GENERAL INDEX
A
The numbers in square brackets are annual festival calender numbers, as listed in Appendix Five. Please see Appendix One for an explanation of the transliteration characters used for the Newari and Sanskrit words appearing in this index.
Abhir. See Worship materials
Acaju (priests), 94 , 95 , 207 , 626 , 667 , 736 n. 7, 771
public Tantrism of the, 300 -319 passim, 356 -357, 372 , 725 n. 40
See also Priests
Acaju, Sesar[*] , story of Nararupa and, 480 -481, 745 n. 4, 752 n. 78
Acaju, Sunanda, 503
Acts of worship. See Puja (worship); Worship
Adoption. See Children
Affinal kin. See Kinship
household Aga(n) Room for, 189 -190, 310 , 723 n. 20
Tantric worship of, 306 -312
See also Digu Dya: (gods); Phuki groups
Aga(n) House (Aga(n) che(n )), 308 -310, 661 , 722 nn. 18-19, 723 n. 23
Age,
Buraburi ja(n)ko ceremonies for old, 676 -677, 766 n. 50
counting system, 676 , 763 n. 10
household hierarchy and, 117 -120
kinship terminology and, 631 -634
marriage and, 114 -115, 127 -128, 136 , 705 -706 n. 17, 706 nn. 18-20
population, 57
See also Kinship
Aggression. See Conflict, ritual
Agnihotra Brahman, 236 -237, 266
Agriculture,
cyclical festivals connected with, 422 -423, 436 , 440 , 501 -576 passim, 512 , 560 -561, 590 -591, 645 , 745 n. 8
as the economic base, 62 -66, 695 nn. 6-8
See also Devi cycle; Mohani festival [67-76]; Plants
Akasa Bhaila Dya: See Bhairava (god)
Aksaya[*] Trtiya[*] [34], 434 -435, 578 , 650
Ali(n) God, 667
Ananta Narayana[*] Puja [60], 458 , 655
Ancient Indo-European city type, 19 -23
Aniconic shrines. See Shrines; Stone gods
Animals,
as food according to status, 103 -104
hierarchical division of the sacrificial, 328 -331, 539
as pets, 189
sacrificial, 144 , 189 , 324 -331, 326 -331, 504 -505, 507 , 516 , 532 -539, 561 , 567 , 569 , 724 n. 35, 725 n. 38
sacrificial water buffalo, 236 , 716 n. 33
as surrogates, 331 , 390 , 561
as vehicles of the gods, 250 -251, 269 , 280 , 282 , 368 , 369 , 679 , 681 , 744 n. 57
See also Blood sacrifice
Annapurna[*] (goddess), 243 , 269 , 719 n. 64
Annual events. See Festivals and city events
Antagonism, ritual,
of city halves, 168 -174
in other communities, 170 , 173 -174
Anthropology, 4 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 377 , 616 , 689 n. 8
Antinomial act,
importance of the, 305 -306, 338 -340
sacrifice as the , 332 -335
See also Tantrism
Apadutaegu ceremony, 684 -685
Apasa(n) cwanegu worship, 414 , 416
Archaic city, the, 18 -19, 25 -26, 617
Architecture, 54 , 716 n. 30-31
bottom floor symbolism (cheli ), 188 -189, 483 , 484 , 677 , 680 -683, 771
carved arch torana , 255 , 261 , 530 , 718 -719 n. 56
household floor names, 189 -190, 310
household purity areas, 188 -192
Newar house (che(n) ), 103 , 111 -112, 186 -192, 524 , 747 n. 28, 771
open roof porch (ka:si ), 188 , 524 , 671 -672, 748 n. 30, 772
temples (dega: s), 202 -204, 205 , 213 , 218 , 712 n. 3
trellis windows, 189 , 521 , 747 n. 28
Art history, Newar, 216 , 712 n. 1
Asauca (impurity). See Pollution
Ascetic observance. See Vrata (religious austerity)
Ascetics. See Sadhu (Hindu ascetic)
Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers), 158 -159, 216 , 482 , 715 n. 25, 771
as city octant protectors, 154 -155, 166 -168, 229 -231
the Nine Durgas and, 231 -232, 508 -509
See also Mandalic[*] Goddesses, the nine; Matrkas (goddesses)
Astral divinities, 207 , 265 -266, 278 , 493
Astrologers, 265 , 527 , 661 , 727 n. 12
Royal government, 527 , 531 , 727 n. 11
See also Josi thar
Astrology, 145
jata : (birth horoscope), 661 , 678 , 762 n. 3
See also Chance and luck; Graha (heavenly bodies); Sait (auspicious time spans)
Asudhalasuddha (impurity). See Purity and impurity
Asuras (antigod or demon), 216 , 534 -538, 547 , 597 , 751 n. 59, 756 n. 16, 771
See also Devi Mahatmya
Autonomy, individual. See Psychological characteristics of individuals; Self, views of the
Avatars , of Visnu[*] , 215 -218, 713 n. 10
Awa: thar , 81 , 91 , 95 , 96 , 180 , 626
Axial age, India and the concept of, 22 -23
Ayurvedic physicians (Baidhya thar ), 95
B
Babies. See Children
Baccala (goddess), 243 , 717 n. 44
Bachalathwa fortnight, 434 , 650
Baga dekha. See Diksa (initiation)
Baidhya thar , 95
Baiga (top floor). See Che(n) (house)
Baisnabi. See Vaisnavi[*] (goddess)
Bala Ca:re [7], 421
Balakhu Ganesa[*] . See Ganesa[*] (god)
Bali. See Blood sacrifice
Balkumari (goddess), 244
Banja 66, 696 n. 14
Baphukis. See Phuki groups
Barbers thar. See Nau barbers thar
Bare Buddhists,
Kumariliving goddess, children of the, 95 , 363 , 540 -546, 607
ranking of and by, 105 -106, 704 n. 51
Barha pikaegu , 671 -672
Barha taegulcwa(n)gu , 670 -673, 765 n. 32-33
Barter. See Economy of Bhaktapur
Barter marriages. See Marriage, barter (hilabula )
Bathing, ritual, 391 -392, 441 , 453 , 484 , 537 , 684 , 731 n. 6, 751 n. 62
See also Purification; River; Worship
Beggars, 85 , 701 n. 30; Halahulu (out-castes)
Beko courtyard, Taleju temple, 237 -238
dangerous compared with, 279 -282, 495 , 580 -581, 602 , 610 , 648
as persons, 282 -284, 287 -288
worship of, 635 -642
See also Deities
Beta Dya: (god), 257
Betel nuts (gwae(n) ), 765 n. 36, 766 n. 39
marriage symbol, 671 -676 passim
Betrothal. See Marriage
Bha thar , 83 , 94 , 360 -361, 627 , 681 ,
728 nn. 22, 24, 729 n. 38, 767 -768 n. 65, 769 n. 80
Bhadrakali[*] (goddess), 166 -167, 257 , 489 -490, 740 n. 12
Biska: Jatra of, 467 -468, 468 -474, 479 -480, 482 , 484 , 498 , 557 , 649 , 740 n. 11
Bhagasti [40]. See Devi cycle
Bhagavan (class of gods), 289 , 720 n. 75
Bhagavati (goddess), 241 -242, 250 , 257 , 324 , 718 n. 49
as Devi with Taleju in the Mohani festival, 525 -558 passim
festivals for, 436 -437
Bhaila Dya: (god). See Bhairava (god)
Bhairava (god), 205 , 446 , 460 -461
as Akasa Bhaila Dya:, 257 , 718 n. 52
forms of, 255 -259, 261 , 718 n. 53
Swatuna (stone deity), 262 , 264 , 486 , 554 , 719 n. 60, 744 n. 49
as threshhold god, 192 , 261 -262
See also Seto Bhairava (god)
Bhairava Jatra [20], Biska, 467 -468, 468 -474, 649 , 739 n. 48
chariot events, 170 -171, 464 , 468 -498 passim, 469 , 582 , 740 n. 13
Bhairava Jatra [55], 454 , 655
Bhajana (music group), 471 , 483 , 771
Bhaktapur, as an archaic city, 18 -19, 25 -26, 617
Bhaktapur, city of,
1971 population of, 35 , 56 -57, 67
boundaries and the bordering outside, 156 -166, 614 -615
city walls, 156 -157, 693 -694 n. 29
concentric circles of, 174 -182, 714 n. 16
crossroads within, 192 -194, 271
cultural evolution of the, 616 -620
gateways of, 149 -150, 157 , 185 -186
Gorkhali conquest of, 14 -15, 68 , 704 n. 55
iconic images of the, 151
infrastructure of the, 53
macrostatus organization of, 69 -71, 107 -108
non-Newars in, 59 , 87 -88, 730 n. 40
number of thars in, 71
overviews of, 4 , 59 , 67 -68, 616 -620
the pantheon of, 272 -292
political history of, 13 -15, 39 -42, 616 -619, 690 n. 7
sacrifice and the commitment to, 332 -335
spatial divisions of, 55 -56, 150 -151, 174 -182, 182 -186, 490
the stable order of, 615 -620
study of, 4 -5
Tantrism's importance in, 319 -335, 338 -340
upper and lower halves of, 152 , 168 -174, 176 , 184 , 198 , 461 , 468 , 472 -473, 495 , 737 n. 20, 741 n. 21, 755 n. 6
as a yantra within a mandala[*] , 153 -156, 166 -168, 228 -231, 709 n. 2
See also Statistics on Bhaktapur; Twa: areas; Typology of Bhaktapur
Bhaktapur festivals. See Festivals and city events
Bhaktapur Newari (dialect). See Newari language
Bhakti (religion or devotion), 381 , 430 , 771
Rama as focus of, 433
Bhari thar , 95
Bhatta[*] Brahmans, 87 , 95 , 97 , 352 -353, 366
Bhau thar , 95
Bhavani, 718 n. 49
Bhe(n)ca , 125 -126, 632 , 771
See also Paju
Bhisi(n) Dya:/Bhimasena (god), 252 -254, 258 , 421 , 718 n. 50
number of shrines of, 205
Bhote. See Tibetans
Bhuisinha(n). See Pigments, ritual; Worship materials
Bhutal Bhut-pret (spirit), 270 -272, 519 , 719 -720 n. 66, 771
See also Preta (ghost)
Bhwae. See Feasts
Bindu , 322
Birta ownership, 693 n. 27
Birth,
and death pollution (asauca ), 358 , 377 , 388 -389, 391 , 661 , 731 n. 11, 732 nn. 12-13
mothers and, 116 -117, 125 -126, 660 -661, 705 n. 6
See also Children; Rites of passage (samskaras )
Biska: festival [20-30], 167 , 222 , 432 , 649 , 692 n. 19, 740 n. 8
Bhairava chariot events, 170 -171,
Biska: festival (continued )
464 , 468 -498 passim, 469 , 582 , 740 n. 13
city halves' struggle during the, 170 -171, 471 -473, 755 n. 6
city space use by the, 496 -497
divine actors of, 495 -496
eighth day, 488 -490, 649 , 740 n. 8
fourth day of the, 475 -484, 740 n. 8
human actors of, 494 -495
interactive vs. parallel features of, 494
major themes and foci of, 464 , 466 -467, 476 , 487 , 492 -500, 589 , 649 , 740 n. 8, 755 n. 11
message of, 337 , 499 -500, 586 , 755 n. 4
Mohani festival compared with, 492 -500 passim, 555 -563
the name of, 478 , 479 , 740 n. 7, 742 n. 29
narrative content of, 497 -499
ninth day conclusion of, 490 -492, 649
preliminary preparations for the, 467 -468
rhetoric for engagement in, 499
scholarly views of, 476 , 742 n. 28
second and third days of the, 474 -475
seventh day, 488 , 649 , 740 n. 8
sixth day, 487 -488, 649 , 740 n. 8
as a solar festival, 492 -493
spatial axis for the, 470 , 476 , 496 -497
Swarm festival compared to, 492 -500 passim, 586
Yasin god, 464 , 467 , 475 , 476 -477, 480 -482, 495 -496, 740 nn. 6, 9-10, 742 n. 27, 743 nn. 36-37
Biswakarma (god). See Siva (god), of crafts and trades
"Black night." See Mohani festival [67-76]
Blacksmiths thar (Kau), 83 , 95 , 627
Blood, menstrual. See Menses
Blood relationships. See Kinship
Blood sacrifice, 3 , 32 , 285 , 431 , 484
during Mohani, 186 , 532 -550 passim, 750 nn. 50-57, 751 nn. 58-62, 65 -68, 752 nn, 82-83
hierarchical division (siu ) of the, 328 -331, 539 , 550 , 753 n. 86
human, 331 -332, 514 -516, 722 n. 10, 746 n. 17
killing contrasted to, 323 , 327 -329, 333 -334, 574 -575, 725 n. 44, 741 n. 24
Nine Durgas cycle, 335 , 507 , 564 -565, 567 , 569 , 571 , 574 , 754 nn. 102, 104
offering (bali ), 302 , 679 , 682
significance of in Bhaktapur, 332 -335, 574 -575, 608
