1. Richardson, The Long Day , 3-5. Richardson used a pen name; her identity is not known. Sarah Eisenstein and others have criticized Richardson's book as mere "middle-class voyeurism," but Richardson displays working-class architectural and social discernment, even if she did not retain a full working-class consciousness.

2. Van Antwerp, "Study of Boarding Homes for Employed Women and Girls."

3. Woods, "The Myriad Tenantry of Furnished Rooms," 955-956. Cohen, "Los Angeles Rooming-House Kaleidoscope," 319.

4. Modell and Hareven, "Urbanization and the Malleable Household," 470-472, 475. See also Peel, "On the Margins," 813-834.

5. A classic source on old-fashioned boardinghouses is Butler, "The Physiology of New York Boarding Houses."

6. Ford, Slums and Housing , 341; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 1-2. Wolfe reports that in 1900, 95 percent of Boston's rooming house operators were women.

7. On San Francisco and Boston, see Groth, "Forbidden Housing," 34-36; on Chicago, see Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 106.

8. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 6, 38, 42-44.

9. SFHA, Second Report (1913): 26; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 42-59; Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 69-71. On stoves, see Richardson, The Long Day , 5, 27-28, and "The Irvington, S. Hancock's Handsome New Building," San Francisco Chronicle (Sunday, March 30, 1890).

10. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 84, 93; Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 78; Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 15-19.

11. Richardson, The Long Day , 28-29. Technically, Richardson was in a light housekeeping room, hence the tiny cooking stove and kitchen-style table.

12. Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 43; Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 17; Richardson, The Long Day , 171; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 36-37; Bessie Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils: Being the Experiences of Two Ladies as Factory Girls (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903): 177. On public baths, see Glassberg, "The Design of Reform." On cracked bowls and pitchers, "Remember the Old Hotel of a Decade Ago? Some Place, No?" San Francisco Chronicle (January 15, 1919).

13. Fretz, "The Furnished Room Problem in Philadelphia," 2 (n. 1), 57-58; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 1-2. City directories suggest that "lodging house" was the local term in San Francisco.

14. CSS, "Life in One Room," 1-5; Mostoller, "A Single Room," 191-216. Both articles focus only on New York City.

15. Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 193-195. The Central Pacific was listed in the city directory under boarding, lodging, and hotel categories.

16. O. Henry [William Sydney Porter], "Between Rounds," in The Four Million and Other Stories (New York: Airmont, 1963; first published in 1906): 35. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 20.

17. On plumbing, see Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 48-49.

18. For a literary example, see the comments of Lily Barth in Wharton, The House of Mirth , 267, 287-288.

19. Groth, "'Marketplace' Vernacular Design," 179-191. In most cities, the construction of new downtown rooming houses probably continued through the 1920s, so that the years 1880 to 1930 could bracket the building of most examples. However, in the San Francisco sample, no examples were built after 1921, probably as a result of overbuilding larger hotel structures for the 1915 Pan American exposition.

20. The construction date for the Delta is listed as 1906, but in San Francisco records, early dates are unreliable. The Delta, at 41 Sixth Street between Market and Mission streets, had a directory listing in 1910; in 1990, it was still operating as the Whitaker Hotel.

21. John Leighly refers to living in an "upstairs hostelry" in Champaign, Illinois, in 1913; Leighly, "Memory as Mirror," in Anne Buttimer, ed., The Practice of Geography (New York: Longman, 1983): 80-89. On bare, creaky, and depressing stairs, see Richardson, The Long Day , 45; Dreiser, Sister Carrie , 525; Van Vorst and Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils , 195.

22. Will Kortum letter of March 4, 1906, quoted in Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 232.

23. The Delta has only one bath for every nine rooms, low for the rooming house rank. See Groth, "'Marketplace' Vernacular Design."

24. Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 22; "Rooming House Problems," Housing Betterment 10, 3 (1921): 269.

25. Lewis, Work of Art , 6-7. The hotel in the novel is clearly based on the Palmer House in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, built in 1901. Lewis worked there in 1902.

