3. Relations to other non-Newar Nepalis, both in and out of Bhaktapur.

Newars in general divide non-Newar Nepalis into two groups. Mongoloid peoples, thought generally to have Tibetan connections, are called "Sae(n)." This term is said to derive from an old Newari term for a Tibetan^[52] or, according to some, for Lhasa.

For the non-Mongoloid hill peoples, who are in large part the groups from western Nepal associated with the Gorkhali invaders, the term "partya ," or "hill-dweller" is used in polite reference.^[53] The ordinary term, considered pejorative, is "khae(n), " derived, apparently, from the tribal designation "khas ."^[54] This general term refers in some contexts to the upper-status divisions of the western Khas group, the Brahmans ("Khae[n] Brahmans") and the upper "Ksatriya^[*] " divisions (the latter also referred to distinctively as "Chetri") but in other contexts also may include the very low status (generally untouchable) occupational Khas groups such as blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, and leatherworkers.^[55] Furthermore, other non-Mongoloid hill groups who may be of dubious historical Khas connections, such as the Gaine, are included as Khae(n).

For Newar Brahmans, Partya Brahmans and Chetris are only water-acceptable. The Chathariya and Pa(n)cthariya, in general, accept all

foods and drink except boiled rice and pulses from the Partya Brahmans and Chetri. Those Khas groups untouchable to the Partya Brahmans and Chetri themselves are also untouchable for the Newars.

The Sae(n) were generally treated as water-unacceptable by Brahmans. The Chathariya and strict Pa(n)cthariya accepted water (but not boiled and salted foods) from them. Most, but not all, Jyapu accepted all food except boiled rice and pulses from them.

The residual group, neither Khae(n) nor Sae(n), are Muslims, and these are generally treated as untouchable by the highest levels, and water-unacceptable by those below them.