Tantrism and, 323 -335
Bode, town of, 487
Body elements (mahabhuta ), 415
Body, the ethereal (bhogadeha ), 685 , 768 n. 75
Body, the physical,
exuviae pollution by, 386 -388, 392 -395, 732 -733 n. 23
symbolism and cultural extensions of the, 394 -395
See also Phallus; Vagina (yoni )
Body purification. See Purification
Bonfires,
Sila Ca:re, 429
straw mat, 421
Boundaries, symbolic,
maintenance and breaching of, 614 -615
ordinary reality and, 606 -608
Boundaries, symbolic city, 156 -166, 337 , 496 -497, 556 , 559 , 693 n. 29
bordering vs. distant, 157 , 165 -166, 559 -562
cremation outside the, 161 -162, 513 -514, 679 -680, 730 n. 1, 746 n. 14, 767 nn. 60-61
goddesses protecting the, 158 -159, 285 -286, 571 -575, 748 n. 33
lineage gods outside the, 159 -161
the Nine Durgas and, 505 -506, 571 -575
untouchables and the, 162 -165, 711 nn. 14, 15
See also Spatial symbolism
hair-shaving ceremony (busakha ), 662 -664
samskaras for, 662 -665
See also Children; Siblings
Bracketed numbers ([ ]). See Numbering; Appendix Five
Brahmani (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 , 508 , 525 , 748 n. 33
Mohani vrata for, 529 -549 passim
Brahmani/Mahesvari[*] Jatra, Biska: [27], 488 , 649
Bhatta[*] , 87 , 95 , 97 , 352 -353, 366
contradictory roles of the, 340 , 352 ,
372 -374, 614 , 726 n. 51, 758 -759 n. 12
contrasts and oppositions to, 601 -602
differentiated rites of passage of the, 661 , 663 -664, 763 n. 12
food and water acceptance by, 102 -103, 383
Indo-Nepalese, 708 n. 36, 722 n. 11
kings and, 341 -344, 601 , 602 -603, 618
Lakhe, 78 , 94 , 352 , 699 n. 13, 727 n. 7
marriage rituals of, 665 , 670 , 673 -676 passim, 764 n. 21
non-Newar, 76 , 87 , 106 , 352 -353, 539 , 732 n. 14
polarity of untouchables and the, 395 -396, 733 n. 28, 734 n. 30
worship assisted by, 638 -639
See also Priests; Rajopadhyaya thar (Brahmans)
Bride. See Marriage
Brothers. See Paju (mother's brother); Siblings
Buddha Jaya(n)ti, 435 -436
Buddhism of the Himalayas, 205 , 439 , 689 n. 9, 701 n. 32
See also Vajrayana Buddhism
Buddhism in India. See India
Buddhists of Bhaktapur, 59
Bare, 95 , 105 -106, 704 n. 51
festivals of, 435 -436, 441 , 452 , 738 n. 31
the Hindu system and, 362 -363
sakya, 97
thar groups, 77 , 85 -87, 435 -436, 701 n. 31
Buffalo butchers. See Nae thar
Buffalo demon. See Mahisasuramardini
Buffalo, water, sacrificial, 186 , 236 , 716 n. 33
Buraburi ja(n)ko (old-age ceremonies), 676 -677, 766 n. 50
Bura(n) taegu (Brahmanical initiation), 664 -665
Burial. See Death rituals
Busakha (boy's hair shaving), 662 -664
Busakha ceremony, 662 -664
Butchers thar. See Nae thar
Byaha. See Marriage
Byan(n)kegu (purification), 390 -392, 395 -396, 639 , 732 n. 22, 769 n. 90, 770 n. 95, 771
C
Caguthi thar , 95 , 626 , 741 n. 20, 758 n. 4
Cala(n) thar , 83 , 94 , 361 , 627 , 678 , 679 -680
Calendar,
astrological (patra ), 355
festival, 406 -407, 409 , 523 , 584 -589, 589 -591, 643 -657
Indo-Nepalese, 405 -407, 735 nn. 4-5
lunar, 403 -405, 410 -462, 585 -586, 589 -591, 643 -657, 773
numbering the festivals, 402 -403, 409 , 411 , 577 -578, 643 -657, 734 n. 3, 739 n. 2, 745 n. 6, 754 -755 n. 1
solar, 403 , 405 , 419 , 463 , 492 -493, 586 , 589 , 736 n. 11
See also Time; Names of individual festivals and events
Calvaria vessels, 515 , 566 , 639 , 651 , 653 , 754 n. 97
Cambodia, 268
See also Mahakali (goddess)
Candi[*] Bhagavati Jatra [37], 436 -437, 651
Candesvari[*] Jatra [35], 435 , 650 , 737 -738 n. 29
Candika[*] . See Parvati (goddess)
Carnival, 442 , 446 -452, 595 -596
See also Saparu Jatra [48]
Carpenters thar (Ka:mi), 81 , 91 , 95 , 758 n. 2
Carthar, Pa(n)cthar, 625
Cash income. See Economy of Bhaktapur
Caste,
Brahman status and, 372 -374, 730 n. 42
class and varna and, 73 -75
territorial entrees and, 28
Caste system. See Hinduism; Macrostatus levels; Thar groups
Castration symbolism, 569 , 573 , 754 n. 104
Categories, discreteness of, 614
Catha Ganesa[*] [56], 455 , 654
Caturmasa vrata period, 438 , 588 , 644 , 652
Caulathwa fortnight, 431 -433, 648 -649
Cells, urban. See Microcosms
Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal), 35 , 56 , 777
Chance and luck,
dasa (fortune), 355 , 727 n. 13
views of, 17 , 390 , 596 , 732 n. 14
See also Karma (individual destiny)
Change, social, 755 n. 3
historical control of, 15 , 16 , 24 , 27 -28, 68 , 373 -374, 499 -500, 616
recent, 15 , 74 -75, 134 , 727 n. 9, 741 n. 22
See also Typology of Bhaktapur
Chaos. See Moral order
Chariots (kha:s ), ritual Newar, 468 , 487 -488, 740 n. 13, 741 nn. 15-16
Bhima ratharohan , 676 -677
Biska:, 170 -171, 464 , 468 -498 passim, 469 , 582 , 740 n. 13
See also Routes, ceremonial
Chathar thar group, 79 -80, 300 , 469 , 625 , 758 n. 1, 771
food and water acceptance by, 102 -103
households, 97 , 135 , 176 -177, 180
Chathariya, 79 -80, 349 , 440 -441, 699 n. 16, 727 n. 8, 749 n. 41, 771
Cheli (bottom floor). See Che(n) (house)
Chelpa gods. See Chetrapal (deified stone)
Chema puja. See Puja (worship)
Che(n) (house), 188 -189, 747 n. 28, 771
baiga (top floor), 190
cheli (bottom floor), 188 -189, 483 , 484 , 677 , 680 -683, 771
cwata (third floor), 189 -190, 310 , 772
mata(n) (second floor), 189 , 773
spatial symbolism of the, 103 , 111 -112, 186 -192
See also Dya che(n) (god-houses); Household, the
Chetrapal (deified stone), 237 , 261 , 264 , 369 -370, 729 n. 37, 771
Jugi rights to, 369 -370, 729 n. 37
definition of, 772
thar concept unranked by, 71 -72, 698 n. 3
See also Indo-Nepalese; Ksatriya class
Chhattisgarh region (Madhya Pradesh), 290 -291
Child marriage. See Ihi (mock marriage); Marriage
Children, 364
adoption of, 137 -138, 707 n. 28, 708 n. 35
the birth of, 116 -117, 125 -126, 660 -661, 705 n. 6
the death of, 766 n. 53
Nine Durgas activities with, 566 -570 passim
purity categories and, 730 n. 1
rites of passage for baby, 660 -661
Sarasvati and, 224
separation and divorce and, 133 -134, 707 n. 28
worship by, 412
worship of, 542 -546 passim
See also Boys, roles of; Family organization; Girls, roles off Rites of passage (samskaras )
Chinnamasta (goddess), 244
Chipi thar , 82 , 83 , 95 , 97 , 180 , 627 , 700 n. 21
Choice, free, 17 , 265 , 333 -334
See also Psychological characteristics of individuals
Chronicle (vamsavali ), 774
Gopalarajavamsavali, 41
Padmagiri, 39
See also Legends
Chronicles, foreign visitor's, 131 -132, 699 n. 11
Wright's Chronicle , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 241 -242, 466 , 691 n. 15, 693 n. 28, 745 n. 2, 787
See also Hodgson, Brian Houghton (Names Index )
Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra, 743 n. 43
lunar cycle twa : [63], 460 , 655
See also Ganesa[*] (god)
Chwasa (deified crossroads stone), 193 -194, 195 , 262 -263, 423 , 678 , 719 nn. 58-59, 772
locations of, 711 -712 n. 26, 712 n. 28
Cika(n) Buyegu [19], 431 -432, 648
Cillaga fortnight, 431 -432, 648
Cillathwa fortnight, 429 -431, 647 -648
Cipa (contaminated food) customs, 772
family, 118 -120, 434 , 661 , 675 , 705 n. 9, 762 n. 5
unidirectionalism of the, 385 , 386 -387, 390 , 394 -395
See also Hierarchy; Pollution; Purity
Cir Swaegu festival [16], 430 , 647
City of Bhaktapur. See Bhaktapur, city of
City-states, Hindu, 28
City-wide festivals. See Festivals and city events
Civic order, symbolic. See Symbolic order of the city
Clan, patrilineal exogamous, 138 -139
Class system. See Macrostatus levels: Thar groups
Classical civilization, 583
the Greek pantheon of, 273 , 282 , 584 , 720 n. 69
preclassical cities and, 20
Cleaning. See Purification
Climate, 34 -35
Climax community, Hindu, 2 , 27 -28, 59 , 619
Common sense,
embedded symbolism and, 26 -27
See also Faith
Community,
communitas and, 594 -596
egalitarian, 162
Compass orientations, 191 , 531 , 711 n. 25, 748 n. 33
See also Spatial symbolism
Conflict, household, 116 , 126 , 134
Conflict, ritual,
ambiguity of, 487 , 499 , 744 n. 50
Biska: festival, 170 -171, 464 , 468 -498 passim, 469 , 471 -473, 582 , 740 n. 13
elements ignored in, 608
intra-city, 170 -171, 461 , 473 , 741 nn. 21-22
the macrostatus system and, 581 , 583 , 608 -609
See also Symbolic enactments
Consanguineal kin. See Kinship
Construction, house, 191 -192
Contaminants. See Polluting materials
Contamination. See Pollution; Purity and impurity
Context, meaning from, 614
Cooking activities, sacred, 110 , 190 , 395 , 712 n. 31
See also Foods, ritual; Household, the
Cord wearers. See Jona (sacred thread)
Corporate groups, 311 -312, 386 -387
secrecy and siddhi of, 336 -337
See also Phuki groups
Corpse (preta ), 270
See also Preta (ghost)
Cosmetics. See Pigments, ritual
Costume, 667
death clothing, 366 , 369 -370, 678 , 680 , 682
Saparu Jatra [48], 446 -450
See also Festivals and city events, divine actors in; Mask making
Councils,
See also Panchayat system; Phuki groups
Court, royal. See Malla court
Cow freedom ceremony (Vrsotsarga ), 684
Cow Goddess,
jatra, 444 -446
See also Saparu Jatra [48]
Cremation. See Death rituals
Cremation grounds (dip ), 56 , 161 -162, 258 , 264 , 460
Crops. See Agriculture
Crossroads (dwaka ),
chwasa at, 193 -194, 195 , 262 -263, 423 , 678 , 711 -712 n. 26, 712 n. 28, 719 nn. 58-59, 772
symbolism of the, 192 -194, 361
trickster spirits at, 194 , 271 , 712 n. 29
See also Spatial symbolism
Crow Puja. See Kwa Puja [77]
Cupi(n)ga: dipa , 264
Cwata (third floor). See Che(n) (house)
Cyamakhala: thar , 85 , 385 , 627
Cyasi Ma(n)dap temple, 482
Cycles, time. See Calendar; Time
Cyo (Cya) thar , 82 , 94 , 627 , 679
D
Dana ,
kanya , 130
offerings to priests, 353 , 373 , 727 n. 10
See also Gifts
Dance performances (pyakha(n) ), 233 , 451 -452, 462 , 563 -571, 608 , 613 , 745 n. 7, 754 n. 99, 773
Indra Jatra, 452
Ramayana, 451
Saparu Jatra, 447 -450, 608 , 738 n. 43, 739 n. 44
See also Nine Durgas cycle
Dangerous deities (gya(n)pugu ), 226 -227, 744 n. 54
anthropomorphic, 284 -286
the Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers), 158 -159, 228 -231
benign vs ., 279 -282, 495 , 580 -581, 603 , 610 , 648
compared to ordinary, 207 -208, 225 -226, 279 -286, 297 -298, 584 -589 passim, 602 , 610 , 726 n. 50