26. Most comments based on the author's observations while living in the National Hotel, San Francisco, in 1986. On not conducting personal affairs behind closed doors, see Chandler, "The Social Organization of Workers in a Rooming House Area," 116.

27. See Mary S. Sims, The Natural History of a Social Institution: The Young Women's Christian Association (New York: Woman's Press, 1936); and Sherwood Eddy, A Century with Youth: A History of the YMCA from 1844 -1944 (New York: Association Press, 1944).

28. On independence sought by women, see Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 77, 84-90, 120. In the 1920s in New York, the cheapest women's residence clubs charged $3 to $8 a week, without board; other institutional residence clubs typically charged from $7 to $12 for combined board and room. In contrast, the YWCAs charged 50 cents a day for meals with a dormitory bed or cubicle, up to $1.50 a day for rooms (with meals); Ford, Slums and Housing , 755. Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 14, 18-20, reports similar prices in San Francisco. See also Davidson, "Organized Boarding Homes for Self-Supporting Women in Chicago."

29. U.S. Bureau of Labor, "Boarding Homes, Aids for Working Women," 31-57; Fergusson, "Boarding Homes and Clubs for Working Women," 141-195; Rose, "Interest in the Living Arrangements of the Urban Unattached," 488-489; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 14; Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 78-82, 121-122.

30. Clifford Drury, San Francisco's YMCA: 100 Years by the Golden Gate, 1853-1953 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur Clark Co., 1963): 233; on integration of blacks, J. Howell Atwood, The Racial Factor in YMCAs (New York: Associa- soft

tion Press, 1946): 48-51, and National Council of YMCAs, Negro Youth in City YMCAs (New York: Association Press, 1944): 5-9, 59.

31. Fayès, "The Housing of Single Women," 101; Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 68-76, 122-125. Early large temperance hotels in San Francisco included the Branch House, which accommodated up to 500 people in 160 rooms; "Lodging Houses of San Francisco," San Francisco Chronicle (November 6, 1870). In the 1920s, San Francisco had six private organizational rooming houses with 644 beds total.

32. Rose, "Interest in the Living Arrangements of the Urban Unattached," 489; Ford, Slums and Housing , 755-759; "Hotels for Women: The Grace Dodge Hotel," Housing Betterment 11, 2 (1922): 198-201.

33. In the 1920s, ethnic homes for the elderly charged a monthly fee of about $40 or a lifetime entrance fee of about $2,000; UC-HC, Dependent Aged , 26-29, 83-86. Hospitals, institutional residences for the handicapped, tuberculosis sanatoriums, prisons, and army bases add other urban dwellings that the census counts as "institutional group quarters"; few of these met rooming house standards and typically substituted for lodging house quarters.

34. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 1, 5-6; Wolfe reported that roomers made up 14 percent of the population of Boston's inner wards. See also Peel, "On the Margins," 817; and Zorbaugh, "The Dweller in Furnished Rooms," 84-85.

35. Boston in 1906 had a 1:1 ratio of men to women; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 82. Data from Chicago in 1929 reported 52 percent men, 10 percent single women, and 38 percent couples; Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 71. Philadelphia in 1912 had similar ratios; Fretz, "The Furnished Room Problem in Philadelphia," 50. A Los Angeles study in 1949 reported about one-third of the 600 interviewees were women; Cohen, "Los Angeles Rooming-House Kaleidoscope."

36. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 94. Wives with no outside employment made up 16.5 percent of the sample of 200 women. Stenographers and waitresses made up 8 percent each; dressmakers, 7.5; saleswomen and nurses, 6.0 each; and clerks, 5.0.

37. Employment figures from U.S. Census, Fourteenth Census of the U.S., Vol. 4, Population 1920 , 222-238; wages from California State Bureau of Labor Statistics, 20th Biennial Report, 1919-1920 (Sacramento: State Printing Office, 1920): 228; on vying with Chinese, see Tygiel, "Workingmen in San Francisco," 23; on few living in commercial housing, Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 5-6, 37. In the Housing Council's sample, a third of the single women lived away from their families, but only one out of twelve girls lived in a commercial rooming house or hotel. The rest were boarders or lodgers.

