Mesocosm
  PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 collapse sectionChapter One  Introduction
 •The Background of This Study
 •How The Study Was Done

 collapse sectionPART ONE  ORIENTATIONS AND CONTEXTS
 collapse sectionChapter Two  Orientations
 •Bhaktapur and the Newars
 collapse sectionWays of Looking at the Organization of Bhaktapur
 •Ballet
 •Typological Conceits: The Archaic City
 •Historical Conceits: The Ancient Indo-European City and the Axial Age
 •Typological Conceits: Kinds Of Minds—A Continent in the Great Divide
 •Organizational Conceits: The Civic Function of Symbolism in Bhaktapur and, Presumably, in Other Such Archaic Cities
 •Organizational Conceits: Embedded And Marked Symbolism
 •Typological Conceits: Hinduism As An Archaic Kind of Symbol System And Bhaktapur As A Hindu Climax Community
 •Psychological Conceits: What Is A Newar That He or She May Know Bhaktapur
 collapse sectionChapter Three  Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History
 •Introduction
 •Nepal
 •The Kathmandu Valley
 •Notes On Early Newar History
 •Bhaktapur's Beginnings
 •Jayasthiti Malla and the Ordering of Bhaktapur
 •From Jayasthiti Malla to the Fall of the Newar Polity
 •The Gorkhali State, And the Submerging of the Newars in Greater Nepal
 •The 1950 Revolution Against The Rana Regime
 collapse sectionChapter Four  Bhaktapur's Other Order
 •Introduction
 •The Physical City
 •Some Demographic Notes
 •Population Density
 •Bhaktapur's Demography: Newars And Hindu Newars
 •The Hinterland
 •Relation To The Central Government
 •The Agricultural Economy
 •The Nonagricultural Economy
 •A Summary Note
 collapse sectionChapter Five  The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System
 •Introduction: Thar And Macrostatus Levels
 •The Thar
 •An Excursion. Caste, Class, And Varna
 •Who In Bhaktapur Is A Newar?
 •The Macrostatus Levels: Newar Hindus, The Core System
 •The Macrostatus System: Buddhist Thars and Some Notes on Newar Buddhism
 •Non-Newars: Brahmans
 •Non-Newars: Matha Priests
 •Non-Newars: Others
 •Thar, Macrostatus, and the Organization of Occupational and Ritual Roles
 •Thar And Macrostatus Demography
 •Entailments and Markers of the Macrostatus Levels
 collapse sectionStatus Ranking of and by Outsiders
 •1. Groups within Bhaktapur: Buddhist Bare.
 •2. Groups within Bhaktapur: non-Newar Brahmans and Matha priests.
 •3. Relations to other non-Newar Nepalis, both in and out of Bhaktapur.
 •4. Partyas' conceptions of Newars.