miscellaneous female, 243 -244
in non-Tantric communities, 297 -298
principles of classification of, 244 -252
Dangerous deities (continued )
prominent female, 234 -244
protection by the, 158 -159, 285 -286, 505 -506, 571 -575, 602 , 610 , 748 n. 33
purity complex transcendence by, 396
the suppressed realm and the, 604
Taking Outside the (Biska:) [22], 483 , 496 , 649
Tantrism and the, 338 -340, 602
See also Deities: Goddess, the Dangerous; Mohani festival [67-76]; Tantric goddesses
Danya thar , 84 , 627 , 758 n. 7
Darsana (deity manifestation), 472 -473, 491 , 532 , 545 , 772
Dasa (fortune). See Chance and luck
Dasai(n). See Mohani festival [67-76]
Dattatreya (god), 205 , 213 -214
Dattatreya Jatra [54], 454 , 654
Daughter roles, 112 -113
See also Marriage
Death,
fate after, 317 -318, 680 -686 passim, 685 -686, 767 nn. 58, 60, 768 nn. 69-70, 75
ordinary or normal, 421 , 592 , 756 n. 14
pollution and purification, 358 , 388 -389, 391 , 661 , 731 n. 11, 732 nn. 12-13
Yama Raja and "ordinary", 222 -223, 317 , 685 -686
Death rituals,
Apadutaegu ceremony, 684 -685
the Bha and, 360 -361, 681 , 767 -768 n. 65, 769 n. 80
body preparation, 678
burial, 730 n. 1
calendrical, 433 -434, 442 , 442 -452, 444 , 462 , 590 , 653
clothing collection, 366 , 369 -370, 678 , 680 , 682
cremation, 161 -162, 264 , 513 -514, 679 -680, 730 n. 1, 746 n. 14, 767 nn. 60-61
dasa kriya period, 680 -683, 767 n. 64
dying person, 677 -678, 767 n. 54
family roles in, 137 , 140 , 679 -686 passim
first twelve days of, 683 -685
funeral procession, 162 , 361 , 678 -679, 767 n. 59
Gha:su jagye ceremony, 358 , 362 , 727 n. 19
Kriya putra mourning, 679 -683
memorial (Gau dan ), 445 -446
Phuki mourners, 139 -140, 446 -450, 462
postdeath cycle of, 680 -683
reed mats, 366 , 460 , 678 , 680
Sapinda sraddha[*] , 685 , 770 n. 95
Sora sraddha[*] (commemorative), 434
sraddha[*] , 270 , 462 , 673 , 682 , 719 n. 65, 768 nn. 73-74, 769 nn. 83-85, 770 n. 96, 774
twa: area funeral processions, 162 , 442 -452, 595 , 653
year after, 683 -686
See also Purification; Saparu Jatra [48]
Death's personification. See Yama Raj (Lord of the Dead)
Dega:. See Temples (dega: s)
Dega (temple), 772
Deities , 17
asymmetries among, 259 , 287 , 602
gender differentiation among, 289 -292, 744 n. 52, 754 n. 100, 757 -758 n. 12
hierarchical and horizontal relations of, 287 , 613 , 757 n. 12
Hipha: Gods, 537 , 750 -751 n. 57, 751 n. 62
housing and settings of, 202 -205
Mohani period child, 539 -546, 550 , 607 , 751 nn. 69-74, 752 nn. 75-83
number of shrines and temples for the, 205
ontological status of, 613 , 757 n. 11
other Hindu systems of, 288 -292
other religions and, 274 , 584 , 606 , 720 n. 71, 738 n. 31, 757 n. 3
realms and levels of the, 606 , 608 , 613
Sanskritic names of, 202 , 288 -289, 688 n. 4
sleeping, 406 , 438 , 514 , 585 , 587 -588, 652 , 755 n. 10
temporary pairings of, 488 , 744 n. 52
transitions to dangerous, 225 -226, 584 -589 passim, 714 n. 19
See also Names of individual deities
Deity groups,
anthropomorphic dangerous, 284 -286
anthropomorphic ordinary person-like, 280 -284
astral divinities, 207 , 265 -266, 277 , 493
Biska: festival [20-30], 495 -496
Brahman Vedic, 266 -267
classes of meaningful, 275 -286, 580 -581, 602 , 610 , 613
dangerous female, 225 -252, 495 , 757 -758 n. 12
dangerous male, 225 -227, 252 -259, 495
distinctions within types of, 286 -288 female compared to male, 207 -208, 227 , 252 , 321 -322, 724 n. 33
female dangerous, 225 -252, 495 , 757 -758 n. 12
female ordinary, 223 -225
ghost and spirit, 207 , 269 -272
groupings of Bhaktapur, 205 -207, 226 -227, 228 , 244 -252, 275 -286, 286 -288, 580 -581
household pantheon of, 268 -269
major ordinary deities, 207 -226
male compared to female, 207 -208, 227 , 252 , 321 -322, 724 n. 33
male dangerous, 223 -227, 252 -259, 495
Mesocosm, the urban, two sets of gods and the, 226 -227, 307
Mohani festival [67-76], 554 , 557 -558
in the Nine Durgas, 232 , 507 -511, 716 n. 29
order and chaos and, 495 -496, 571 -576 passim, 580 -581
ordinary compared to dangerous, 207 -208, 225 -226, 279 -286, 297 -298, 584 -589 passim, 602 , 610 , 726 n. 50
ordinary female, 223 -225
ordinary male, 208 -223
outside the boundaries, 165 -166, 284 -286
royal center pilgrimage, 267 -268
typological schema of, 277 -282
Vedic compared to Tantric, 207 -208
See also Benign deities; Dangerous deities (gya(n)pugu) ; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur; Stone gods
Deity images, 447
Brahmakalasa pot, 667
of Gatha Muga:, 520 -521
idolatry and, 274 -275
of Mohani Bhagavati, 528
murti , 773
of the Nine Durgas, 507 -511
portable, 200 , 204 , 309 , 337 , 420 ,431, 461 , 467 -468, 470 , 483 -484, 488 , 583 -584, 736 n. 12, 737 n. 24
powerful use of, 608
salagrama , 677
Taking Outside the, Biska: [22], 337 , 483 , 496 , 649 , 743 nn. 38-40
of Taleju, 531 -533, 537 -538, 749 n. 43
worship of, 636 -642 passim
See also Iconography
Dekha initiation. See Diksa (initiation)
Demographics,
Bhaktapur twa :, 183
household, 110 -112, 704 n. 1, 704 -705 n. 2
Kathmandu Valley, 34 -35, 690 nn. 3-6
population density, 18 , 57 , 58 -59, 694 n. 2
thar and macrostatus, 96 -99
See also Bhaktapur, city of; Statistics on Bhaktapur
Bhagasi, [40], 437 , 513 -514, 514 -517, 586 -587, 651
Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45], 272 , 439 , 514 -517, 517 -523, 581 , 587 , 651 , 653 , 747 n. 22
meanings of the, 505 -507, 522 -523, 559 -562, 584 -589 passim, 656
overviews of [36, 40 , 45 , 67 -76], 436 , 501 , 503 , 580 , 656
rice agriculture events and, 512
See also Mohani festival [67-76]; Nine Durgas cycle
Devi Mahatmya , 266 , 285 , 290 , 326 , 597 , 717 -718 n. 47, 718 n. 48, 745 n. 59, 748 n. 31
on the dangerous goddesses, 244 , 246 -247, 249 -251, 508 , 538 , 558
Mandalic[*] Goddesses m the, 508 , 525 , 748 n. 33
Mohani activities and the, 527 -563 passim
Devi, Rajalla. See Malla, Jayasthiti
Devi (the creator goddess), 208 , 241 , 423 , 772
as the focal deity of Mohani, 525 -558 passim
number of pitas sacred to, 231
Dewali period [30], 309 , 310 , 432 -436, 512 , 578 , 649 , 651 , 772
See also Lineage god
Dhala(n) danegu worship, 308 , 455 -456, 638 -639, 762 n. 4
Dhala(n) Sala(n) [66], 462 , 655
Dharma (moral law), 215 , 383 , 389 , 610 , 635
bad rebirth and, 367
responsibility for thar , 659 , 663
secular power and, 342 -344
transcendence of, 305 , 333 -334, 339 -340
See also Moral order; Worship
Dharmasatra. See Sastra
Dhobi washer group, 88
Dhyana , 319
Diacritical marks, 623 -624
See also Newari language, the; Appendix One
Dictionaries, Newari-English, 687 n. 2
Digu Dya: (gods), 139 , 260 -261, 432 , 649 , 772
shrines outside Bhaktapur, 159 -161, 260 -261, 676
Tantric worship of, 306 -312
See also Aga(n) Dya: (gods); Dewali period [30]; Stone gods
Diksa (initiation), 772
baga (half-full), 239 , 304 , 314 -315
Tantric, 314 -317, 661 , 665 , 676
See also Rites of passage (samskaras )
Dillaga fortnight, 439 , 517 , 652 -653
Dillathwa fortnight, 438 -439, 652
Dip (cremation ground), 161 -162, 264 , 460 , 772
See also Masan (cremation ground)
Dipankara Buddhas. See Five Pandava Brothers
Dipavali festival of lights, 412 -414
Disease,
anxiety season and, 431 -432, 519 , 586 , 648
healing ritual for, 570 , 575 , 754 n. 101
Disgust. See Pollution, disgust and
Divinities. See Deities
Divorce. See Marriage
Dog Puja. See Khica Puja [78]
Domestic architecture. See Architecture
Do(n) thar , 87 , 95 , 627 , 701 n. 28
Dowry. See Marriage
Drinking, alcohol,
during festivals, 461 , 491 , 534
Drummakers thar (Kulu), 84 , 627
Dugu God. See Digu Dya: (gods)
Dui Maju (goddess), 243 , 250 , 537 , 717 n. 43
Duma, Nine Durgas character of, 232 , 502 , 566 -571 passim, 572 , 576 , 611 , 716 n. 29, 744 n. 52, 754 n. 100
Dumaju (goddess), 711 n. 13
See also Taleju (goddess)
Durbar Square. See Laeku Square
Durupo (goddess), 244
Duso/Duswa ("looking in" ceremony), 667
Dwaka. See Crossroads (dwaka )
Dwi(n) thar , 82 , 95 , 460 -461, 627 , 700 n. 22
Dya: (god, divinity or deity), 269 -270, 278 -279, 772
Dya che(n) (god-houses), 204 , 483 , 484
images kept at the, 231 , 467 -468, 469 , 490
map of, 155
of the nine Mandalic[*] Goddesses, 155 , 204 , 231
See also Che(n) (house)
Dyers thar (Chipa), 82 , 83 , 95 , 97 , 180 , 627 , 700 n. 21
Dying. See Death; Death rituals
E
Earth,
basil plant (tulsica ), 392
Mobani barley, 527 -529, 531 , 534 , 551
prthivi[*] (deified), 192 , 512 , 746 n. 10
See also Agriculture; Plants
Eating. See Cipa (contaminated food) customs; Foods, household
agricultural, 62 -66, 695 nn. 6-8
barter and in-kind income, 67 , 696 n. 11, 697 n. 18
non-agricultural, 66 -68, 696 -697 n. 15, 697 nn. 16-17
Ego. See Kinship
Eight Mothers. See Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers)
Ekadasi , 438
Elements of the universe, 415 , 768 n. 75
Elephant, Indra's. See Pulu Kisi
Elephant-headed god. See Ganesa[*] (god)
Emanation. See Nis:saran (emanations)
Endogamy and exogamy,
Newar thars and, 72 , 104 -105, 129 , 312 , 703 -704 nn. 48-50, 708 n. 36, 723 n. 22
See also Hypergamy; Kinship
Entrances, Ganesa[*] and Kumara at, 220
Epic, the Mahabharata , 252 , 254 , 421 , 452
Epistemology,
crises of, 31
Tahitian vs . that of Bhaktapur, 28 -32
Ethnic groups. See Non-Newar groups
European society, dichotomies m contrast to, 23 -25
Excretion metaphor. See Purity and impurity
Extraordinary symbols. See Symbolism, marked
F
Face. See Ijjat (face)
Faith,
blood sacrifice and, 332 -335
marked symbolism and, 27 , 30 , 32
See also Common sense
Family organization,
freedom of Newar women within the, 120 -125
household, 110 -112, 704 nn. 1-2
Indo-European, 20 -21
kinship terminology and, 631 -634, 758 -761 nn. 1-38
rites of passage centrality of the, 658 -659
roles, 112 -120, 134 , 705 n. 3
worship and, 635 -642 passim
See also Children; Kinship; Marriage; Rites of passage (samskara s)
Farmers. See Jyapu thar s
Farming. See Agriculture
Fasting. See Vrata (religious austerity)
Father worship. See Gokarna Au(n)si [51]
Feasts,