38. The San Francisco figures are from the population and occupation volumes of the U.S. Census, 1900-1930. On working-class women in the city, see continue

particularly Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 21-35; and Cohen, "Los Angeles Rooming-House Kaleidoscope," 317-320. On new white-collar work, see Margery W. Davies, A Woman's Place Is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982); Elyce Rotella, From Home to Office: U.S. Women at Work, 1870-1930 (Ann Arbor: UMI Press, 1981); U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Women's Occupations through Seven Decades , Bulletin no. 218 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947).

39. On new jobs, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures, 1914 , 95, and table 18.

40. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 92. Clerks made up 13.2 percent of a sample of 7,600 men. Other occupations with 2 or more percent: salesmen, 8.0; merchants and dealers, 5.4; waiters, 4.8; foremen and managers, 2.7; engineers, 2.3; real estate and insurance, 2.1; cooks and stewards, 2.0.

41. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 1, 5-6, 86-97. Wolfe's account matches closely with that in Fretz, "The Furnished Room Problem in Philadelphia," 67-68. A less statistical and more negative account of male residents is in Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 69-86. On carpenters, see Tygiel, "Workingmen in San Francisco," 182, and Averbach, "San Francisco's South of Market District." Woodrow Wilson's rooming houses were at 146 North Charles Street and 8 McCulloh Street; Burchard, "Presidents in Residence."

42. On mobility, see Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 19-20, 23; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 5, 9, 82-83; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 6. On the San Francisco skilled labor experience, see Tygiel, "Workingmen in San Francisco," and Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 193, 247. The two women are quoted in Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 20.

43. On age and sex profiles, Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 8, 71-75, which compares closely with Wolfe's Boston study. A New York study in 1940 and another in Los Angeles in 1949 showed similar proportions: CSS, "Life in One Room," 37-51, and Cohen, "Los Angeles Rooming-House Kaleidoscope," 319-326. On the elderly, UC-HC, Dependent Aged , xii, 1, 14.

44. Hayner, Hotel Life , 86; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 66.

45. On ethnic and religious distinctions, see Peel, "On the Margins," 816; Harney, "Boarding and Belonging," 8-37. On blacks, see Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 24-25; Hayner, Hotel Life , 86; and R. D. McKenzie, The Metropolitan Community (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933): 243-247.

46. On roommates and the sexual service sector, Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 146, 47-57. Tygiel, "Workingmen in San Francisco," 204, found 7 percent of the married workers in his sample were in boarding or hotel situations of some sort. The derogatory "charity girl" term and the 38 percent figure are from Zorbaugh, Gold Coast , 86ff. On post-World War II, see Chandler, "Social Organization," 12-14, 100-138. On blacks, see Hoch and continue

Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 29; on a different interpretation of Chandler, see Hoch and Slayton, 156.

47. Although Wolfe makes no mention of homosexuality, he does mention several same-sex pairs moving together; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 84, 93. See Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 10-11; and Meyerowitz, "Sexuality in the Furnished Room Districts: Working Class Women, 1890-1930," paper presented at the Organization of American Historians meeting (April 1986); Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old , 22-23; Box-Car Bertha as told to Reitman, Sister of the Road .

48. Ford, A Few Remarks , 308.

49. Ford, Slums and Housing , 343, 759-760.

50. Kortum in Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 226-227; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 1-2, 61, 99-103, and Chart VI; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 14, 18-20, 24. See also Ford, Slums and Housing , 755; Hayner, "The Hotel," 88, 123, 116-117.

51. On the elderly, UC-HC, Dependent Aged , 94, on data collected in 1925; on downtown rooming houses, Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 24; Hayner, "The Hotel," 88.

52. These figures are from the California Bureau of Labor Statistics. For parallel income and household expenditure figures for women in Chicago, see Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 47-51, 221.

