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L

Lami , 129

Labor. See Economy of Bhaktapur

Laeku (Royal Palace), 772

Laeku Square, 175 , 213 , 216 , 349 , 446 , 535 , 539 , 772

Lakha visit, 673

Lakhe Brahmans, 78 , 94 , 352 , 699 n. 13, 727 n. 7

Laksmi (goddess), 290 , 735 -736 n. 5

Devi contrasted to, 423

as Visnu's[*] consort, 215

See also Mahalaksmi[*] (goddess)

Laksmi Puja [79], Swanti, 224 , 413 -414, 416 , 657

Lakulache(n) Twa:, 445 -446, 461 , 474

Lalitpur. See Patan

Lamps. See Lights and lamps

Land Acts and reforms, 63 -64, 696 n. 13

Land use and tenure, 62 -66, 68 , 144 , 695 -696 nn. 9-13, 709 n. 47

See also Agriculture

Language,

obscenity and forbidden, 439 , 516 -517, 521 , 556 , 573 , 651 , 653 , 747 n. 27

respect levels in, 103 , 115 -116, 368 , 625 , 631 -634

sacred and everyday vocabularies, 688 n. 4

spoken twa :, 185

Languages of Nepal, 5 , 13 -14, 15 , 34 , 623 , 690 n. 1

Gorkhali, 15

Nepali, 5 , 15 , 687 n. 2

Sanskrit, 202 , 288 -289, 688 n. 4

See also Newari language; Sanskrit language, the

Laskusa (welcome ceremony), 491 -492, 545 , 554 , 667 , 772

Laws of Manu , 323 , 325 , 327 , 380 , 381 , 384 , 387 , 731 n. 5, 732 n. 15, 777

Leaders,

Naki(n) (female), 113 , 414 -415, 513 , 566 -567, 668 , 672 , 675 , 708 n. 41, 736 n. 7, 773

Naya (male), 118 , 773

Learning. See Knowledge; Sarasvati (goddess)

Legal status/caste system. See Muluki Ain

Legal system,

the Islamic, 619

marriage and the, 132 -136

Legends, 604 , 610 , 612 -613, 757 n. 11

See also Names of individual deities and festwals

Levels of meaning, 609 -613

See also Hierarchy; Macrostatus levels

Lha panegu ceremony, 684 , 769 n. 87

Licchavi period, 349 , 691 nn. 9-11, 743 n. 35

Life-cycle ceremonies. See Rites of passage (samskaras )

Lights and lamps, 637 , 660

festival, 530

funeral torch, 678 -680

offering of (mata beigu ), 529 -548 passim, 749 nn. 37-40

sukunda (ceremonial lamp), 322 , 469 , 482 , 528 , 535 , 639 , 642 , 676

Liko kriya , 679

Liminality, 378 -379, 672 , 730 n. 2, 731 n. 9, 732 n. 13, 732 -733 n. 23, 733 -734 n. 29

Lineage god,

Kula (or Kul ) devata , 309

See also aga(n) Dya: (gods); Digu Dya: (gods)

Linga[*] (phallus),

Siva as, 208 , 210 , 213 , 322 , 426 , 453 , 681 , 728 n. 22, 737 n. 22, 743 n. 3.6, 768 n. 66, 772

worship of Siva as, 428 , 736 -737 n. 17

See also Sexuality, portrayals of; Siva (god)

Literati,

cities of, 18 -19, 31 -32, 688 n. 5

See also Intelligentsia

Little kingdoms. See Kingdoms

Loha(n)kami thar , 81 , 758 n. 2

Love,

familial (maya ), 31 , 141 , 690 n. 12

marital, 115 -116, 129

See also Kinship; Marriage

Luck. See Chance and luck

Lunar calendar, 403 -405, 410 -462, 585 -586, 589 -591, 643 -657, 773

punhi full-moon days, 419 , 422 , 773

See also Calendar; Fortnights, lunar

Lunar New Year. See Swanti [77-79, 1-2]

Lya:si(n). See Poles, ceremonial, Yasi(n) God


806

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