food for, 335 , 419 , 422 , 423 , 428 , 434 , 437 , 464 , 534 , 552 , 636 -642 passim, 673 , 750 n. 49, 751 n. 61
nakha cakha , 402 , 422 , 734 n. 2
nakhatya , 117 , 422 , 435 , 464 , 705 n. 7, 734 n. 2
rites of passage, 661 , 662 , 668 , 675
sacrificial (siu ), 328 -331, 539 , 550 , 753
See also Foods, household
Feminal kin. See Tha:thiti (feminal kin)
Festival routes. See Jatra (religious procession)
Festivals and city events, 58 -59, 755 n. 3
agricultural cycle, 422 -423, 436 , 440 , 501 -576 passim, 512 , 560 -561, 590 -591, 645 , 745 n. 8
annual pattern of, 584 -589, 643 -657
anti-structural functions of, 446 , 450 -451, 494 , 590 , 653
anxious, 586 -588
approaches to meanings of, 405 -409, 492 -500, 555 -563, 571 -576, 591 -598, 616
Buddhist, 435 -436
calendrically determined, 401 -409, 555 , 577 -581, 583 , 584 -589, 643 -657
the citizen perspective on, 591 -598
comparative importance of, 407 , 408 -409, 430 -431, 432 -433, 453 -456, 578 , 591 -598
compelling ambiguities of, 487 , 499 , 571 -572, 744 n. 51
densest season of, 440 , 587 , 653
divine actors in, 494 -496, 507 -511, 554 , 557 -558, 566 , 568 -571, 579 -581, 648 , 649 , 656
external cyclical influences on the, 589 -591
focal structural, 408 , 466 -467, 493 -494, 555 -556, 578 , 580 -581, 649 , 735 n. 10
government support of, 441 -442, 459 , 468 , 492 , 740 n. 14, 750 n. 55
human actors in, 494 -495, 556 -557, 581 , 583 , 591 -598
lunar cycle, 410 -411, 585 -586, 589 -590
narrative or thematic cycle, 408 , 410 , 464 , 466 -467, 559 -562, 735 n. 10
number of, 17 , 402 -403, 577 -583 passim, 583 , 589 -590, 688 n. 3, 754 -755 n. 1
numbering system for, 402 -403, 409 , 411 , 577 -578, 643 -657, 734 n. 3, 739 n. 2, 745 n. 6, 754 -755 n. 1
parallel city-wide, 197 -198, 408 , 419 -420, 494 , 539 , 578 -579, 744 n. 58, 751 n. 65
parallel valley, 426
parallel vs . interactive features of, 408 , 494 , 556
public compared with household, 578 -580, 591 -598
ranking and describing, 466 -467, 492 , 578 , 736 n. 10
rhetoric for engagement in, 499 , 562 -563, 571 -575, 579 -580
selection among Hindu, 407 , 525 , 735 n. 9
social units participating in, 578 -580, 591 -598
solar cycle, 463 , 464 -467, 492 -493, 586 , 589
spatial emphases of, 470 , 476 , 496 -497, 559 , 578 -580, 591 -598
Festivals and city events (continued )
twa :-based, 186 , 435 , 436 -437, 445 , 460 , 483 -484, 565 , 569 , 571
uniquely Newar, 411 , 417 , 421 , 444 , 456 -462, 464 , 466 -467
worship and, 635 -642 passim
See also Names of individual events and fortnights: Appendix five
Fighting. See Conflict, ritual
Fishermen thar. See Po(n) thar
Five Pandava Brothers, 435 , 452
See also Mahabharata epic, the
Folk culture, archaic cities and, 18 -19, 615 -620
Foods, household, 190
contamination of, 368 , 380 , 384 -386
pulses (boiled legumes), 100 -101
sharing of, 335 , 394 -395, 661 -662 status differences and, 100 -101, 103 -105
See also Cipa (contaminated food) customs; Cooking activities, sacred
Foods, ritual, 636 -642 passim
Tantric meat and alcohol, 305 , 306 , 325 , 329 -331, 350 , 396 , 565 , 734 n. 30, 753 n. 95
See also Feasts: Offerings, worship
Forbidden substances (makaras ), 304 , 306
Foreign visitors,
isolation of, 617
reports on Newar Nepal by, 699 n. l1
views of Newar women, 131 -132
Fortnights, lunar, 403 -405, 590 -591, 643 -657, 755 n. 13
See also Names of individual fortnights
Fortune. See Chance and luck
Friend,
pasa , 431
ritual (twae ), 142 , 669 , 709 nn. 45-46, 774
Frogs, worship of, 441
Full moon days. See Punhi (full moon)
Funerals. See Death rituals
Furnishings, household, 190
G
Gai Jatra. See Saparu Jatra [48]
Ga:. See Ghat[*] (river steps)
Ga:hiti Square, 427 -428, 470 , 473 -474, 486 -487, 554
Gambling, during Swanti, 413 -414, 417
Gandya:. See Ganesa[*] (god)
Ganesa[*] , Catha Ganesa[*] [56], 455 , 654
Ganesa[*] (god), 219 -222, 252 , 453 , 483 , 566 , 570 , 636 , 637 , 713 -714 nn. 12-16
number of shrines of, 205 , 221 , 219 -222, 713 -714 nn. 12-16
Rat Ganesa[*] legends of, 489 -490, 744 n. 57
twa: shrines to local (sthan ), 185 , 220 -222, 662 , 667 , 674
See also Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra
Ga(n)ga jal (Ganges water), 640 -641, 684
Gateways, city. See Bhaktapur, city of
Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45]. See Devi cycle
Gatha thar , 83 , 95 , 627 , 674 , 772
as Nine Durgas performers, 505 -514 passim, 546 -548, 553 -572 passim, 746 n. 13
Gau dan memorial ritual, 445 -446
Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft , 23 -24
Gender, divine. See Deities, gender differentiation among
Gender relationships, 57 , 631 -634, 694 n. 3
assymmetries of, 120
independence of Bhaktapur's women within, 112 -113, 120 -125, 131 -132, 291 -292, 455 , 669
Geneaological referents. See Kinship
Generational roles. See Age; Kinship
Geography of Bhaktapur, 52 -56, 58 -60
See also Bhaktapur, city of; Names of individual areas and places
Gha:su jagye ceremony, 684 , 769 n. 87
See also Purification
Ghantakarna. See Devi cycle, Gatha Muga: Ca:re [45]
Ghat[*] (river steps), 56 , 161 -162, 427 , 437 , 484 , 677 , 767 n. 54
See also Death rituals
Ghe(n)ta(n) Ghesi(n), 446 , 738 n. 32
See also Carnival
Ghosts and spirits, 207 , 269 -272, 278
twa(n) , 271
See also Deities
Ghya: Caku Sa(n)lhu [10], 423 , 463 -464, 492 , 589 , 646
Gifts,
cash, 130
husband-wife, 115 , 126 , 705 n. 16
marriage, 129 -131
See also Offerings, worship
Girastha , 79
Giri. See Matha[*] priests
Girls, as dangerous to men, 671 , 765 n. 38
Girls, roles of, 113 , 128 , 665 -669
Kumari Bare, 95 , 363 , 540 -546, 607
See also Ihi (mock marriage); Siblings
Given names. See Names
Goats, sacrificial, 324 , 532 -533, 535 -537
castrated male (khasi ), 220 , 326 -328, 539 , 751 n. 65
God-houses. See Dya che(n) (god-houses)
Goddess, the Dangerous,
appearance and transformations of, 227 -228, 244 -247, 249 -252
as Chandika or Kali, 247 -250, 290
as Devi/Mahamayha, 247
Laksmi contrasted to, 423
See also Dangerous deities (gya(n)pugu ); Mohani festival [67-76]
Gods. See Deities; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur
Gokarna Au(n)si [51], 444 , 453 , 654
Golden Gate (Taleju temple), 237
Go(n)ga thar , 95
Goods and services. See Economy of Bhaktapur; Occupations,
Gopalarajavamsavali Chronicle, 41
Gopinatha Jatra [6], 420 , 644
Gorkhali language. See Languages of Nepal
Gorkha people, 14 -15, 68 , 704 n. 55
Gotra , 356 , 708 n. 36, 768 n. 71
Government of Nepal, 60 -62, 68 , 533 , 620 , 709 n. 48, 750 n. 46
Guthi[*] Samsthan of the, 441 -442, 459 , 468 , 492 , 740 n. 14, 750 n. 55
See also Nepal
Graha (heavenly bodies), 265 -266, 354 -355, 715 n. 25, 724 n. 30
See also Astrology; Deity groups, astral divinities
Grama locality units, 182 -183, 711 nn. 17, 20
See also Twa : areas
Greece. See Classical civilization
Groom. See Marriage
Guhyesvari (goddess), 231 , 243 , 260 , 267 , 715 -716 n. 26
Gunhi Punhi, [47], 440 -442, 653 , 738 n. 34
Gu(n)laga fortnight, 442 -453, 653 -654
Gu(n)lathwa fortnight, 439 -441, 653
Tantric initiation and the, 314 -317
Guru-Purohita priests, 351 , 469 , 475 -493 passim, 532 , 556 -557, 749 n. 42
Guthi[*] association, 141 , 144 -145, 468 , 483 , 709 nn. 47-50, 772
Guthi[*] Samsthan, the, 709 n. 48, 751 n. 61
festival support by, 441 -442, 459 , 468 , 492 , 740 n. 14, 750 n. 55
Gya(n)pugu. See Dangerous deities (gya(n)pugu ); Deities
H
Hada thar , 95
Hadigaon (Harigaon), 55 , 159 , 709 n. 5
Hair,
boy's shaving ceremony (busakha ), 662 -664, 763 nn. 11-12
girl's hair-parting ceremony (Sa(n)) pyakegu ), 672 -673
and nails cutting, 362 , 387 -388, 392 , 664 -665, 732 -733 n. 23
Halahulu (outcastes), 85 , 627 , 701 n. 30
Haleyojosi thar , 95
Halves, city. See under Bhaktapur, city of
Hanuman (god), 205 , 216 , 718 n. 54
Hanumante River, 55 , 56 , 152 -153, 169 , 171 , 184 , 348 , 484 , 514
Hari. See Visnu-Narayana[*] (god)
Hari Bodhini [4], 418 -419, 438 , 585 , 644 , 652
Hari Sayani [42], 406 , 438 , 585 , 587 , 644 , 652
Harisimhadeva[*] , 41 , 347 , 349
Taleju and, 234 -238, 553 , 722 n. 17
Harvest festival. See Mohani festival
Siva's, 215
swarga , 459
Visnu's[*] , 215 , 318 , 445 , 767 n. 55
See also Reincarnation
Heramba. See Ganesa[*] (god)
Hereditary status system. See Macrostatus levels; Thar groups
Heroes, 612
Hierarchies of deities. See Deities
Hierarchy,
household, 117 -120
the Nine Durgas cycle and, 572 -576
phenomena and Idea classes of, 609 -613
rules concerning, 99 -102
thar ranks, 625 -627
See also Cipa (contaminated food) customs; Macrostatus levels
Himalaya/Himavan[*] (god), Parvati as the daughter of, 225 , 666
Hinduism,
as ahistorical, 27 -28
as an archaic symbol system, 27 -28, 617
Bhaktapur as a climax community of, 2 , 27 -28, 59 , 619
Hinduism (continued )
Bhaktapur's pantheon and, 205 -207, 288 -292
Buddhist priests and, 362 -363
calendrically anchored events of, 406 -407
entailments and markers of, 99 -105, 606
family patterns of, 114 -117
static social order of, 23 , 99 , 572 -576
See also Deities; Macrostatus levels; Vedic religion
Hipha: Gods, 537 , 750 -751 n. 57, 751 n. 62
History, political, 35 -52, 616 -619, 690 n. 7
early Newar, 35 -39
legendary, 489 -490, 499 , 610 , 612
of the Newars in Bhaktapur, 13 -15, 39 -42
See also Malla court
Hiti (water fountain), 741 n. 23
Holi Punhi festival [17], 430 -431, 648
Ho(n)kegu marriage ceremony, 674 -675
Horoscope. See Astrology
Horror storines, 720 n. 72
House, the Newar. See Architecture; Che(n) (house)
Household, the,
gods of, 215 , 218 -219, 224 , 268 -269, 306 -312
hierarchy, 117 -120
lateral environment of, 586 , 755 n. 9
moral beyond contrasted with amoral outside of, 223
natal households and, 117 , 121 -122, 125 -126, 133 -134, 141 , 415 -417, 423 , 431 , 453 , 669 , 670 , 681 , 705 n. 6
roles within, 112 -113, 705 n. 3
Swanti worship of, 411 -417
worship rituals in, 636 -642 passim
Households,
festivals primarily for, 578 -579, 592 -593
macrostatus and city locations of, 164 , 173
macrostatus level demographics on, 97 , 111 -112