53. On the half-mile figure for San Francisco, see Shumsky, "Tar Flat and Nob Hill," 138. On journey to work issues for women, see Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 111-113. For descriptions of pedestrian job searches, see Richardson, The Long Day , and Van Vorst and Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils .

54. The Western Addition is centrally located in the city but so named because it was the first plat added at the western edge of the original street grid.

55. San Francisco City Planning Commission, The Master Plan of San Francisco , 14-19.

56. Vertigo , Alfred Hitchcock, producer (Paramount, 1958).

57. Scott, "Western Addition District," 5-6, 11-12; and E. J. Schallert, San Francisco Report: A Compendium of Information on Population, Housing, Races, Land Use, and Zoning (San Francisco: J. B. Little & Co., 1965). Scott does not use the term "Jewish," although both old and new synagogues were prominent features of the area at the turn of the century. On early blacks, see Douglas H. Daniels, Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980); on Japanese, see Godfrey, Neighborhoods in Transition , 70-71.

58. On block-by-block mixture, SFHACC, manuscript survey cards and summary schedules for Census Tract J-1 to J-14, in the 1939 Real Property Survey archive, Manuscripts Division, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Population figures from U.S. Census.

59. The 1970 census reported 88 percent white in the Tenderloin. Hotel figures include the Civic Center area and a line of South of Market blocks between Mission and Market streets. See Groth, "Forbidden Housing," 301-306, 331bb.

60. Other new areas included with the Tenderloin are the Van Ness/Polk corridor and the Church and Market area. On nearby apartments, see Eric Sandweiss, "Building for Downtown Living: The Residential Architecture of San Francisco's Tenderloin," Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 3 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989): 160-173.

61. See "Dance Madness," in Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986): 88-114; and David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990).

62. About "gents," see Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 20-33, with quotation from 33, talking about Boston; on the café, E. Idell Zeisloft, The New Metropolis: Memorable Events of Three Centuries, 1600-1900 (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899): 266.

63. The generic elements are drawn largely from Boston; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 27-33. For overlaps with San Francisco, see Frank Norris, Vandover and the Brute (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1914): esp. 5-9, 43-59, 168-181; for New York, see Richardson, The Long Day .

64. Glassberg, "The Design of Reform," 5-21.

65. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 38, 46-48. Noncommercial meal arrangements could vary: in the 1920s, some San Francisco boarders had kitchen privileges, some ate breakfast and dinner with the family, and others ate their meals at a neighbor's house; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 6, 24.

66. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 28, 48-50, 101-103. On the stew, see Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 100. On counter and booth luncheonettes, see Chandler, "Social Organization," and SL, The Invisible Elderly , 20.

67. A well-known basement restaurant was in the What Cheer House; see Lucius Beebe and Charles Clegg, San Francisco's Golden Era: A Picture Story of San Francisco before the Fire (Berkeley: Howell-North, 1960): 204, and Williamson, The American Hotel , 90. On three for twos, see John P. Young, San Francisco: History of the Pacific Coast Metropolis , vol. 2 (San Francisco: S. J. Clarke, 1912): 559-560; on beef n' beans, see Zeisloft, The New Metropolis , 268.

68. On dairy lunchrooms, see Zeisloft, The New Metropolis , 266-268; Richardson, The Long Day , 148, 155; Jane Stern and Michael Stern, "Cafeteria," New Yorker (August 1, 1988): 37-54, on 40-41.

69. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 28, 46, 101.

70. Fretz, "The Furnished Room Problem in Philadelphia," 114.

71. Ibid.

72. Richardson, The Long Day , 258-259.

73. Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 28.

74. Chandler, "Social Organization," 12-26; she devotes a chapter each to a corner crowd, a tavern crowd, and a rooming house group.

75. Anderson, The Hobo , 68, 76; see the recent equivalent of Anderson's cases reported in Siegal, Outposts of the Forgotten , 37.

76. For an exaggerated account of this sort of anonymity, see Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 75. See also Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 138.