 •Envoi
 collapse sectionChapter Six  Inside the Thars
 •Introduction: The Internal Structure of the Thar
 •Household and Household Size
 •Household Roles
 •Wives and Households
 •Household Hierarchy, Authority, and Purity and the Cipa System
 collapse sectionThe Comparative Freedom of the Newar Woman in the Northern Hindu Context
 •Newar Menstrual Disabilities in Comparison with the Indo-Nepalese
 •A Wife's Natal Household's Relation to Her Children: The Mother's Brother
 •Marriage
 •Remarriage And Multiple Marriage
 •The Lack of Hypergamic Implications of Marriage
 •Adoption and Marriage
 •Major Kin Groupings: (I) Kul, Phuki and Their Women
 •Major Kin Groupings: (II) Feminal Kin, Tha:Thiti
 •Phuki and Thar
 •Ritual Friendship and Fictive Kinship
 •Kinship Terminology
 •Guthis, Organizations for Special Purposes
 •The Inside of the Thars in Relation to the City's Mesocosm

 collapse sectionPART TWO  THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MESOCOSM
 collapse sectionChapter Seven  The Symbolic Organization of Space
 •Introduction
 •The City As An Icon of A God
 •A Note on Hill and River
 •The Idealization of Space: Bhaktapur As A Yantra
 collapse sectionThe City Boundaries and the Bordering Outside
 •City Boundaries: The Boundary-Protecting Goddesses
 •City Boundaries: The External Seat of the Lineage God, The Digu God
 •City Boundaries: Cremation, Dying, And Purification
 •City Boundaries: The Untouchables' Proper Place
 •On Boundaries
 •Bhaktapur As A Mandala : The Nine Mandalic Section
 •City Halves: Ritually Organized Antagonism
 •Status and Space: Concentric Circles
 •The Village in the City, The Twa:
 •Some Notes on the Symbolic Construction of the House
 •Collapsed Structure Inside the City: Crossroads
 •The Undercity
 •Symbolized Space Beyond the City
 •Integration of Spaces
 collapse sectionChapter Eight  Bhaktapur's Pantheon
 •Introduction
 •Approaches
 collapse sectionDivinities: Housing and Setting
 •1. Temples, dega:s.
 •2. God-houses, dya: che(n)s.
 •3. Shrines.
 •4. Non-Newar Hindu structures.
 •Gods With Temples and Shrines—Some Numbers
 collapse sectionSorting Supernaturals—Some Preliminary Remarks
 •1. "Major city gods."
 •2. "Stone gods."
 •3. "Astral divinities."
 •4. "Ghosts and spirits."
 collapse sectionMajor Gods: The "Ordinary" Deities
 collapse sectionSiva
 •1. Siva as the creative principle.
 •2. Siva, first among the gods.
 •3. Siva as the generator of the dangerous gods.
 •4. Siva as one of the group of ordinary gods.
 •Visnu-Narayana And His Avatars
 •Ganesa
 •A Note on Yama
 •The Ordinary Female Divinities: Laksmi, Sarasvati, And Parvati
 •The Transition to the Dangerous Divinities
 collapse sectionMajor Gods: The "Dangerous" Deities
 •The Dangerous Goddess and Her Transformations
 •The Mandalic Goddesses
 •The Nine Durgas
 •Taleju, Bhaktapur's Political Goddess
 •Bhagavati
 •Miscellaneous Dangerous Goddesses
 •Dangerous Goddesses: Some Principles of Classification
 •Dangerous Male Gods
 •Bhisi(n) (Bhima)
 •Nasa Dya: (Nrtya Natha)
 •Bhaila Dya: (Bhairava)
 collapse sectionNatural Stones As Divinities
 •Pithas
 •The Digu God, Lineage Gods
 •Protectors of Local Space, Chetrapal and Pikha Lakhu
 •Mediators to the Underground—Disposers of Pollution
 •Astral Deities
 •The Brahmans' Vedic Gods
 •Pilgrimage Gods of the Royal Center
 •Household Gods
 •Ghosts and Spirits
 •Nagas
 collapse sectionBhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs
 •Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Notes on Idols
 collapse sectionBhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Classes of Meaningful Forms
 •1. Proximity.
 •2. Materiality.
 •3. Artifice.
 •4. Ordinary versus uncanny humanly worked forms.
 •1. Proximate versus distant.
 •2. Material versus immaterial.
 •3. Worked versus natural.
 •4. Benign versus dangerous.