macrostatus level and spatial access to, 103
macrostatus level and thar numbers of, 96 -99
as microstatus units, 69 -70, 110 -112, 335 -336, 559 , 658 -660, 725 n. 45
past numbers of, 59 , 97 , 694 n. 31
See also Microcosms
Human sacrifice, 331 -332
Humor, ritualized, 534 , 750 n. 49
satire during Saparu, 450 -451, 739 n. 45
Husbands. See Marriage
Hypergamy, 114 , 122 , 130 , 704 n. 49-50, 766 n. 48
isogamy and, 130 , 136 -137, 707 n. 33, 707 -708 n. 34
See also Endogamy and exogamy; Kinship
I
Iconoclasm, Islamic, 618 -619
Iconography, 275 , 276 , 720 n. 73
of the Nine Durgas, 507 -511
and relationships among deities, 286 -287
See also Deity images
Idolatry, 274 -275, 720 n. 71, 757 n. 5
Ihi (mock marriage), 127 , 142 , 220 , 309 , 426 , 435 , 707 n. 25, 709 n. 45, 715 n. 23, 772
ceremonies, 666 -670
implications of the, 665 -666, 669
preliminary activities before the, 667 -668
sponsorship of the, 666
Tini roles in the, 358
Visnu[*] the divine spouse of, 665 -666, 764 n. 23
widowhood and, 122 , 736 n. 16
See also Marriage; Rites of passage (samskaras)
Illusion (maya ), 313 , 339 , 605 , 773
Images, sacred. See Deity images; Iconography
In-kind exchanges. See Economy of Bhaktapur
In-kind income. See Economy of Bhaktapur
In-laws. See Family organization; Kinship; Marriage
Inara Dya: (Inara God), 222 , 714 n. 15
Income. See Economy of Bhaktapur
India, 704 n. 55
impact of Buddhism m, 23 , 688 -689 n. 7
Kwane term for, 169
North, 625 , 630 , 631 -634, 758 -759 nn. 1-3
Individualism. See Psychological charac-
teristics of individuals; Self, views of the
annual festival cycle, 406 -407, 585 , 588 -589
status ranking of and by the, 105 -107, 136 -137, 708 n. 36
the thar concept and the, 71 -72, 722 n. 11
women' status among the, 120 -125
See also Chetri
Indra (god), story of, 458
Indra Jatra period [59-65], 452 , 654 -655, 740 n. 5
Newar variations of, 456 -462, 740 n. 9
Indrani[*] (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 , 237 , 716 n. 35, 743 n. 44, 748 n. 33
lunar cycle [61], 458 -459, 655
Initiations. See Rites of passage (samskaras )
Insults, public, 516 -517, 521
Intelligentsia, 18 -19, 688 n. 5
See also Literati
Interviews, Bhaktapur study, 6 -7, 687 n. 2, 725 n. 43
Irrigation, agricultural, 14 , 35
Islam,
contrast and conflict with Hinduism, 618 -620
See also Judeo-Christian-Islamic religions; Muslims
Isogamy. See Hypergamy
Istadevata. See . See Tutelary god
J
Ja cipa(n) thiyekegu ceremony, 661 -662
Jagana God Jatra [41], 438 , 652
Jagannatha (god), 205
Jahan (household family), 110
Jajaman (patron/principal worshiper), 301 -304, 353 , 639 , 772
Ja(n)gam. See Matha[*] priests
Ja(n)ko ceremonies, 611 , 661 -662, 676 -677
Jat groups, 664
Jata : (birth record), 661 , 678 , 762 n. 3
Jatadhari thar , 95
Jatra image. See Deity images, portable
Jatra (religious procession), 420 , 424 , 496 , 743 n. 43, 772
implications of the, 583 -584, 756 n. 15
local twa :, 435 , 436 -437, 445 , 460 , 483 -484
Mohani period daily, 525 -555 passim, 559 -560
the Nine Durgas troupe, 566 -567
See also Routes, ceremonial
Jayasthiti Paddhati. See Newar people, the
Jha Brahmans, 87 , 347 -348, 352 , 372
Jica bhaju (son-in-law), 631 , 676
Jihvasodhana postnatal ceremony, 660
Jona (sacred thread), 81 , 300 , 315 , 357 , 441 , 699 n. 17, 738 n. 36, 772
presentation of the, 664 -665, 763 n. 17
Josi thar , 94 , 95 , 278 , 727 n. 15, 772
of Chathar, 80 , 699 -700 n. 18
roles of the, 354 -356, 661 , 727 n. 14
Judeo-Christian-Islamic religions, Hinduism and the, 274 , 606 , 618 -619, 720 n. 71, 757 n. 3
Jugi thar , 83 , 84 , 95 , 201 , 255 , 627 , 717 n. 40, 758 n. 7
as absorbers of pollution, 181 , 263 , 345 , 369 -371, 386 , 678 , 682 , 729 n. 37, 731 n. 8
distribution of the, 180 -182
origin of, 368 -369, 729 nn. 33-34
Po(n) compared to the, 370 -371, 627
roles of the, 94 , 421 , 721 n. 3, 743 n. 42, 749 n. 41, 772
water unacceptability of the, 83
Jugis, Tantrism and the, 371 , 372
Jyapu thars , 74 , 81 -82, 700 n. 20, 758 nn. 2-5, 772
classes of, 356 -357, 626 -627, 700 n. 19, 749 n. 41
festival activities of, 420 , 442 , 446 -447, 486 , 526 , 749 n. 39
households, 64 , 97 , 123 , 128 , 130 , 135 , 178 , 187
Maha(n), 471 , 472 , 537 , 741 n. 20, 758 n. 4
K
Kali (goddess). See Goddess, the Dangerous; Mahakali (goddess)
Kami thar , wood carvers, 81 , 95
Ka:si (porch), 188 , 524 , 671 -672, 748 n. 30, 772
Kachalathwa fortnight, 404 , 412 , 415 -420, 643 -644
Kaeta (loincloth), 772
Kaeta Puja (initiation), 309 , 315 , 662 -665, 669 , 733 n. 26, 762 n. 9
Kalaratri (Black Night) [74]. Mohani, 533 -538, 561
Kalasa (ritual flask), 528 , 534 , 551 , 672 , 772
Kalu thar , 95
Kanya dana (gift of a virgin daughter), 666 , 668 , 674 , 764 n. 21
Karimpur village (Uttar Pradesh), 289
Karma (individual destiny), 727 n. 14, 733 n. 24, 747 n. 23, 772
See also Chance and luck
Karmacarya. See Acaju (priests)
Kata: thar , 83 , 94 , 361 , 627
Kathmandu, city of, 35 , 68 , 157 , 169 , 194 , 350 , 430 , 625 , 728 n. 27
Dasai(n) in, 533
Indra Jatra in, 457 -458, 654 , 740 n. 5
political history of, 13 -15
ritual antagonism in, 173 -174
Kathmandu Valley, the, 122 -123, 195 , 197 , 225 , 666
as center of Newar life, 34 -35, 617
demographics of, 56 -58
Ganesa[*] shrines in, 222 , 714 n. 15
Pasupatinatha shrine complex, 214 , 231 , 243 , 255 , 260 , 267 , 421 , 429 -430
political history of, 13 -15, 616 -618, 690 n. 7
shrines in the, 418
villages and towns in, 690 n. 6
See also Pilgrimage centers
Kaulaga fortnight, 462 , 644 , 656 -657
Kaulathwa fortnight, 462 , 523 -555, 655 -656
Kaumari (goddess). See Devi Mahatmya ; Kumari (goddess)
Kawa(n) spirit, 271
Kha groups, 106 -107, 704 n. 54, 55
Khae(n) people, 75
See also Indo-Nepalese
Kha(n) Me: (Mohani buffalo), 546 -549, 562
Khasi. See Goats, sacrificial
Khica Puja [78], 412 -413, 657
Kiga :, 302 -303, 641 , 642 , 762 n. 7, 772
temple worship offering of, 635 , 636
Kija Puja [2], 113 , 415 -417, 643 , 705 n. 5, 736 n. 9
See also Siblings
Killing, attitudes toward. See Blood sacrifice
King,
Brahman relationship to the, 341 -344, 601 , 602 -603, 618
Karnataka dynasty, 692 n. 22
Saha kingship, 51 , 533 , 546 , 694 n. 32, 774
and sword of the Biska: festival, 469 -492 passim, 556 -557
Taleju Brahman as Mohani period Malla, 530 -555 passim, 557
See also Names of individual kings
Kingdoms,
little Hindu, 28
Newar and Bhaktapur, 13 -15, 57 , 59 -60, 617
See also History, political
Kini/Kikini spirit, 271
Kinship, 121 -122
categories and terminology of, 142 -144, 631 -634, 758 -761 nn. 1-38
fictive (twae ), 142 , 669 , 709 nn. 45-46, 774
kul , 128 , 138 -139, 141 , 708 n. 36
the paju , 113 , 125 -126, 138 , 631 , 662 , 664 -665, 674 , 705 nn. 14-15, 773
See also Phuki groups; Thar groups; Appendix Three
Knowledge, loss of cultural, 337 -338
See also Occupations
Kriya putra mourner activities, 679 -683
Krsna[*] (god), 205 , 713 n. 6
as avatar of Visnu[*] , 215 -216
minor festivals of, 429 -431, 452 , 647 -648
Krsna Janmastami [49], 452 , 654
Ksatriya[*] class, 79 , 340 , 342 , 349 , 602 -603, 704 n. 55, 725 n. 39, 729 n. 29, 737 n. 23, 772
See also Chetri
Kul. See Kinship, kul
Kulachimi/Ku Laksmi (goddess), 243 , 717 n. 45
Kumara (god), 220
Kumari (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 , 241 , 715 n. 24, 748 n. 33, 758 -759 n. 12
Bare girls as, 95 , 363 , 540 -546, 607
Ekanta, 542 -546, 550 , 752 n. 77
Mohani period worship of, 539 -546, 550 , 561 , 751 nn. 69-74, 752 nn. 75-83
the Nine Durgas and, 509 -510, 568 -570 passim, 575 -576
Sero Bhairava and, 570 , 575 -576
Kumha: thar , 81 , 90 , 95 , 97 , 216 , 372 , 475 , 476 , 626 , 667
Kusa: thar , 83
Kwane. See India
Kwaphaegu , 470
L
Lami , 129
Labor. See Economy of Bhaktapur
Laeku (Royal Palace), 772
Laeku Square, 175 , 213 , 216 , 349 , 446 , 535 , 539 , 772
Lakha visit, 673
Lakhe Brahmans, 78 , 94 , 352 , 699 n. 13, 727 n. 7
Laksmi (goddess), 290 , 735 -736 n. 5
Devi contrasted to, 423
See also Mahalaksmi[*] (goddess)
Laksmi Puja [79], Swanti, 224 , 413 -414, 416 , 657
Lakulache(n) Twa:, 445 -446, 461 , 474
Lalitpur. See Patan
Lamps. See Lights and lamps
Land Acts and reforms, 63 -64, 696 n. 13
Land use and tenure, 62 -66, 68 , 144 , 695 -696 nn. 9-13, 709 n. 47
See also Agriculture
Language,
obscenity and forbidden, 439 , 516 -517, 521 , 556 , 573 , 651 , 653 , 747 n. 27
respect levels in, 103 , 115 -116, 368 , 625 , 631 -634
sacred and everyday vocabularies, 688 n. 4
spoken twa :, 185
Languages of Nepal, 5 , 13 -14, 15 , 34 , 623 , 690 n. 1
Gorkhali, 15
Sanskrit, 202 , 288 -289, 688 n. 4
See also Newari language; Sanskrit language, the
Laskusa (welcome ceremony), 491 -492, 545 , 554 , 667 , 772
Laws of Manu , 323 , 325 , 327 , 380 , 381 , 384 , 387 , 731 n. 5, 732 n. 15, 777
Leaders,
Naki(n) (female), 113 , 414 -415, 513 , 566 -567, 668 , 672 , 675 , 708 n. 41, 736 n. 7, 773
Learning. See Knowledge; Sarasvati (goddess)
Legal status/caste system. See Muluki Ain
Legal system,
the Islamic, 619
marriage and the, 132 -136
Legends, 604 , 610 , 612 -613, 757 n. 11
See also Names of individual deities and festwals
Levels of meaning, 609 -613
See also Hierarchy; Macrostatus levels
Lha panegu ceremony, 684 , 769 n. 87
Licchavi period, 349 , 691 nn. 9-11, 743 n. 35
Life-cycle ceremonies. See Rites of passage (samskaras )
festival, 530
funeral torch, 678 -680
offering of (mata beigu ), 529 -548 passim, 749 nn. 37-40
sukunda (ceremonial lamp), 322 , 469 , 482 , 528 , 535 , 639 , 642 , 676
Liko kriya , 679
Liminality, 378 -379, 672 , 730 n. 2, 731 n. 9, 732 n. 13, 732 -733 n. 23, 733 -734 n. 29
Lineage god,
Kula (or Kul ) devata , 309
See also aga(n) Dya: (gods); Digu Dya: (gods)
Linga[*] (phallus),
Siva as, 208 , 210 , 213 , 322 , 426 , 453 , 681 , 728 n. 22, 737 n. 22, 743 n. 3.6, 768 n. 66, 772
worship of Siva as, 428 , 736 -737 n. 17
See also Sexuality, portrayals of; Siva (god)
Literati,
cities of, 18 -19, 31 -32, 688 n. 5
See also Intelligentsia
Little kingdoms. See Kingdoms
Loha(n)kami thar , 81 , 758 n. 2
Love,
familial (maya ), 31 , 141 , 690 n. 12
