Index

Page numbers for figures are given in italics, following text references. Complete building references are given under the name of the building. Most hotel residents are listed only under the type of hotel (palace, midpriced, etc.).

A

Abbott, Edith, 206 , 236 , 258

Actors as hotel residents, 64

Adams House, Boston, 60

African Americans. See Blacks

Alameda, California, 253

Alcoholics, 120 , 140

Algonquin Hotel, New York, 66 , 77

Allerton Houses, New York, 82 –83, 103

Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, 65

American plan. See Costs

Anderson, Nels, 134 , 154 , 160 , 207

Anonymity in rooming houses, 119 , 222

Apartment hotels, 84 –85, 306 , 195 , 224 , 253 . See also Hotel Agassiz

Apartments

criticisms shared with hotels, 215 , 223 , 227 , 250 –252, 254 –255

definitions, 7 , 255

intertwining history with hotels, 51 –52, 125 , 245 , 268 , 291 , 52 , 113

official preference and Western Addition, 262 , 276 , 278 –279

and parking, 267 , 296

private development and owner income, 86 , 178 –179, 192 , 249

tenant costs and barriers, 125 –126, 306

See also Efficiency apartments

Arbuckle, Roscoe (Fatty), and Arbuckle parties, 219

Aronovici, Carol, 205 , 219

Asian Americans, 11 , 102 , 105 , 112

Astor House, New York, 26 , 30 , 39

AuCoin, Les, 289

Automobiles, 121 , 156

effects of downtown highways, 251 , 269

parking at more expensive hotels, 43 , 81 , 269 –270

rooming houses and parking, 267 , 270 , 296 , 301 , 271

See also Motels

Avon Hotel, Oakland, 247

B

Babbitt , 67 , 193

Baltic Inn, San Diego, 296 , 296 –297

Barbary Coast, San Francisco, 140 , 156 , 152 , 220

Bars, hotel, 177 , 183

Bath, Maine, 9

Bathhouses, 115

Bathrooms, private, as definition for apartments, 7

Bauer, Catherine, 280 –281

Bed bugs in lodging houses, 145

Behavioral control. See Moral codes

Belmont and Buckingham hotels, Denver, 195

Berkeley, California, 172 , 175 . See also Studio Durant

Berkshire Hotel, San Francisco, 80

Bernhardt, Sarah, 64 , 65

Blacks

in lodging house districts, 11 , 137 , 159 , 161

and removal from Western Addition, 277

in rooming houses, 94 , 107 , 112 , 192

in Salvation Army and YMCAs, 102 , 151

Blight, 186 , 197 –198, 214 , 276

legal definition, 274 –275

in New Deal surveys, 275

owners' techniques to encourage, 286 –287

Boarding with a family (private boarding house), 56 , 306 , 122

advantages for family and tenants, 121 –122

complaints of boarders, 115 , 123

definitions, 6 , 92

See also Lodgers and lodger evil

Boardinghouses (commercial)

conversion to rooming houses, 93

definitions and relation to midpriced hotels, 6 , 80 , 92

landlady as surrogate mother, 92 , 101

organization boarding houses, 102

See also YMCA and YWCA

Bonanza House, San Francisco, 147

Book Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, 42

Boosterism, 182

Boston, SRO political fight, 286 . See also South End

Boston hotels. See Adams House; Exchange Hotel; Hotel Agassiz; Tremont House

Bowery District, New York, 135 , 138 , 220 , 142 , 145 , 165 , 225

Box-Car Bertha (Bertha Thompson), 138

Bread lines, 225

Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 236

Brevoort Hotel, New York, 65

Bright light districts, 110 , 114 , 218 , 114

Building and investment cycles, 76 , 180 , 264

destruction of hotels, 284 , 286 –287, 289

redecorating versus remodeling, 183

redlining, 256 , 269

Building codes (San Francisco and California)