 •Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Distinctions Within this. Types of Gods
 •Bhaktapur's Pantheon As A System of Signs: Some Contrasts With Other Hindu Systems
 •A Final Remark
 collapse sectionChapter Nine  Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities
 •Introduction
 •Tantrism As A Religious Mode
 •Tantrism In Popular Fantasy
 •Upper-Status Tantrism
 •Upper-Status Tantrism: Puja
 •Upper-Status Tantrism: Family And Phuki Worship—Worship oF the Lineage Gods, The Aga(n) Gods, And the Digu Gods
 •Upper-Status Tantrism: Individually Centered Practices and Initiation
 collapse sectionTantrism and the Public City
 •Symbolic Complexes: Siva/Sakti
 collapse sectionSymbolic Complexes: Sacrifice
 •Sacrifice: The Hierarchical Division of the Head
 •Sacrifice: Human Sacrifice
 •Sacrifice: Aspects of Its Significance in Bhaktapur
 •Secrecy and Mystery
 •In Sum
 collapse sectionChapter Ten  Priests
 •Preliminaries: Priests and Kings—The Relations of the Symbolic Order and Power
 •Preliminaries: Kinds of Priests and Priestly Functions
 collapse sectionBhaktapur's Brahmans
 •The Rajopadhyaya Brahmans
 •Lakhae Brahmans
 •Bhaktapur's Non-Newar Brahmans
 collapse sectionOvert Auxiliary Priests and Para-Priests
 •Josi
 •Acajus
 •Tini
 collapse sectionPurity Technicians With Limited Functions
 •The Bha
 •The Cala(n)
 •The Kata:
 •The Nau
 •Hindu Use of Buddhist Priests
 •Covert Para-Priests: The Pollution-Accumulating Thars—Po(n) and Jugi
 •Temple and Shrine Priests
 •Some Remarks on the Status Of The Rajopadhyaya Brahman In Bhaktapur
 collapse sectionChapter Eleven  Purity and Impurity: On the Borders of the Sacred
 •Introduction
 •A Tangle of Interpretations
 •What Is Polluted, And What Is Polluting?
 •Pollution, Ingestion, And Disgust
 •Bodies and Corporate Bodies and Their Exuviae
 •What Is Polluted and Polluting in Birth and Death?
 collapse sectionThe Management of Pollution in Bhaktapur: Avoidance, Surrogation, and Cleaning
 •Surrogate Absorption of Contaminants—Both Dirty and Clean
 •Purification
 •The Purity Complex: Psychological Resonances and Social Order

 collapse sectionPART THREE  THE DANCE OF SYMBOLS
 collapse sectionChapter Twelve  The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles
 •Introduction
 •The Calendar
 collapse sectionApproaches to Meaning
 •Cycles
 •Selection from the Hindu Set of Festivals
 •Aspects of the Analysis of Calendrical Events
 •The Inclusion and Sequential Numbering of Calendrically Determined Events
 collapse sectionChapter Thirteen  The Events of the Lunar Year
 •Introduction
 •Swanti and the Lunar New Year [77, 78, 79, 1, 2]
 collapse sectionMiscellaneous Events [3-7]
 •Jugari Na:Mi [3]
 •Hari Bodhini [4]
 •Saki Mana Punhi [5]
 •Gopinatha Jatra [6]
 •Bala, Ca:Re [7]
 •Sukhu(n) Bhisi(n)dya: Jatra [8]
 •Ya: Marhi Punhi [9]
 •Miscellaneous Events [10-11]
 •The Month of the Swasthani Vrata
 •Sarasvati Festivals [12, 13]
 •Madya: Jatra [14] End of Swasthani Vrata
 •Sila Ca:re (Sivaratri) [15]
 •The Minor Festivals of Krsna (Holi) [16, 17]
 •The Approach of the Season of Anxiety [18, 19]
 •Biska:, The Solar New Year [20-29]
 •The Dewali Period, the Worship of the Digu Lineage Deities [30]
 •The Minor Dasai(n) of Rama [31, 32]
 •Honoring Mothers [33]
 •Aksaya Trtiya [34]