See also Kinship; Marriage
Luck. See Chance and luck
Lunar calendar, 403 -405, 410 -462, 585 -586, 589 -591, 643 -657, 773
punhi full-moon days, 419 , 422 , 773
See also Calendar; Fortnights, lunar
Lunar New Year. See Swanti [77-79, 1-2]
Lya:si(n). See Poles, ceremonial, Yasi(n) God
M
Maca Ja(n)ko. See Ja(n)ko ceremonies
Macrostatus levels, 625 -629
borderline clean thar , 82 -83, 96 , 352 , 359 -360, 363 , 728 n. 23, 732 n. 22
ceremonies involving mixed, 666 , 668 -669
clean thar , 78 -82, 391 , 494 -495
concentric circles distribution of, 174 -182
contaminating segments of the, 84 -85, 363 -371
dominant high, 78 -80, 111 -112, 119 , 625 -626
entailments of, 99 -102, 365 , 377
festivals' nonemphasis of, 581 , 583
markers of, 103 -105, 120 , 384 -385, 614
occupational/ritual roles and, 67 , 89 -96, 98 , 389 -390, 395 , 696 -697 n. 15, 728 n. 23
previous descriptions of, 83 , 377 -379, 700 -701 n. 26
Rajopadhyaya Brahman status and the, 372 -374
rites of passage differentiation among, 660 , 663 -665
thar demographics and, 63 , 67 , 96 -99
thar s and, 69 -71, 107 -108, 625 -627
thar s described by other, 77 -85, 132 , 625 -627, 728 n. 27, 758 n. 6-7
twa:s and, 162
twae relations and, 142
vertical divisions of the, 343 -344, 396 , 603
See also Hierarchy; Purity and impurity
Madhya Pradesh, 274 , 290 -291
Madikami thar , 95
Madya:. See Siva (god)
Madya: Jatra festival [14], 214 , 427 -428, 647
Magic, realms of, 608 -609, 610
Maha aparadha (sin), 129
Mahabharata epic, the, 252 , 254 , 421 , 452
See also Chronicle; Mani, Vettam (Names Index )
Mahabhuta (elements of the body), 415
Mahadya:. See Siva (god)
Mahakali (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 , 487 -488, 694 . 1, 748 n. 33
the Nine Durgas and, 232 , 251 , 258 , 508 -510, 568 -571
Seto Bhairava and, 510 -511, 568 -571, 572 -575
See also Camunda[*] (goddess); Goddess, the Dangerous
Mahakali/Mahalaksmi Jatra, Biska: [26], 487 -488, 649
Mahalaksmi[*] (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 -231, 232 , 250 , 251 , 487 -488, 715 n. 25, 748 n. 33
in Kalaratri, 533 -536
the Nine Durgas and, 232 , 564 -569 passim
as Sipha Dya: (Oleander goddess), 232 , 564 -569 passim
See also Laksmi (goddess)
Maha(n) thar , 471 , 472 , 537 , 741 n. 20, 758 n. 4
Mahesvari (goddess), 155 , 166 -167, 230 , 243 , 508 , 748 n. 33
Mahesvari/Brahmani[*] Jatra, Biska: [27], 488 , 649
Mahisasura[*] (Asura king). See Devi Mahatmya
Mahisasuramardini (goddess),
Bhagavati as, 310 , 528 , 534 , 536
Devi as, 242 , 326 , 501 , 505 , 562 , 772
Taleju as, 241
Maithili language, 692 n. 22
Mightili, the, history of, 692 n. 22, 693 n. 24
Makara. See Forbidden substances (makara s)
Malekar thar , 626
Malla, Ananda, 39 , 489 -490, 691 nn. 15-16
Malla, Anandadeva, 489 -490
Malla, Bhupatindra[*] , 47 , 175 , 446
Malla court, 68 , 159 , 216 , 267 , 349 , 356 , 459 , 460
symbolic reconstruction of the, 79 -80, 95 , 469 , 530 -531, 557 , 730 n. 41, 740 n. 14
Taleju as lineage goddess of the, 234 , 239 -240, 542 , 544
See also History, political; King; Royal center of Bhaktapur
Malla, Jaya Prakash, 52
Malla, Jayasthiti, 39 , 41 , 42 -45, 161 , 163 , 238 , 617 , 693 n. 25
Rajalla Devi the wife of, 692 n. 21
Malla Royal center. See Royal center of Bhaktapur
Malla, Yaksa, 45 -46
Bhaktapur as a, 153 -154, 166 -168, 228 -231, 496 , 565 , 571 , 709 nn. 2, 4, 714 n. 16
for household members, 336 , 414 -415
Mandalic[*] Goddesses, the nine, 487 -488, 692 n. 18, 773
god-houses of the, 155 , 204 , 231
the Nine Durgas and, 746 n. 16
pithas of the, 155 , 158 -159, 231 , 260 , 303 , 496 , 525 , 529 -530, 531 , 667 , 694 n. 1, 722 n. 15, 748 n. 33, 773
Taking Outside [22] (Biska:), 483 -484, 487 -488, 649 , 743 nn. 8-40
worship during Mohani, 155 , 229 -230, 266 , 525 -555 passim, 748 n. 33
See also Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers); Names of individual goddesses
Ma(n) ya khwa: swaegu [33], 433 -434, 649 -650
Manas (the mind), 381 -382
Manu. See Laws of Manu
Maps of Bhaktapur, 155 , 160 , 164 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 177 -179, 181 , 184 , 198 , 201 , 221
shrines, 154 -156
thar group location, 165 , 172 , 177 -179, 181
Markandeya Purana[*] scripture, 227
Marked symbolism. See Symbolism, marked
Marriage, 126 -134, 434 -435, 755 n. 4
adoption and, 137 -138, 707 n. 28, 708 n. 35
age of, 114 -115, 127 -128, 705 -706n. 17, 706 nn. 18-19
asymmetrical controls on, 104 -105
barter (hilabula ), 131 , 707 n. 24
betel nuts (gwae(n) ), 671 -676 passim
betrothal, 673
brides and grooms and, 114 , 128 -131, 673 -676 passim
ceremonies (byaha ), 129 -131, 673 -676, 705 n. 14
child, 127 , 666 , 670 , 705 -706 n. 17, 706 n. 18, 764 n. 21
divorce and separation and, 130 -134, 707 n. 26-29
dress, 667
freedom of Newar women within, 112 -113, 120 -125, 131 -132, 291 -292, 455 , 669
gifts, 115 , 126 , 129 -131, 705 n. 16
husband roles m, 112 -120
hypergamy and, 114 , 122 , 130 , 136 -137, 704 nn. 49-50, 707 n. 33, 707 -708 n. 34, 766 n. 48
kinship categories and, 142 -144, 630 -634
post-wedding events of, 675 -676
primary and secondary, 104 , 127 , 134 -135, 666 , 673 , 707 n. 29
remarriage and, 134 -135
Sinba(n) chaekegu , 764 n. 21
Swasthani festival themes on, 425
thar level, 104 -105
weddings and, 705 n. 14
widowhood and, 122 , 132 , 135 , 666 , 669 , 676 , 736 n. 16, 737 n. 21, 766 n. 52
wife roles in, 112 -120, 120 -125, 707
See also Family organization; Ihsi (mock marriage); Kinship
Masan (cremation ground), 264 , 773
See also Dip (cremation ground)
Mask making,
Pu(n) thar , 83 , 94 , 95 , 460 , 546 , 627
See also Nine Durgas cycle, characters in the
Masons thar (Awa:), 81 , 91 , 95 , 96 , 180 , 626
Mata beigu (offering of lights), 529 -548 passim, 749 nn. 37-39
Mata Tirtha, 434
Mataki rice. See Rice
Mata(n) (second floor). See Che(n) (house)
Matangi[*] (Po(n) thar name), 627
Materials, worship. See Worship materials; Names of individual materials
Matha[*] . See Pilgrimage centers, Hindu matha
Matha[*] priests, 87 -88, 97 , 106 , 730 n. 40
Matrkas (goddesses), 229 -231, 266 , 478 , 542 , 715 n.25, 742 n.30
See also Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers)
Matwa:. See Twa : areas
Meaning, intelligible,
boundaries of, 614 -615
discrete categories of, 614
levels of, 609 -613
membership in a domain and, 614
redundancy and filtering, 613 -614
resources for, 609 -615
systematic ordering of, 615
Meat consumption. See Foods
Meditative practices, 303 , 316 -319, 724 n. 28
Mela (pilgrimge gathering), 195 , 418 , 419 , 424 , 426 , 429 , 459 , 484 , 594 -595, 773
number and types of, 403 , 579 , 734 nn. 1, 3, 754 -755 n. 1
See also Pilgrimage centers
Men, ratio of women to, 57 , 694 n. 3
Men, symbolism for, 574 -576
Menses, 705 nn. 11-13
marriage and menarche, 113 , 127 - 128, 265 , 665 , 764 n. 21
menarche ceremonies and, 670 -673, 765 nn. 34-35, 38
purification rituals and, 454 -455, 731 n. 10
status of Newar women and, 123 -125
See also Marriage; Women
Mesocosm, the urban,
definitions of, 2 , 28 , 32 , 337 , 499 -500, 600 -601, 615 -616, 757 n. 2
demography of, 96 -99
escaping the control of, 381 , 731 n. 6
heterogeneous oppositions within, 601 -602
individual autonomy and, 32 , 381 , 392 -397, 562 -563, 575 -576, 731 n. 6
paradox-generating contexts of the, 339 -340, 615
preaxial world of, 22 -23, 619
the purity complex and, 375 -376, 395 -397, 600
the religious and the ordinary within the, 605 -606
resources for intelligibility of, 609 -615
spheres, structures and oppositions within, 601 -609
See also Deties; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur
Metal god images, 268 -269
See also Worship materials
Metalworkers thar (Tamrakar), 81 , 95 , 97 , 626
Mha (the physical body), 381 , 414 , 773
Microcosms,
households as, 69 -70, 110 -112, 335 -336, 559 , 658 -660, 725 n. 45
sub-thar level of, 70
symbolic order of the city and, 145 , 559 , 658 -660
See also Households; Phuki groups; Rites of passage samskaras )
Migration, 57 -58, 350 , 706 n. 22
Mirrors, 672 , 674 , 682 , 769 nn. 77-78
Misa , 707 n. 30
See also Marriage, wife roles in
Misra Brahmans. See Jha Brahmans
Mithila, 238
Mlechlas, 235
Modern world, the,
Bhaktapur compared to, 16
influences of, 15 , 134 , 616 , 727 n. 9
primitive civilizations compared to, 24
Mohani festival [67-76], 326 , 433 , 457 , 655 -656
Astamatrkas[*] shrines visits during, 155 , 167
Bhagavati/Taleju and the, 240 -241
Biska: festival compared wroth, 492 -500 passim, 555 -563
black night (Kalaratri), 533 -538, 561
blood sacrifice during, 186 , 532 -550 passim, 750 nn. 50-57, 751 nn. 58-62, 65 -68, 752 nn. 82-83
divine actors of, 554 , 557 -558
eighth day: Kalaratri, 533 -536
first day, 525 -531
human actors of, 556 -557
interactive vs . parallel features of, 556
Kumari the "living goddess" in, 95 , 363
Mandalic[*] Goddesses worship cycle during, 155 , 229 -230, 266 , 525 -555 passim, 748 n. 33
meanings of the, 523 , 525 , 555 -563, 584 -589 passim
narrative of the, 559 -562, 754 n. 105
ninth day, 537 -547
Paya(n) Nhyakegu, 552 -555, 753 nn. 89, 91
rhetoric for engagement m, 562 -563
rice agricultural cycle and the, 555
second through sixth days, 531
seventh day, 531 -533
spatial emphasis of, 559
as a structural focal sequence, 555 -556
Taleju Brahman actors m the, 351
See also Devi cycle
Moksa[*] (salvation), 215 , 773
Tantrism and, 313 -314, 317 -318, 507
See also Mukti
Mongoloid peoples, 704 n. 55
See also Sae(n) peoples
Monhi See Worship materials
Moon, phases of the. See Fortnights, lunar; Lunar calendar
amoral power and, 323 , 339 , 596 -597, 601 , 602 , 618
of archaic cities, 19
benign margins of the, 429 , 594 -596
chaos and regeneration of, 406 -407
of the interior of Bhaktapur, 215 , 282 , 284 -286, 591 -594
naturalization of the, 605
the purity complex and, 392 -397
Swanti and the, 416 -417
Tantrism and the, 338 -340, 602
transcendence or escape from, 338 -340, 726 n. 50
See also Dharma (moral law); Symbolic order of the city
Mother worship. See Ma(n) ya khwa: swaegu [33]
Mothers,
