 190 , 215 -16, 224 , 227 -245, 256 , 257 ;
nihilism of, 130 ;
peasants in, 79 -84, 235 ;
period of influence by, xviii ;
and plenum (1922), 218 -20;
political agenda of, 236 ;
principles of, xx , xxv -xxvi;
and problem of revolutionary leadership, 92 ;
and professionalization, 243 ;
provincial branches of, 51 -59, 67 ;
radicals in, 92 , 174 ;
and rejuvenation during "Stalin revolution," 247 ;
relationship to state of, 29 , 31 , 41 -43, 46 ;
and religion, 236 ;
reorganization of, 205 -13;
role of intellectuals in, 117 , 120 -21;
size of, 68 , 221 , 246 -47;
social agenda of, 160 -61;
social composition of, xxiv , 89 , 233 -34;
social programs of, 232 -39;
structure of, 49 -50;
studios of, 126 -29;
successors to, 230 -31;
teachers in, 111 -12;
union control of, 237 , 243 , 244 ;
utopianism of, 160 -61, 191 -92, 254 , 256 ;
views of Soviet research on, xxi -xxii;
vision of the proletariat by, xix ;
and Vpredists, 43 ;
Western studies of, xxii ;
women in, 177 -80, 183 ;
youth in, 84 -88, 180 -82.
See also under individual cities
Proletkult Congress (1921). See National Congress (1921)
Proletkult (Tver journal), 132
Provisional Government, 21 , 31 ;
and cultural policy, 22 -23
Pudemskii factory Proletkult, 71 , 94 n, 188
Pumpianskii, Lev, 144
Pushkino Proletkult (Moscow province), 77
R
Railroad workers, 72
RAPM (Russian Association for Proletarian Musicians), 230 , 249
RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), 246 , 248 , 249
Realism, and proletarian art, 144
Red Army, 52 , 70 ;
collaboration of with Proletkult, 83 ;
cultural activities of, 33 ;
and problem
Red Army (continued )
of revolutionary leadership, 93 ;
sponsorship of theater by, 34 ;
Volga campaign of, 46
Red Army clubs, 83
Red Guards, youth in, 86
Red Star (Bogdanov), 5 , 174
Red Virgin Soil (Krasnaia nov' ) (journal), 231
Revolution of 1905, 11 , 16 , 17
Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 244
Rogzinskii, N. V., 168
Roslavets, Nikolai, 136 , 147
Rostopchina, M. A., 178 -79, 234
Rostov on Don Proletkult, 220
Rozanova, Olga, 111 , 150
Russian Revolution, 91 ;
effect on workers' leadership, 116 .
See also October Revolution
Rybinsk Proletkult, 77 , 126 , 182 ;
theater studio of, 148
S
Sadofev, Ilia, xxix , 98 , 138
Samobytnik-Mashirov, Aleksei, 18 , 49 , 96 , 98 , 109 , 118 , 138 ;
and compromises with Narkompros, 197 ;
early career of, 100 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 26 ;
and proletarian science, 163 ;
and role of intellectuals, 95 ;
and "Smithy," 155
Saratoy Proletkult, 211 ;
art studio of, 114 , 149 ;
literary studio of, 105
Scholarships, 154 , 156 , 158
Science: proletarian, 161 -73, 223 , 257 ;
and socialist system, 162 -63
"Science and Life" (St. Petersburg educational society), 20
Scientific Organization of Labor (Nauchnaia Organizatsiia Truda), 236
Second Comintern Congress (August 1920), 200
Second Duma (1907), 3
Second Front Troupe, 130
Self-education (samoobrazovanie ), 17 ;
circles of, 3
Shcheglov, Dmitrii, 118 -19
Shipova, Mariia, 114
Shklovskii, Viktor, 125
The Shot (Vystrel ) (play), 247
Shtraukh, Maksim, 86 , 111 , 243
Shuia factory Proletkult, 211 -12
Siberian Proletkult, 247
Sidorov, A. A., 144
Smit, Mariia, 164 , 170 -71
"Smithy" (rival of Proletkult), 155
Smolensk Proletkult, 213 ;
science section of, 171
Smyshliaev, Valentin, 114 , 127 , 216 -17
Social categories, confusion of, 78
Social Democratic Party, 3 -4, 173
Socialism, Russian, 1 , 173 ;
as human religion, 5
Socialist realism, 250 -51
Society of Proletarian Writers, 26
Soldiers in Proletkult, 83
Songs of Struggle (Pesni bor'by ) (poetry), 103
Soviets, 23
Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 111 , 127
State and Revolution (Lenin), 161
Sterenberg, David, 146
Strikes (Stachki ) (play), 142
Strike (Stachka ) (film), 241