equal enforcement of hotels and apartments, 245

and power elite, 203

uneven effects on hotels, 165 , 245 –246, 244 , 246

writing and enforcement, 241 –243

Bums, in the hobo hierarchy, 133

Burgess, Ernest W., 207

Burnside Consortium, Portland, Oregon, 288 –289

C

California housing reform, stages in organization, 233 –234

California state building codes, 242 –245

California state housing acts, 198 , 243

Canterbury Hotel, San Francisco, 36 , 175

Capitol Hill district, Denver, 195

Case closets in rooming houses, 100 , 98

Casual laborers, 23 , 134 –135, 137 , 156 , 159 , 309

housing conditions at outlying work sites, 148

as predominantly white and American-born, 137

typical incomes, 308

See also Hoboes; Single workers' districts

Cave Café and Grill, San Francisco, 220

Center city, definition, xi

Central City Concern, Portland, Oregon, 288 –289

Central Hotel, San Francisco, 143 , 190 , 146 , 190

Central Pacific Hotel, San Francisco, 95 , 99

Centrality of hotel locations, 66

Centralization of housing control, 238 , 260 , 263

Chairs. See Material possessions; Room furnishings

Chandler, Raymond, 221

Cheap lodging houses. See Lodging houses headings

Chelsea district, New York, 113

Chelsea Hotel, New York, 65

Cheney, Charles, 237

Chicago, 9 , 57 –58, 300 , 139

census and housing studies, 63 , 230 –231, 258

light housekeeping rooms, 125 –126

lodging houses, 138 , 144 , 182 , 246 , 166

rooming houses, 107 , 227 , 12

Chicago Beach Hotel, Chicago, 78

Chicago hotels. See Chicago Beach Hotel; Drake Hotel; Eleanor Clubs; Grand Pacific Hotel; Hotel Warner; Hyde Park Hotel; Memorial Hotel; Sisson Hotel; Windermere Hotel