childbirth and, 116 -117, 125 -126, 660 -661, 705 n. 6
See also Children; Matrkas (goddesses)
Mother's brother. See Paju (mother's brother)
Mothers, Eight. See Astamatrkas[*] (Eight Mothers)
Mount Kailash, 211
Mourning. See Death rituals
Mourning procession. See Saparu Jatra [48]
Mrdaharana ceremony, 764 n. 26
Mrtyum Jaya (god), 214
See also Siva (god)
Mu Patra demon, 459 -460
Mudra ,
hand position, 304
as one of five makaras, 304 , 721 n. 8
Muguthi thar , 95 , 626 , 741 n. 20, 758 n. 4
Mukti , 312 -314, 317 -318, 773
See also Moksa
Muluki Am of 1854, 78 , 88 , 699 nn. 10, 17, 703 n. 46
as the Nepalese national status system, 107
Muna(n)karmi thar , 95
Murder. See Blood sacrifice, killing contrasted to
Murti , 773
Music, 548
bhajana group, 471 , 483 , 771
Ramayana, 451
Saparu Jatra, 445
spring (Basanta), 427
See also Dance performances (pyakha(n) )
Musicians, Gaine, 88 , 702 n. 36
Musicians thar ,
trumpet players (Do(n)), 87 , 95 , 627 , 701 n. 28
See also Jugi thar
Muslims, 274
in Bhaktapur, 88 , 97 , 107 , 702 n. 35
conquest of N. India by the, 618 -619, 704 n. 55
Mustard seed (khau ), 392
Mustard seed pressers. See Sa:mi thar
Mustard-seed oil (cika(n) ), 431 -432
Mysore State, 288 -289
Myths and legends, 610 , 612 -613
N
Na:la swa(n) puja , 527 -552 passim, 748 n. 34, 748 -749 n. 36, 749 n. 40
See also Purification, materials used in
Na[*] lakegu pyakha(n) ) See Nine Durgas cycle
as buffalo butchers, 326 , 329 , 365 -366, 716 n. 34, 753 n. 86
residence areas, 56 , 163 , 710 n. 10
roles of the, 84 , 94 , 386 , 535 -537, 750 n. 54, 751 n. 58, 773
women of the, 701 n. 27
Naga Pa(n)cami [46], 439 -440, 587 , 653
Nagas (supernatural serpents), 195 , 263 , 440 , 718 n. 54, 719 n. 57, 773
aspects of, 272
Biska: stories about, 478 -481, 575 , 742 nn. 31-35
Nail paring. See Hair, and nails cutting
Nakhatya (feasts), 117 , 422 , 435 , 464 , 705 n. 7, 734 n. 2
nakha cakha , 402 , 422 , 734 n. 2
Naki(n) , 708 n. 41
roles of the, 113 , 668 , 672 , 675
worship of household members by the, 414 -415, 736 n. 7
See also Leaders; Women, Newar
Naki(n) Ajima, 740 n. 11
Names,
lunar fortnight, 403 -405, 590 -591
postnatal giving of, 661
terms of address and, 103 , 115 -116, 368 , 625 , 631 -634
thar surname, 71 , 625 -629, 697 -698 n. 1
Nana (new water), 392 , 640 , 732 n. 19
Nandi the bull, Siva as, 211
Nanyadeva (King), 716 n. 32
Taleju and, 235 -238
Narayana[*] (god). See Visnu-Narayana[*] (god)
Nasa Dya: (god), 254 -255, 258
See also Nataraja (god)
Natal household. See Household, the, natal households and
See also Siva (god)
Natapwa(n)la temple, 203 , 241 -242, 257 -258, 488 , 582 , 744 n. 53
Nau barbers thar , 83 , 97 , 180 , 391 , 627 , 773
roles of the, 94 , 362 , 370 , 376 , 386 , 392 , 663 , 664 -665, 672 , 732 n. 22, 769 n. 79
Naudurga. See Nine Durgas (goddesses of the)
Nauni (female Nau), 664 , 668 , 765 n. 28, 773
Navagraha, 265 -266, 719 n. 61-62
Neighborhoods (matwa ). See Twa : areas
Nepal,
political history of, 13 -15, 617 , 620
the population of, 33 -34
See also Government of Nepal
Nepali language. See Languages of Nepal
Nepali national status system. See Muluki Am of 1854
Nephew. See Bhe(n)ca ; Kinship
New Year, solar. See Biska: festival [20-30]
New Year's Day, 411 , 643 , 735 n. 1
See also Swanti [77-79, 1-2]
Newar Buddhism. See Buddhism of the Himalayas
Newar culture,
historical isolation of, 14 -15, 617
political history of, 13 -15
Newar festivals. See Festivals and city events
Newar Hindus, the,
thars in Bhaktapur, 77 -85
Newar people, the,
Bhaktapur designations of, 75 -77
early history of, 35 -39
kinship system of, 121 -122
Nepal and, 33 -34
See also Women, Newar
Newar status levels. See Macrostatus levels
Newari language, the, 687 n. 2, 691 n. 8
Bhaktapur dialect of, 5 -6, 687 n. 2, 688 n.4
interviewing m, 6 -7, 687 n. 2
local variations of, 5 -6, 625
transliterations used for, 623 -624
See also Languages of Nepal
Niece. See Bhe(n)ca ; Kinship
Nikhuthu (Mohani buffalo), 535 -537, 550 , 750 nn. 52-54
Nina (pure water), 640
Nine Durgas cycle, 258 , 656 , 753 nn. 95-96, 754 nn. 97-105
21 dance dramas (pyakha(n)s ) of, 233 , 335 , 503 , 563 , 565 -571, 613 , 688 n. 3, 745 n. 7, 754 n. 99
afternoon dance-dramas, 568 -571
blood sacrifices, 335 , 507 , 564 -565, 567 , 569 , 571 , 574 , 754 n. 102, 104
characters in the, 232 , 507 -511, 716 n. 29
disappearance during the, 437 , 513 -514, 587 , 755 n. 10
fishing chases and dancing, 567 -570, 572 -573
iconography of the, 507 -511, 571 -572
invited performances, 563 -565
morning dance-dramas, 567 -568
night processions of the, 566 -567
reappearance during the, 546 -547
sacrifice during the, 335 , 507 , 564 -565, 567
sequential local performances (na[*] lakegu pyakha(n) ), 565 -571
seven villages of, 691 n. 16
Sima and Duma characters of, 232 . 502, 566 -571 passim, 572 , 576 , 611 , 716 n. 29, 744 n. 52, 754 n. 100
submission to Taleju, 554
See also Dance performances (pyakha(n) ); Devi cycle
Nine Durgas (goddesses of the), 231 -234, 716 nn. 28-29
the Astamatrkas[*] and, 231 -232, 508 -509
legends of the, 296 -297, 396 , 503 -507, 576 , 745 nn. 2-3
Nini (father's sister), 138 , 660
See also Siblings
Nirban , 316 -318
Nis:saran (emanations), 225
Non-Newar groups, 75 -76, 87 -88, 205
hereditary professions of, 696 -697 n. 15
number of households of, 59 , 97
status ranking of and by, 105 -107
See also Indo-Nepalese; Names of other individual groups
Non-Western communities, 4
Numbering,
of events ( ccc ), 402 -403, 409 , 411 , 577 -578, 643 -657, 734 n. 3, 739 n. 2, 754 n. 6, 754 -755 n. 1
macrostatus level, 625 -629, 758 n. 8
Numerical information. See Statistics
Nyasa , 301
O
Obscenity, conventionalized, 439 , 516 -517, 521 , 556 , 573 , 651 , 653 , 747 n. 27
Occupations, 377 , 662 , 727 n. 9
agricultural, 62 -66
city settlements by, 180 -182
crafts and trades, 214 , 315 , 336 , 359 , 539 , 751 n. 68, 763 -764 n. 18
non-agricultural, 66 -68
nonstigmatizing, 95 , 728 n. 23
ritual or cermonial function, 95 , 98 , 359 , 530 -531, 749 n. 41
stigmatized thar , 94 -96, 98 , 389 -390, 395 , 728 n. 23
stigmatizing non-ritual, 95 , 98
stigmatizing ritual-symbolic, 94 -95, 98
thar -ascribed types of, 74 , 83 , 89 -96, 315 , 696 -697 n. 15, 749 n. 41
Offerings, worship, 302 , 635 -642 passim, 765 n. 30
mata beigu , 529 -548 passim, 749 nn. 37-40
to the dangerous gods, 220 , 226 -227, 642
See also Puja (worship); Worship materials
Oil-rubbing day. See Cika(n) Buyegu [19]
Oleander Goddess. See Mahalaksmi[*] (goddess)
Order, moral. See Moral order
Order, urban. See Festivals and city events; Symbolic order of the city
Organizations,
See also Guthi[*] association
Outside. See Boundaries, symbolic city
Outsiders. See Non-Newar groups; Po(n) thar
P
Paddhati manual, 639 , 767 -768 n. 65
Padmagiri Chronicle, 39
Paha(n) Ca:re. See Pasa Ca:re [18]
Paju (mother's brother), 113 , 125 -126, 138 , 631 , 705 nn. 14-15, 773
rites of passage roles of the, 662 , 664 -665, 674
See also Bhe(n)ca ; Siblings
Palace, Bhaktapur Royal, 170 , 172 , 177 , 530 -532
Palanquins. See Chariots (kha:s ), ritual Newar
Palisa che(n) (substitute house), 237
Palu(n)palu(n) (goddess), 243 -244
Panauti Jatra festival, 437 , 756 n. 15
Panauti, town of, 163 , 165 , 169 , 194 , 688 n. 4
festivals in, 435 , 437 , 651 , 738 n. 32
Taleju and, 236 -237
Pa(n)cara(n) Ca:re, 452
Pa(n)carata. See Swanti [77-79, 1 -2]
Panchayat system, 60 -62, 694 -695 n. 4
Pa(n)cthar thar group, 79 -80, 300 , 625 -626, 749 n. 41, 773
households, 97 , 135 , 176 -177, 180
Pa(n)cthariya, 114 , 356 -357, 773
Pantheon, the Bhaktapur, 272 -292, 600
benign vs . dangerous deities of, 279 -282, 495 , 580 -581, 603 , 610 , 648
distinctions within types of gods, 286 -288
divine actors of, 494 -496, 507 -511, 554 , 557 -558, 566 , 568 -571, 579 -581, 648 , 649 , 656
"idols" and, 274 -275
material vs . immaterial, 277 , 278 -279
meaningful god sets within, 272 -273, 609
other Hindu systems compared to, 288 -292
proximate vs . distant, 277 , 278
resources for the intelligibility of, 609 -615
as a system of signs, 272 -274, 609 -615
typological schema for, 277 -282
worked vs . natural, 277 , 279
See also Benign deities; Deities; Deity images
Papa (moral violation), 391 , 393 , 732 n. 16, 773
Parents. See Kinship
Partya (hill-dwellers), 439
status ranking of and by, 106 -107
Parvati (goddess), 224 -225, 714 n. 18
the Ihi ceremony and, 660 , 666 , 669
as Siva's wife or consort, 210 -211, 225 , 246 -247, 454 , 456
in the Swasthani stories, 425 -426
Pasa Ca:re [18], 431 -432, 648
Past thar , 83 , 360 , 627 , 700 n. 25, 758 n. 6
Pasupatinatha shrine complex, 214 , 231 , 243 , 255 , 260 , 267 , 421 , 429 -430
Pata (banners), 478 , 740 n. 7, 742 n. 29
Patan, city of, 35 , 194 , 350 , 430 , 690 n. 4, 737 n. 24
political history of, 14
Patriarchy, 121 -122, 141 -145 passim, 329 -330, 454 -455
Patriarchy (continued )
See also Family organization; Marriage
Patrilineal groups. See Thar groups
Pavitra , 733 -734 n. 29
Paya(n) Nhyakegu, 552 -555, 753 nn. 89, 91
Person. See Body; Self, views of the
Personal names. See Names
linga[*] of Siva, 208 , 210 , 213 , 322 , 426 , 453 , 681 , 728 n. 22, 737 n. 22, 743 n. 36, 768 n. 66, 772
See also Body, the physical
Photographs, sources of, xxii
Phratry of several families, 20
Phuki groups, 128 , 129 , 401 , 536 , 773
cow jatra, 444
Digu Dya: puja , 432
Digu lineage god shrines of the, 159 -161, 260 -261, 593
features of, 138 , 139 -140, 395 , 594 , 708 nn. 39-44
houses of, 186 -187
as mourners, 139 -140, 446 -450, 462
thar groups and, 141 -142, 145
See also Aga(n) Dya: (gods); Dewali period [30];
Rites of passage (samskaras )
Phuki naya :, 665
Pigments, ritual, 55 , 430 , 485 , 541 , 545 , 641 -642, 668 , 671 , 672
Pikha lakhu (deified house boundary stone), 190 -191, 262 , 412 , 773
Pilgrimage centers, 195 -197, 267 , 418 , 434 , 437 , 441 , 595 , 773
Hindu matha , 87 -88, 205 , 428 , 730 n. 40, 773
Pasupatinatha, 214 , 231 , 243 , 255 , 260 , 267 , 421 , 429 -430
See also Mela (pilgrimage gathering)