 •Candesvari Jatra [35]
 •Buddha Jaya(n)ti and a Note on "Buddhist" Festivals in Bhaktapur
 •Sithi Nakha [36]
 •Candi Bhagavati Jatra [37]
 •Dasa Hara [38]
 •Panauti Jatra [39]
 •Bhagasti [40], the Death of the nine Durgas (Devi Cycle)
 •Minor Festivals of Visnu [41-43] and the Beginning of the Caturmasa Vrata
 •Guru Puja [44]
 •Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45] (Devi Cycle)
 •Naga Pa(n)cami [46]
 •Gunhi Punhi [47], Beginning of the Densest Festival Season
 •Saparu [48], the Cow Festivalof the Dead of the Previous Year, and the Annual Carnival
 •Miscellaneous Events: Krsna Janmastami [49] and Sitala Puja [50]
 •Gokarna Au(n)si [51], Honoring Fathers
 •Miscellaneous Minor Events [52-58]: a Note on Tij, a Festival Which the Newars do not Have
 •Events During the Period of Indra Jatra [59-65]: the Transformation of Festival Themes and Events in Different Newar Cities and Towns
 •The Remainder of the Yearly Calendrical Cycle [66-79]
 collapse sectionChapter Fourteen  The Events of the Solar Cycle
 •Introduction
 •Ghya: Caku Sa(n)lhu [10]
 collapse sectionBiska: [20-29]: The Solar New Year Festival
 collapse sectionThe Preliminary Preparations
 •1. The yasi(n).
 •2. Bhairava and Bhadrakali .
 •3. The representation of Royalty.
 •The First Day Start of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra [20]; The Struggle Between the Upper and Lower Halves of the City
 •The Second Day
 •The Third Day
 collapse sectionThe Fourth Day
 •Preliminaries
 •The Raising Up of the Main Yasi(n) God—The Ending of the Old Year
 •The Fifth Day: Taking Down the Yasi(n) God—Beginning of the Solar New Year
 •The Sixth Day: The Mahakali/Mahalaksmi Jatra
 •The Seventh Day: The Brahmani/Mahesvari Jatra
 •The Eighth Day. Feasting the Gods—Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra
 •The Ninth Day: Taking Down the Small Yasi(n) God—Final Phases of the Bhairava/Bhadrakali Jatra
 collapse sectionApproaches to Meaning
 •1. Biska: as a solar festival.
 •2. Biska: as a structural focal sequence.
 •3. Interactive versus parallel features: bases for solidarity.
 •4. Human actors.
 •5. Divine actors.
 •6. Space.
 •7. Narrative content.
 •8. Rhetoric.
 •9. The message.
 collapse sectionChapter Fifteen  The Devi Cycle
 •Introduction
 •The Legend of the Nine Durgas
 •An Introduction to Meaning
 •The Nine Durgas—The Cast of Characters and Their Iconic Representation
 collapse sectionThe Annual Cycle
 •Sithi Nakha [36]
 •Bhagasti [40]
 •The Period Between Bhagasti [40] and Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45], Human Sacrifice
 •Gatha Muga: Ca:Re [45]
 collapse sectionMohani, The Autumnal Festival Sequence of the Rice Harvest [67-76]
 •Mohani: The First Day
 •The Second Day through the Sixth Day
 •The Seventh Day: Taking Down the Goddess Taleju
 •The Eighth Day: Kalaratri
 •Continuation of the Ninth Day: The Living Goddess Kumari and Emergence of the Nine Durgas
 •The Tenth Day: The Taleju Jatra, and the Transfer of Power to the Nine Durgas
 collapse sectionMohani: Approaches to Meaning
 •1. Mohani and the rice agricultural cycle.
 •2. Mohani as a structural focal sequence.
 •3. Interactive versus parallel features.
 •4. Human actors.
 •5. Divine actors.
 •6. Space.
 •7. The narrative.
 •8.Rhetoric and participation.