Chicago districts. See Gold Coast; Main Stem; Near North Side

Chicago School of Sociology, 207 , 226 –227

Childlessness, hotels vs. house districts, 212 –213

Children in hotels, 35 –37, 253 , 290

Chinatown, San Francisco, 156 , 275 , 152

family association buildings, 158

lodging houses, 171 , 288

Chinese Americans

and cubic air ordinances, 241

as San Francisco laborers, 137 , 157 –158

CIH. See Commission on Immigration and Housing

Citizenship and rented dwellings, 201 , 223 , 227

City planning, 205 , 207 , 237 –238, 301 , 304

Civic Center district, San Francisco, 102 , 173

Claremont Hotel, Oakland, California, 81 –82, 82

Class conflict, 195 , 230

and laborers' unrest in hotel districts, 227 –228

Class formation, 34 , 38 , 196 , 248 , 303

active role of palace hotel luxury, 36 –37, 51 –52

casual laborers, 132 , 164 , 167

liminal status of rooming house residents, 91 , 128 –129

material culture concerns, 162 , 202

midpriced hotels, 59 , 75 –76

See also Conspicuous consumption

Clayton Hotel, San Francisco, 158 –159

Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 31 , 35

Codes. See Building codes

Coffee shops, 73

Commercial-residential mixture. See Land use mixture

Commercial vs. domestic values, 121 , 168 , 216

Commission on Immigration and Housing, California, 235 –236

campaign for city planning and zoning, 237

more liberal hotel codes than eastern counterparts, 243

open-lot house ideal, 254

Common laborers. See Casual laborers

Conspicuous consumption, 45 –46, 48 , 50

Construction costs, 294 , 297 , 299

Construction cycles. See Building and investment cycles

Conversion of hotels to offices and hospitals, 185

Conversion of houses to hotels, 80 , 189

Coolidge, Calvin, 60

Cooperative housekeeping, 62 –64, 62 . See also Women in hotels

Cosmopolitan. See Commercial land-use mixture; Social mixture

Costs (room rental rates), 59 , 161 , 294 , 306

American plan versus European plan, 29 , 74 , 74

apartments and apartment hotels, 51 , 85 , 126

lodging houses and barracks, 141 , 148 , 151 , 142

midpriced hotels, 61 –62, 74 –75, 78

palace hotels and palace resorts, 32 , 38 , 44 , 50 , 78

recent price ranges, 292 , 299 –300

rooming houses and YMCAs, 102 , 108

tourist rates adjusted for residents, 61

See also Food

Cottage districts, 139

County relief home, San Francisco, 199

Cribs and "cage" hotels. See Lodging houses, cubicle type

Crime and lodging houses, 220

Crocker Mansion spite wall, 187

Cubic air ordinances, and Chinese, 241

Cubicle hotels. See Lodging houses, cubicle type

Cultural engineering and buildings, 262 –263

Cultural imperialism of planners, 295 , 303

Cultural landscape methods, x –xi

need and use in design and planning, 302 , 304

Cultural oppositions and hotels, 13 , 22 –23, 127 –128, 198 –199, 210 , 293

Cultural pluralism, potentials for designers, 303

D

Dakota Apartments, New York, 52

Dancing, 30 –31, 219 , 220 . See also Moral codes

Deliberate ignorance, 257

importance of, 294 –295

and professional action, 282 , 304

and Real Property Survey , 260 –261

Delmonico Hotel, San Francisco, 74 , 80

Delta Hotel, San Francisco, 97 , 172 , 98 , 129

Demolition of hotels, 287 , 295 , 287

Density of urban residential development, 158 , 215 , 248 , 224 , 277

Denver, 195 . See also Hotel Harris

Denver House, San Francisco, 171

Des Moines, Iowa, 234

Detroit, Michigan. See Book Cadillac Hotel

Devine, Edward T., 206

Dining rooms and dining room food, 115 , 141 , 177 , 157

in family houses, 211 , 122 , 211

midpriced hotels, 79 , 83 , 80, 118 , 211

palace hotels, 28 –30, 38 , 267 , 28, 29

See also Food provision

Discrimination

against entertainers, 64

racial, 102 , 137 , 157 , 214 , 247 , 267 , 277 , 136

religious, 50 –51, 64 , 102

Diversity, 204 , 263 , 303 –304

Doctrinaire idealism, 276 , 294 –295, 304

Dodge Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60

Dolbeare, Cushing, 292 –293

Dormitory wards. See Lodging houses, ward type

Douglas Street, Omaha, 154

Downtown rooming houses, 97 , 299 , 98 . See also Rooming houses

Drake Hotel, Chicago, 42

Drug addiction, 120 , 140

Dubuque, Iowa, 150, 157 , 179 , 242

E

Earthquake and fire of 1906, San Francisco, 19 , 191

effects on hotel investment and size, 170 , 181 , 188

as spur to reform and codes, 198 , 241 –242

Efficiency, idea of, 253 , 304

Efficiency apartments, 85 , 306 , 85

and omitted in urban renewal, 277 –280, 278–279

See also Apartments

Elderly hotel residents

in midpriced hotels, 66 –67, 178

in recent SROs, 10 –11, 271 –272, 280 , 288 , 272, 285 , 287

in rooming and lodging houses, 106 , 137 , 306 , 106, 157

as troublesome tenants, 67 , 108

Eleanor Clubs, 103

Elevators, 183 , 245

Eloise of the Plaza , 36