Struggle (Bor'ba ) (journal), 98
Studios, 126 -29, 208 , 210 ;
fine art, 134 -35, 234 ;
laboratory methods of, 128 ;
literary, 135 -
36;
in Moscow, 128 ;
music, 133 -34;
organization of, 127 ;
performances for Red Army by, 129 ;
and revolutionary activities, 129 ;
science, 170 , 171 , 172 , 209
Sugar Workers' Union, 73
Sunday school movement, 12
Sverdlov Communist University, 168 -69
T
Tambov Proletkult, 44 , 53 ;
art studios of, 129 ;
decline of, 219 ;
literary studios of, 135 ;
music studio of, 128 , 134 ;
theater of, 75
Tarabukin, Nikolai, 149 , 236
Tenth Party Congress (March 1921), 195 , 208 , 209
Textile workers, 73 , 212
Theater: collective, 148 -49;
ex-perimental, 123 , 148 -49, 240 ;
improvisation in, 148 ;
popularity of, 125 ;
proletarian, 133 , 141 -43;
Proletkult sponsorship of, 242 -43;
symbolist, 114
Tobacco Workers' Union, 73
"Tonal-plastic movement" (theater), 149
Trainin, Ilia, 109 , 145 -46, 217 ;
opposes experimentation, 147
TRAM (Theater of Working Class Youth), 230 , 231 , 246 ;
absorption by Komsomol, 249
Tretiakov, Sergei, 111 , 239 , 240
Trotsky, Leon, xvii , 231
Trusteeship of the People's Temperance, 13
Tsinovskii, Leonid, 219
Tula Proletkult: art studios of, 128 -39;
music section of, 124 ;
women members of, 178 -79;
youth in, 86
Tver Proletkult, 109 , 182 , 211 , 212 ;
closing of, 233 ;
membership rules of, 66
U
Under the Banner of Marxism (Pod znarnenem marksizma ) (journal), 222
Unions, 20 , 175 ;
after Tenth Party Congress, 209 ;
in clubs, 3 ;
as competitors to Proletkult, 209 ;
in conflicts with Proletkult, 211 , 213 , 237 ;
cultural activities of, 23 , 33 ;
at end of Civil War, 194 ;
in February Revolution, 21 , 22 ;
and founding of Proletkult branches, 53 .
See also under individual unions
Universities, proletarian, 164 -65, 169 ;
students at, 167
Utopianism, xxvii , 160 -61, 191
V
VAPP (Proletarian Writers' Union), 230 -31
Vasilev-Buglai, Dmitrii, 133 , 143
Vladikavkaz Proletkult, 57 -58, 182
Vladivostok Proletkult, founding of, 58
Volkonskii, Prince Sergei, 33 , 112 -13
Voronskii, Aleksandr, 231
Vpered (Forward) circle, 7 -8, 9 , 10 -11, 15 , 207 ;
critique of Lenin by, 8 ;
and factory committees, 25 ;
and organization of Proletkult, 27 .
See also Left Bolsheviks
W
Waves (Vzmakhi ) (Proletkult journal), 149 -50
We are Collectivists (My—kollek tivisty ) (pamphlet), 214 -15
White Army, 51 n
White-collar workers, 62 , 75 -79;
hostility of to laborers, 76 , 78 ;
included in Proletkult, 76 -78
Whites, 194
Without Regard to Individuals (Hevziraia na litsa ) (play), 247
Women: in Bogdanov's writings, 174 ;
in the communist Party, 174 ;
in Proletkult, 178 -80, 183 , 235 ;
in Proletkult art, 176 ;
as workers, 173
Workers' Club (Rabochii klub ) (Proletkult journal), 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 243
Workers' clubs, 189 ;
creation of, 16 ;
and people's universities, 17 ;
as vehicles for scientific education, 172 -73.
See also Clubs
Workers' control, failure of, 115 -21;
in factories, 115 -16
Workers' Opposition, 194 -95, 208 -9, 214
Workers' organizations, 11 , 16 -21;
in February Revolution, 22 ;
repression in World War I, 20
Worker's Paper (Rabochaia gazeta ), 27
Workers' Theater, 244
"Workers' Truth" (Rabochaia pravda ) (group), 233
Working class, 8 , 223 ;
in Civil War, 70 , 72 , 116 -17;
definition of, 119 ;
education of, 10 , 12 ;
hierarchies in, 63 ;
male domination of, 176 ;
in Proletkult, 69 -75;
Proletkult's vision of, xx ;
relation of to intellectuals, 120 .
See also Proletariat
Workshops. See Studios
World War I, effect on Proletkult, 70
Writers' Congress (1934), 230 n
Y
Youth, 180 -82;
classlessness of, 87 -88;
in Proletkult, 84 -88
Z
Zhenotdel (women's division of Communist Party), 174 , 182
Zubova, P. N., 130 , 178
Zugrin, Aleksandr, 150
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