Pilgrims, Shaivite, 88 , 428 -429, 730 n. 40
Pinda. See Rice
Piri. See Tahiti, commumities in
Pisac Ca:re. See Pasa Ca:re [18]
Pisacas (evil ghouls), 264 , 271 , 431
Pitha (hypaethral shrines), 158 -159, 167 , 204 , 231 , 243 , 260 , 368 , 484 , 529 -530, 709 n. 3, 722 n. 15, 743 n. 41
Pithas , of the Mandalic Goddesses, 155 , 158 -159, 231 , 260 , 303 , 496 , 525 , 529 -530, 531 , 667 , 694 n. 1, 722 n. 15
Pitr (ancestor spirit), 270 , 462 , 685
Plants, 639
barley, 527 -529, 531 , 550 -551, 560 -561
basil (tulasi ), 438 -439, 677
bel fruit (bya ), 668
oleander (sipha ) garland, 232
See also Agriculture; Earth; Rice
Plebians class, 710 n. 9
Pohelathwa fortnight, 423 -424, 645 -646
Poles, ceremonial, 457 , 458 , 462 , 739 n. 51, 742 n. 26
Biska: Yasin, 464 , 467 , 475 , 476 -477, 480 -482, 495 -496, 740 nn. 6, 9 -10, 742 n. 27, 743 nn. 36-37
cow jatra, 444
Yasi(n) God, 193 , 464 , 557 , 740 n. 6, 757 n. 11
Political orgamzation. See Bhaktapur, city of; Kathmandu Valley; Power
body exuviae as, 365 -366, 386 -388
clean vs . dirty, 383 , 732 n. 12
cleanup and absorption of, 368 -371
locations for disposal of, 193 -194, 712 n. 27
touching and ingestion of, 382 -386
transferability of, 353 , 383 -384, 390 , 507 , 732 n. 14
Pollution,
agents of, 380 -382
birth and death (asauca ), 358 , 377 , 384 , 388 -389, 391 , 661 , 681 , 712 n. 27, 731 n. 11, 732 nn. 12-13
Brahman vulnerability to, 372 -374
contextual vs . inherited, 385 -386, 729 n. 28, 731 n. 8
disgust and, 124 , 369 , 382 -386, 394 -395, 733 n. 26
external or internal bodily (asudha ), 381 -382
household status and, 116
household zones and, 188 -192
shared phuki , 139 -140, 311 , 388 , 731 n. 10, 765 n. 37
surrogate absorption of, 363 -371, 389 -390, 678 , 680 , 681
thars and degree of, 101 , 365 -371, 377 , 395 , 702 n. 44, 731 nn. 6, 8
transcendence of normal, 396 -397, 485 -486
See also Purity and impurity
Polygamy. See Marriage, multiple
Polytheism. See Deities; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur
Po(n) thar , 84 -85, 95 , 701 n. 29, 731 n. 8, 757 n. 9
children, 364
households, 97 , 124 , 164 , 180 , 743 n. 46
Jugis compared to the, 370 -371, 627
outside the city boundaries, 56 , 162 -165, 485 -486
polarity of Brahmans and the, 395 -396, 733 n. 28, 734 n. 30
and the purity/impurity complex, 84 -85, 345 , 365 -368, 385 -386, 395 -396, 606 , 731 n. 6
roles of the, 94 , 328 -329, 365 -368, 370 -371, 485 -486, 537 -538, 681 , 749 n. 41, 773
Population of Bhaktapur. See Demographics
Porch (ka:si ). See Architecture
Pore thar (Poriya). See Po(n) thar
Potters thar , 81 , 90 , 95 , 97 , 216 , 372 , 475 , 476 , 626 , 667
Powders, colored. See Pigments, ritual
Power,
Brahman vs . kingly, 341 -344, 601 , 602 -603, 618
the symbolic order and worldly, 341 -344, 601
See also Dangerous deities (gya(n)pugu ); Government of Nepal
Pradaksinapatha[*] (processional route), 163 , 198 -199, 420 , 421 -422, 442 , 489 , 496 , 525 , 594 , 710 n. 10, 773
Prakit. See Sanskrit language
Prana (vital principle), 678
Prasada (returned worship substances), 303 , 328 , 390 , 434 , 543 , 546 , 548 , 571 , 575 , 636 -642 passim, 642 , 761 -762 n. 3, 773
Prestations. See Gifts
Preta (ghost), 270 -272, 445 , 680 , 681 -685 passim, 719 n. 65, 719 -720 n. 66, 732 n. 13, 768 n. 67, 773
See also Bhuta/Bhut-pret (spirit)
Priests,
Acaju, 94 , 95 , 207 , 298 , 300 -319 passim, 345 , 356 -357, 372 , 626 , 667 , 725 n. 40, 736 n. 7, 771
auxiliary (overt), 346 , 353 -356, 728 n. 26
contra-priests and, 365
dana offerings to, 353 , 373 , 727 n. 10
family (purohita ), 7 , 351 , 358 , 373 , 611 , 635 , 638 -639, 664 -665, 667 , 671 , 675
Guru-Purohita, 351 , 469 , 475 -493 passim, 532 , 556 -557, 749 n. 42
Karmacari and, 353 -359
kinds and functions of, 345 -346, 354 , 603 , 668
Lakhe , 78 , 94 , 352 , 699 n. 13, 727 n. 7
Mahantas , 730 n. 40
Matha , 87 -88, 97 , 106 , 730 n. 40
non-Newar, 730 n. 40
para-priests and, 345 -346, 376
para-priests (covert) and, 363 -371, 729 n. 28
Pujari (temple or deity), 205 , 351 , 371 -372, 729 n. 31, 773
stigmatizing roles of, 94 , 702 n. 37, 727 n. 10
Taleju, 239 , 351 , 557 , 716 -717 n. 38
temple and shrine, 371 -372, 729 n. 31
Tini thar , 80 -81, 94 , 97 , 300 , 357 -359, 626 , 684 , 727 nn. 17-18, 769 nn. 88-89
Vajracarya (Newar Vajrayana Buddhist), 86 -87, 362 -363, 703 n. 46, 730 n. 40, 763 n. 11, 774
See also Acaju (priests); Brahmans
Private life. See Microcosms; Psychological characteristics of individuals
Processional routes. See Routes, ceremonial
Professions. See Occupations
Prthivi[*] . See Earth
Psychological characteristics of individuals, 17 , 114 , 689 -690 n. 11, 730 n. 1
annual events and, 591 -598
in Bhaktapur and Tahiti, 25 , 28 -32, 689 n. 11
Nine Durgas pyakha(n) and, 571 -576
and the personal acceptance of civic symbolism, 32 , 333 -334, 556 , 562 -563, 591 -598
purity and pollution and, 381 , 392 -397
rites of passage interdependence and, 659
sacrifice and, 322 -335
the vrata and, 423 -424, 756 n. 17
See also Self, views of the
Puberty rites,
boy's Kaeta Puja , 309 , 315 , 662 -665, 669 , 733 n. 26, 762 n. 9
Puberty rites (continued )
See also Menses; Rites of passage (samskaras )
Public life. See Festivals and city events; Mesocosm, the urban
basic Tantric, 300 -306
Brahman-assisted household (dhala(n) danegu ), 638 -639
daily (nitya ), 636 -637
forgiveness (chema ), 319 , 724 n. 30
household, 190 , 215 , 218 -219, 268 -269, 578 -579, 636 -638
materials and equipment for, 639 -642, 721 n. 14, 733 n. 29
optional household, 269 , 307 -308, 637 -638
ordinary vs . Tantric, 308 , 721 n. 4, 722 nn. 12-14
temple visit, 636
tha , 239
See also Vrata (religious austerity); Worship
Pujaris priests, 205 , 351 , 371 -372, 729 n. 31, 773
See also Priests
Pulses. See Foods, household
Pulu Kisi Haigu [65], 461 , 581 , 655 , 741 n. 21
Pulu Kisi, Indra's elephant, 459 -460, 739 n. 52
Pulu (reed mat), 366 , 460 , 678 , 680
Pu(n) thar , 83 , 94 , 95 , 460 , 546 , 627
Punhi (full moon), 419 , 422 , 773
Purana[*] (Hindu texts), 266 , 681 , 773
Puri. See Matha priests
byan(n)kegu , 390 -392, 395 -396, 639 , 732 n. 22, 769 n. 90, 770 n. 95, 771
Gha:su jagye ceremony of, 358 , 362 , 727 n. 19
materials used in, 380 , 384 , 391 -392, 640 , 684 , 732 n. 15
procedures, 387 -386, 389 -392, 395 - 396, 731 nn. 8-9, 732 n. 20
rites of passage, 659 , 664 , 671 -672, 684
suddhi , 379 , 731 n. 5, 733 -734 n. 29
of the Taleju temple, 537 , 751 n. 62
See also Rites of passage (samskara s); Worship
Purity and impurity, 3 , 26 , 375 -376, 600 , 601
asauca (birth/death impurity), 377 , 388
caste system and, 369 , 377 , 731 n. 11, 733 n. 26
classes of, 102 -105
feeding and excretion metaphors of, 394 -395
household hierarchy and, 117 -120, 395
interpretations of, 377 -380, 392 -397
manipulation of, 359 -362, 370 , 603 -604, 606 , 664 -665
menses and, 123 -125, 388 , 730 -731 n. 4, 731 n. 10
rice acceptance and, 100 -101, 384
rites of passage progressive, 659 , 664 -665
salt acceptance and, 102 -103
semantic and metaphorical force of, 378 -379, 397
technicians of, 359 -362, 370 , 603 -604, 664 -665
thars representing, 365 -371, 369 -370, 396 -397
transcendence of, 378 , 396 -397, 730 n. 1
untouchability and, 84 -85, 345 , 365 -368, 385 -386, 395 -396, 606 , 731 n. 6
in various cultures, 379 -380
water unacceptability and, 83 , 102 -103, 383 , 702 -703 nn. 45, 46
See also Pollution; Names of individual thar groups
Purohita (family priest), 7 , 351 , 358 , 373 , 611 , 635 , 638 -639, 664 -665, 667 , 671 , 675
See also Brahmans; Priests; Vajrayana Buddhism
Pyakha(n). See Dance performances (pyakha(n) )
Pyangon, Newar town of, 193 -194, 330 , 708 n. 38
R
Rainfall, 35
Rajopadhyaya, Somara, and the Nine Durgas, 503 -505, 752 n. 78
Rajopadhyaya thar (Brahmans), 76 , 78 -80, 94 , 699 n. 12, 708 n. 36, 774
Agnihotra Brahman of the, 236 -237, 266
Biska: festival kingship of, 469 -492 passim, 556 -557
contradictory roles of the, 372 -374
Gunhi Punhi and, 440 -442
households of, 55 , 172 , 174 , 176
legendary origins of, 347 , 349
as Malla kings' priests, 239 -240, 267 , 372 , 469 , 532 , 557 , 749 n. 42
marriage customs, 127 , 706 nn. 20-22
overt auxiliary priests and, 346 , 353 -356, 728 n. 26
practices of, 350 -352
public and private functions of, 351 -352, 637 , 638 -639
surrogates for, 361
as Tantric priests, 300 -319 passim, 345 , 557 , 734 n. 30
Vedic gods of the, 266 -267
See also Brahmans; Priests
Rama (god), 750 n. 48
minor festivals of, 432 -433, 649
number of shrines of, 205
Sita (goddess) and, 205 , 216 -217
Rat Ganesa[*] . See Chuma(n) Gandya: Jatra
Ratharohan ceremonies, 676 -677
Rddhi[*] . See Ganesa[*] (god)
Rdha (goddess), 224
See also Laksmi (goddess)
Reality, psychological. See Psychological characteristics of individuals; Self, views of the
Reincarnation, 215 , 223 , 318 , 332 , 361 , 367
See also Heaven
Relatives. See Kinship; Phuki groups; Thar groups
Religious rituals. See Festivals and city events; Rites of passage (samskara s)
Religious spheres,
secular and, 601 -609
See also Deity groups; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur; Worship
Renouncers, Indian, 79 , 88 , 294 -295, 299 , 338 , 370 -371, 699 n. 15
See also Sadhu (Hindu ascetic)
Reputation See Ijjat (face)
Rice,
acceptance hierarchy, 100 -101, 384
agricultural cycle of, 407 , 512 , 517 , 519 , 555 , 590 -591, 653 , 746 n. 18
baby feeding ceremony (ja(n)ko ), 611 , 661 -662
harvest festival, 422 -423, 555 , 656 , 750 n. 49
importance of, 62 , 64 -66, 695 n. 7
mataki , 641 -642
Pinda , 681 -685 passim
Sija Nakegu , 513
use m death ceremonies, 513 , 681 -685 passim
use in pujas , 641 -642
See also Devi cycle; Worship materials
Rites of passage (samskaras ), 17 , 197 , 199 , 265 , 401 , 475 , 481 , 611 , 756 n. 19, 774
after birth, 388 -389, 611 , 660 -661
boy's hair shaving, 662 -664
boy's Kaeta Puja (initiation), 309 , 315 , 662 -665, 669 , 733 n. 26, 762 n. 9
Brahmanical initiation (Bura(n) taegu ), 664 -665
Buraburi ja(n)ko (old-age), 676 -677
death, 388 -389
deities for the,