Emerson, Ralph W., 204

Employment agencies, 153 –154, 154

Employment and hotels. See Labor force and hotels

Entertainment, workingmen's, 154 , 156

Entrenchment and expensive hotels, 267

Environmental determinism, 204 , 208 , 212

Equivalent elimination in New Deal, 274

Estate Hotel, Portland, 288

Ethnic sorting in boarding-houses, 107

Euclid v. Ambler , 252

Exchange Hotel, Boston, 38

Exclusion of hotels in nineteenth-century literature, 88 –89

Expositions and conventions, 76

F

Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, 35 , 48 , 175 , 176

Family association buildings, Chinatown, 158

Family life, 101

of more value than single life, 208 , 213 , 253 , 270

and national housing policy, 280 –282, 257

in palace and midpriced hotels, 35 –37, 48 –51, 60 –61, 87 , 208 , 210 , 211

separation in dining and house, 210 , 213 , 215 , 211

in SRO and motel settings, 125 , 193 , 291 –292

Fashion cycles in hotel design, 182 –183

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 293

Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 255 –256, 276

Feminists, 63

Fifth Avenue district, New York, 47

Filipinos, 4 , 158 , 288

Fillmore Street, San Francisco, 110 , 114 , 111, 114

Filtering of hotel tenants, 78 , 184 , 267 , 184

Fire dangers in hotels, 229 –230, 290

First-class hotel, 37 , 39 , 40

Flagg, Ernest, 150

Flop houses, 147 , 306 . See also Lodging houses

Food provision (not in hotel dining rooms), 63 , 73 –74, 93 , 31, 91

near lodging and rooming houses, 115 , 117 –118, 155 –156, 116, 225

in saloons, 117 –118, 119

See also Dining rooms; Hot plates; Kitchens

Ford, James, 280

Former-house rooming houses, 110

Freeways. See Automobiles

Front-gate lodging houses, 160 , 162

Furnished room houses, 227 . See also Rooming house

Furniture and dishes. See Personal possessions; Room furnishings

G

Gambling, 46 , 157 . See also Moral codes

Gateway District, Minneapolis, 184

Gender roles and hotels, 62 –63, 127 , 210 –211, 212

Germ theory of disease, 205 , 206

Gertrude Stein, 57 , 58

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 63

Girls Housing Council of San Francisco, 239 –240

Gold Coast, Chicago, 47 , 226 –227

Golden West Hotel, San Diego, 150

Gramercy Park, New York, 66

Grand Central Hotel, San Francisco, 185

Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, 40

Greendale, Wisconsin, 257

Greenwich Village, New York, 286

Grosvenor Hotel, New York, 65

H

Harlem, New York, 280

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 88

Hayner, Norman, 207

Health concerns, 138 –145, 160 , 205 –206, 226 , 229 , 238 , 206, 228

Hell's Kitchen, New York, 16

Herrick, Christine, 63

High school students, 104

Hispanic-American residents, 11

Hoboes, 133 –135, 223 , 225 –226, 240 , 225 . See also Casual laborers

Hoffman House, New York, 65

Home guard, 135

Homelessness, 10 , 133 , 232 , 288 , 302

Homosexuality, 107 , 216 –218, 239

Hoover, Herbert

and central planning, 253

Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, 253 –254, 259 , 274

Hot plates, 118 , 126, 268

Hotel Agassiz, Boston, 32

Hotel Bellevue, San Francisco, 174

Hotel Beresford, New York, 73

Hotel brokers, 179 –180

Hotel Cecil, San Francisco, 80

Hotel children, 35 –37, 253 , 290

Hotel definitions, 38

four hotel and resident ranks, 20 –23

legal, 4 –5, 255

Hotel Del Monte, Monterey, California, 49

Hotel design

floor plans, 71, 77 , 79 , 93 , 98 , 101 , 145 , 278 , 279 , 296

landmark status, 37 , 40 –41, 43

light well variations, 183 , 72, 146

mixtures of uses and building types, 48 , 71

at outlying locations, 109 , 194 , 110

room configuration concepts, 39 , 76 –77, 93 , 129 , 167 (see also suites of rooms)

separation and specialization of space, 36 , 38 , 53 –54, 70

shifts in typical size, 39 , 181 , 183 , 190 –191

strategies for attraction and competition, 39 , 78 , 182

See also Mechanical conveniences; Room furnishings; Suites

Hotel development cycles, 24 , 76 , 180 , 182 , 184 , 196 , 264 , 181

Hotel Eddy, San Francisco, 271

Hotel Frederick, Kansas City, 261

Hotel Gianduja, San Francisco, 118

Hotel Harris, Denver, 292

Hotel life, 5 , 88 , 127

concentrations and public perceptions, 196 –198

as cultural opposition, 13 , 22 –23, 127 –128, 198 –199, 210 , 293

health critiques, 138 –145, 160 , 205 –206, 226 , 229 , 238 , 206, 228

importance and viability, 1 , 196 , 273 , 295 –298, 300 , 302

invisibility, 14 –15, 256 –262

material advantages over houses and apartments, 37 , 53 , 61 , 72

most vigorous period, x

as outside housing ideals, 254 –255

problem of shared baths, 215 , 229 , 275 , 290 , 293 , 215

social and political critiques, 27 –28, 50 , 190 , 202 , 204 , 218 , 225 –226, 228 , 265 , 293 , 225 (see also Problem hotels)