 •The Performances of the Nine Durgas
 •The Significance of the Nine Durgas" Pyakha(n): Some Speculations on How The Nine Durgas Protect Bhaktapur
 collapse sectionChapter Sixteen  The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year
 •Introduction
 •Distinctions and Enumerations and Their Implications
 •A Note on Moving Deities Within the City
 •Patterns in the Year
 •External Influences on the Annual Cycle
 •A View of the Annual Events With the Citizen at Their Center
 collapse sectionChapter Seventeen  What Is Bhaktapur that a Newar May Know It?
 •Structures of the Imagination
 •Spheres, Structures, and Oppositions
 collapse sectionResources for Making Meaning Intelligible
 •1. Levels.
 •2. Redundancy and filtering.
 •3. Discrete categories.
 •4. Membership in a domain.
 •5. Boundaries.
 •6. Systematic ordering.
 •Bhaktapur's Order, Stability, And Stasis
 •Why Is Bhaktapur the Way It Is?

 collapse sectionAppendix One  Transliterations Used in the Text
 •Transliteration of Bhaktapur Newari
 collapse sectionAppendix Two  Bhaktapur's Newar Hindu Thars Ranked By Macrosocial Status
 •Part 1. Thars Listed By Status Levels
 •Part 2. Newar Hindu Thars In Bhaktapur Listed Alphabetically
  Appendix Three  Kinship Terminology
 collapse sectionAppendix Four  Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship
 collapse sectionPujas Not Conducted By A Brahman Purohita
 •Temple Visits
 •Home Pujas
 •Pujas Conducted By A Brahman Purohita
 collapse sectionMaterials and Equipment
 •Pure Water
 •Pigments
 •Rice
 •Samhae
 •Swaga(n)
  Appendix Five  A Catalogue of Annual Events and Their Distribution Throughout the Lunar Year
 collapse sectionAppendix Six  Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies
 •1. Writing a mantra on the tongue: Jihvasodhana.
 •2. Application of lamp black to the child's eyes by the father's sister.
 •3. Name giving: Namakarana.
 •4. The rice feeding ceremony: Ja(n)ko.
 •5. Boy's hair shaving: Busakha.
 •6. Boy's full membership in their thar: Kaeta Puja.
 •7. Mock-marriage: Ihi.
 •8. Menarche ceremonies: Barha taegu and Barha cwa(n)gu.
 •9. Marriage: Byaha.
 •10. Tantric initiation: Dekha.
 •11. Old-age ceremonies: Buraburi ja(n)ko.
 •12. Dying and cremation.
 •Dying.
 •Preparation of the body.
 •The funeral procession.
 •The cremation.
 •The return to the house.
 •The activities of the mourning period.
 •Death related activities following the dasa kriya mourning period.
 collapse sectionNotes
 •Chapter One Introduction
 •Chapter Two Orientations
 •Chapter Three Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History
 •Chapter Four Bhaktapur's Other Order
 •Chapter Five The Distribution of Roles: The Macrostatus System
 •Chapter Six Inside the Thars
 •Chapter Seven The Symbolic Organization of Space
 •Chapter Eight Bhaktapur's Pantheon
 •Chapter Nine Tantrism and the Worship of the Dangerous Deities
 •Chapter Ten Priests
 •Chapter Eleven Purity and Impurity: On the Borders of the Sacred
 •Chapter Twelve The Civic Ballet: Annual Time and the Festival Cycles
 •Chapter Thirteen The Events of the Lunar Year
 •Chapter Fourteen The Events of the Solar Cycle
 •Chapter Fifteen The Devi Cycle
 •Chapter Sixteen The Patterns and Meanings of the Festival Year
 •Chapter Seventeen What Is Bhaktapur that a Newar May Know It?1
 •Appendix Two Bhaktapur's Newar Hindu Thars Ranked By Macrosocial Status
 •Appendix Three Kinship Terminology
 •Appendix Four Types of Worship and Materials Used in Worship
 •Appendix Six Rites of Passage and Death Ceremonies
  GLOSSARY
  REFERENCES
 collapse sectionGENERAL INDEX
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 collapse sectionNAMES INDEX
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