77. On building types, see Gentry, The Madams of San Francisco , 204, 215-218, 225, describing 130 Eddy Street and 337 O'Farrell in the Tenderloin district; Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 119-120. On buffet flats, see Chris Albertson, Bessie (New York: Stein and Day, 1972): 14, 122-123. On vice zones, see Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 30, 32, 139-141, 171; Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago , 306, 313, 322-325; on contemporary views of such locations, see Howard B. Woolston, Prostitution in the United States , Publications of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, vol. 1 (New York: The Century Co., 1921): 132-133.

78. The hotel keeper is Ford, A Few Remarks , 293-297, with direct quotation on 294. Lubove, The Progressives and the Slums , 138; Hayner, Hotel Life , 168; Havelock Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912): chap. 9.

79. Zorbaugh, Gold Coast and Slum , 120; Gentry, Madams of San Francisco , 255, 266-268; Hayner, Hotel Life , 172-173; Woolston, Prostitution , 147.

80. Modell and Hareven, "Urbanization and the Malleable Household," 471.

81. Kortum is quoted in Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 234.

82. Ibid., 234; technically, this private boardinghouse needed a hotel license.

83. In 1880, a full two-thirds of the common laborers, teamsters, and carpenters who boarded or lodged had done so with private families. Twenty years later, over half of that group lived in commercial hotels; Tygiel, "Workingmen in San Francisco," 182, 207. On social concerns of family boarders, see Hayner, "The Hotel," 123; Hayner, Hotel Life , 70-71; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 4, 21.

84. Hayner, "The Hotel," 123.

85. Hayner, Hotel Life , 69.

86. Wharton, The House of Mirth , 287.

87. Wilson, "Chicago Families in Furnished Rooms," 5; Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago , 318; Girls Housing Council, "Where Is Home?" 22.

88. Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago , 335; Wilson, "Chicago Families in Furnished Rooms," 3. Compare with the excellent 1940 descriptions in CSS, "Life in One Room," 8-26.

89. Wilson, "Chicago Families in Furnished Rooms," 30, 41; the building continue

cut into two-room units was in Chicago on the Southwest Side, on West 65th Street. On San Francisco, SFHACC, Real Property Survey, 1939 , 1:13, 29.

90. Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago , 337.

91. Abbott, The Tenements of Chicago , 305-338; Mrs. Johanna von Wagner in SFHA, Second Report (1913): 26; Wolfe, Lodging House Problem , 173. Chandler reported that within two years, two of her friends, both in their 40s, had bought furniture and then abandoned it when they moved; Chandler, "Workers in a Rooming House," 131.

92. "Rooming House Problems," Housing Betterment 11, 1 (1922): 73-74.

93. Barth, City People , 7-18; Richard Sennett, Families Against the City: Middle Class Homes of Industrial Chicago, 1872-1890 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970): 194; see also 62-69, 192-200.

94. Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 3, 8, 196-199; Henry May, The End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1912-1917 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); Daniel Scott Smith, "The Dating of the American Sexual Revolution: Evidence and Interpretation," in Michael Gorden, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973).

95. Meyerowitz, "Holding Their Own," 4, 8-9. See also Peiss, Cheap Amusements ; and Lewis A. Erenberg, Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981).

96. Wood, "Myriad Tenantry of Furnished Rooms," 956.

97. Quoted in Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 227.

98. Kortum's hotel was the Rio Vista, on Third Street between Howard and Folsom in San Francisco's South of Market district, at the site of the present Moscone Convention Center.

99. Quoted in Olmstead and Olmstead et al., The Yerba Buena Center , 227.

100. Novelists such as Sinclair Lewis, Theodore Dreiser, and Edith Wharton often use rooming house furniture to mark their characters' changing socioeconomic status. Wharton gives this list for Lily Barth as the character nears the limit of what makes a socially proper room: a "shabby" chest of drawers with a lace cover, a washstand, two chairs, a small writing desk, and a little table near the bed. Wharton, The House of Mirth , 327. See also Dreiser, An American Tragedy (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1946; first published in 1925); and John Steinbeck, In Dubious Battle (New York: Penguin Books, 1979; first published in 1936): 1-3.