Hotel Majestic, New York, 52

Hotel management. See Management

Hotel Martinique, New York, 291

Hotel owners. See Owners of hotels

Hotel Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 79

Hotel Pierre, New York, 30

Hotel population, 1 –2, 19 –20, 38 , 56

Hotel residents, relative proportions, 24 , 87 , 139 . See also Elderly; Family life; Hotel children; Lodging house residents; Midpriced hotel residents; Palace hotel residents; Rooming house residents; Single people

Hotel room furnishings. See Room furnishings

Hotel service, 41 , 70 –72. See also Management of hotels; Mechanical conveniences

Hotel Sutton, New York, 69

Hotel Victoria, San Francisco, 173 –174, 173

Hotel Warner, Chicago, 161

Hotel Whitcomb, San Francisco, 185

Hotel York, San Francisco, 173

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 301 , 303

Housing experiments, recent, 300

Housing inspection (California), 238

Housing projects, post-war: San Francisco, 276

Housing reformers, as group, 205

Housing unit, definition, 274

Hull House, Chicago, 236

hungry i (club), 288

Huntington Hotel, San Francisco, 44 , 48

Hyde Park Hotel, Chicago, 68 , 69

Hygeia, 206

Hygiene, public, 226 , 228

I

Idealism. See Doctrinaire idealism

Idleness in hotels, 208 , 209

Individual freedom. See Personal independence

International Hotel, San Francisco, ix , 19 , 158 , 288 , 159, 164

Investment cycles. See Building and investment cycles

Invisibility of hotels, 281 –282, 285 , 288 . See also Deliberate ignorance

J

James, Henry, 49 –50, 55

Japanese Americans, 159

Jefferson Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60

Jewish hotel population, 64

Johnson, Hiram, 235

K

Kansas City, 219, 261

Kenton Hotel, New York, 145

King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr., 291

Kitchens, 7 , 84 , 86 , 124 , 255 –256, 297 , 126

L

Labor force and hotels, 8 , 11

effects of uneven employment, 103 –105, 109 , 149 , 263

profiles, 308 –309

locational importance, 109 , 156 , 270

stimulus for construction and reform, 57 , 90 , 180 , 192 , 236

Labor unrest, 236

Laborers. See Casual laborers

Lancaster, Ohio, 231

Land use mixture

as result of individual owners' actions, 110 , 168 , 187 , 187, 253

undesirable, 248 –252, 256 , 112, 249

and hotel districts, 48 , 154 –155, 250 –251, 295 , 197

See also Zoning

Lexington, Kentucky, 6

Lick House, San Francisco, 28 , 32 , 35 , 28

Light housekeeping rooms, 124 –125, 192 , 297 , 306 , 125

interior conditions, 245 , 126, 268

Light wells. See Hotel design, light well variations

Lodgers and lodger evil, 6 , 92 , 214 , 280 . See also Boarding with a family

Lodging house, as occasional synonym for rooming house, 6

Lodging houses, building types, 140 –151

as interchangeable landscape, 162

contrasts between facades and interiors, 163 –165, 164, 166 , 179 , 194 , 287

cubicle type (and wards), 141 –144, 147 , 171 , 165

cubicle type, interior views, 143, 145

cubicles and wards in California codes, 146 , 243

flophouses and police station lodgings, 141 , 148 , 132

full room type, 4 , 141 , 143 , 145, 171 , 190

informal lodgings, 147

slow specialization of building types, 188 , 190 , 189, 193

types and mixtures of types, 143 –147, 24, 135 , 146 , 159

ward type (see Cubicle type)

See also Central Hotel; Denver House; Family association buildings; Hotel Warner; International Hotel; Kenton Hotel; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel

Lodging houses, general issues

advantages for residents, 160 , 162 –163

and building codes, 146 , 241 –246

costs, 141 –144, 306 , 142

fluctuations in demand, 134 , 182 , 265 , 184

future needs, 1 –2, 8 –11, 299

health and safety risks, 143 , 145 , 229 , 242

and locations, 113 , 151 –160, 158 , 160 , 192 –193, 135, 162

municipal, 148 , 182 , 240 , 280 –281, 240

owners and philanthropists, 149 –150, 169 –170, 150 (see also Edward Rolkin)

and redevelopment, 243 , 269 –270, 274

social and cultural risks, 7 –8, 140 , 226 , 228 , 238 , 265

See also Single workers' districts

Lodging houses, residents, 137 , 141 , 148 , 156 , 190 , 309 , 139

African Americans, 137 , 159 , 161

Asian Americans, 137 , 157 –159

elderly, 137 , 271 , 285

Lodging houses, residents,

Filipinos, 4 , 158 , 288

ill, injured, or social outcasts, 138 , 140 , 160

native-born Euro-Americans, 137

individual examples:

Felix Ayson, 4 ;

Jacob Riis, 131 , 136 ;

Bertha Thompson (Box-Car Bertha), 138

See also Casual laborers

Loft buildings, 96 , 147 , 96 , 146, 189

Loneliness, and rooming houses, 221 –222

Los Angeles, 147 , 220 , 229 , 299 . See also Ambassador Hotel

Lower East Side, New York, 280

Lower Nob Hill, San Francisco, 75 –76

Lower West Side, New York, 154

Lubin, Simon J., 235 –236, 239 , 235, 237

Lucky M Pool Hall, San Francisco, 158

Lunchrooms. See Food provision

M

Magnin, Cyril, 2

Main Stem, Chicago, 138 , 182 , 246

Majestic Hotel, New York, 65

Management of hotels

clerks strict in lodging houses, 151

desk clerks, complex roles, 7 , 160 , 178 , 221 , 179–180

good operation of hotels, 30 , 176 –178

importance and status of managers, 169 , 170 , 177 , 294

importance of permanent tenants, 19 –20, 39 , 177 –178, 267

landladies and tenants, 92 , 161

owners, managers, and leases, 169 , 176 –177

poor operation of hotels, 145 –146, 185 , 287 –289

and training, 198 –199, 294 , 301

women as managers, 80 , 169 , 179 –180

Manhattan Hotel, New York, 185

Manilatown, San Francisco, 158 , 159

Marginality, 190 , 197 , 220 , 225 –226, 290 . See also Gamblers; Mentally ill; Prostitutes; Thieves

Mark Hopkins Hotel, San Francisco, 48 , 183 , 196 , 176

residential use, 2 , 26 –27, 51 , 175

site of Mark Hopkins mansion, 47 , 187

Market Street, San Francisco, 114 , 110, 237

Material possessions, lack of, 8 , 106 , 224

McAlpin Hotel, New York, 36

McEntire, Davis, 280 –281

Mechanical conveniences, 68 , 183 , 222 , 83

compared to other dwellings, 52 , 72

in rooming houses, 94 , 297

Memorial Hotel, Chicago, 161

Memphis, Tennessee, 291 , 136

Men as hotel residents. See Casual laborers; Gender roles; Lodging houses, residents; Midpriced hotels, residents; Rooming houses, residents; Single workers' districts

Mentally ill residents, 108 , 272 –273

Middle and upper class, 17 , 20 –22, 173

Midpriced hotels, building types, 68 –75, 22, 71 , 82 , 247

dining rooms and coffee shops, 73 , 118, 211

experiments and changes over time, 188 , 250 , 268 –270, 189, 253

range of types, 36 , 68 , 70 –71, 78 –79, 300

See also Alameda Hotel; Algonquin Hotel; Avon Hotel; Claremont Hotel; Hotel Pennsylvania; Hotel Victoria; Hotel York; McAlpin Hotel; Ogden Hotel

Midpriced hotels, general issues, 21 , 74

advantages, 3 –4, 29 , 59

districts, 75 , 113 (see also Union Square)

history of supply and demand, 56 –57, 182 , 265 , 267

owners, individual examples:

Edward Beck, 173 ;

Joseph Brandenstein, 173 ;

Mary E. Callahan, 173 ;

Haas Realty Company, 177 ;

Sarah Pettigrew, 173

owners, people of substantial means, 173

Midpriced hotels, residents, 56 –68, 227 , 139, 184

elderly housing as variant, 300

families and family issues, 60 , 87 , 227 , 251 –252

individual examples:

Hannah Arendt, 65 ;

Tallulah Bankhead, 64 ;

Sarah Bernhardt, 64 ;

James Cagney, 64 ;

Charlie Chaplin, 65 ;

Cher, 64 ;

Willa Cather, 65 ;

Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge, 60 ;

Bill Cosby, 64 ;

Sammy Davis, Jr., 64 ;

Edna Ferber, 65 ;

Felix Frankfurter, 60 ;

Lyndon Johnson, 60 ;

Edith Lewis, 65 ;

Huey Long, 60 ;

Thomas Mann, 65 ;

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall, 60 ;

S. J. Perelman, 69 ;

Kate Smith, 67 ;

William French Smith, 60 ;

Gertrude Stein, 57 ;

Dylan Thomas, 65 ;

Virgil Thompson, 65 ;

Earl Warren, 60 ;

Caspar Weinburger, 60 ;

Walter Winchell, 66

sojourners and their employment, 57 , 59 , 265 , 309

women and ill effects on them, 36 , 61 , 63 , 120 , 208 –210

Migrant workers. See Casual laborers; Hoboes

Military personnel, 156 , 265

Miller v. Los Angeles , 251

Mills Hotel, New York, 149 –150, 150

Minneapolis, 3 . See also Gateway District; Ogden Hotel

Mission District, San Francisco, 275

Missions, institutional and salvation, 148 , 156 , 150, 157 . See also Salvation Army

Mixture

and blight, 274 –275, 295

of land uses, 7 , 186 , 214 , 96, 219 , 247

social mixtures, 192 , 216 , 214

of uses within a building, 210 , 213 , 279

Mobility, 226 –227, 229

Moral reforms as control, 101 , 205 –206, 239 –240, 241 . See also Prohibition and hotels

Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, 153 . See also Yerba Buena Project

Motels

as competition for tourists, 184 , 270

residential, 291 –292

Movie theaters as flop houses, 147

Municipal lodging houses, 148 , 182 , 240 , 280 –281, 240

Murphy beds, 69 , 85 –86, 79

N

National Hotel, San Francisco, 4 , 100 –101, 5, 99 , 100 , 101 , 244

National Housing Act, 281

National Housing Association, 236 . See also Veiller, Lawrence

National Low Income Housing Coalition, 292 –293

Near North Side, Chicago, 113

New city, 17 , 304

area extent, 196 , 197

and central controls, 203 , 230 , 236

community and single-use as keys, 227 , 248 , 253 , 18

and conflicts with old city, 17 , 281 , 54, 228 , 266

and hotels, 168 , 198 , 231 , 233 , 278

investment underpinnings, 186 , 236 , 253

palace hotel as conversion, 53 –55

See also Old city

New Deal measures, 259 –260, 274 , 280 , 257

New York City, 212 , 215

cheap hotel life, 56 , 227 , 231 , 116, 122 , 132 , 170

expensive hotel life, 3 , 44 , 52 , 224

municipal and police lodgings, 136, 149 , 240

positive hotel reform, 235 , 286 , 294

New York districts. See Bowery; Chelsea; Gramercy Park; Greenwich Village; Harlem; Hell's Kitchen; Lower East Side;

New York hotels. See Algonquin Hotel; Allerton Houses; Astor House; Brevoort Hotel; Chelsea Hotel; Hotel Beresford; Hotel Majestic; Hotel Martinique; Hotel Pierre; Hotel Sutton; Majestic

New York hotels,

Hotel; Manhattan Hotel; McAlpin Hotel; Mills Hotel; Plaza Hotel; Ritz Tower; University Club; Waldorf-Astoria (new); Waldorf-Astoria (original)

Nob Hill, San Francisco

midpriced area (Lower Nob Hill), 75 –76, 80 , 75

palace hotel area (Upper Nob Hill), 47 –48, 81, 187

Nonbuilding, 276 –277

Non-materialist subculture, 162

Norfolk, Virginia, 281 , 142

Normal standard of living, 204 , 206

North Beach, San Francisco, 15 , 258 . See also Hotel Gianduja

Nuisance use, as legal strategy, 231 –232, 244 , 252

O

Oakland, California, 57 , 81 –82, 82 , 247 . See also Tubbs Hotel

Office development downtown, 105 , 268 , 286 , 292

Officials. See City planning

Ogden Hotel, Minneapolis, 71

Old city

definition and history, 17 , 53 , 213

area extent, 196 , 197

land-use and social mixtures, 16 , 112 , 131 , 186 , 16, 266

as blight and other problems, 202 , 231 , 274 –275

compared to zoning and new city, 248 , 250 , 304 , 54

See also New city

Old-house rooming districts. See Rooming house districts

Oliver Hotel, San Francisco, 99

Omaha, Nebraska, 154 , 271

Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981, 289

O'Neill, Eugene, 64

Open-lot house, 215 , 253

Orange County, California, 291

Ordinary architecture, x –xi, 18

Organization boardinghouses, 102 –103

Outcasts and hotels, 160 –161

Outlying hotels, 109 , 194 , 110

Owners of hotels, 171 –173, 186 , 199 , 170

compared to apartment owners, 124 –125, 178 , 229

and destruction of hotels, 284 , 286 –287, 289

duration of ownership, 169 , 172 , 174 –176, 269

owner-managers, 32 , 169 (see also Rolkin, Edward; Smith, George D.)

See also Management of hotels

P

Palace Hotel, San Francisco, 40 , 46 , 177 , 41, 54

well-known residents, 33 , 33

Palace hotels, buildings, 37 –45, 78 , 175

and automobiles, 269 –270

definitions, 20 , 37 , 40 , 71 , 188

relation to neighborhoods, 47 –48, 191

See also Book Cadillac Hotel; Canterbury Hotel; Dining rooms; Drake Hotel; Fairmont Hotel; First class hotels; Hotel Bellevue; Lick House; Mark Hopkins Hotel; Palace Hotel; Saint Francis Hotel; Waldorf-Astoria (new); Waldorf-Astoria (original)

Palace hotels, general issues

advantages, 2 , 26 , 51

as business centers, 33 , 58 –59,

costs and conversions, 32 , 182 –183, 267 , 306

criticisms, 27 –28, 50 , 218

owners, 174 –175, 182

sociability of daily life, 29 , 45 –51, 60 –61

Palace hotels, residents, 48 , 60 , 265 , 309

individual examples:

Warren Beatty, 300 ;

Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), 31 ;

Dwight Eisenhower, 2 ;

Gerald Ford, 43 ;

Mr. and Mrs. John W. Gates (Carnegie and U.S. Steel), 33 –34;

Mr. and Mrs. George J. Gould, 34 ;

Mrs. Oliver Harriman, 34 ;

Major and Mrs. Henry Lee Higginson, 32 ;

Herbert Hoover, 2 , 43 ;

Lyndon Johnson, 2 ;

James R. Keene, 33 ;

Henry Kissinger, 43 ;

Levi Z. Leiter, 32 ;

Clare Booth Luce, 2 ;

General Douglas MacArthur, 43 ;

Cyril Magnin, 2 ;

Dylan

McKay, 300 ;

Perle Mesta, 2 ;

Potter Palmer, 32 ;

Charles M. Schwab, 33 ;

Lawrence Spivak, 2 ;

Leland Stanford, 33 ;

Alfred G. Vanderbilt, 34 ;

Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, 50 ;

Gertrude Vanderbilt, 50 ;

Gladys Vanderbilt, 50 ;

Edmund White, 36 ;

Henry Whitney, 50

Palm Beach, Florida, 49 , 29 , 49, 50

Park, Robert E., 207 , 226

Parking. See Automobiles

Parlor houses, 120

Parlor life and reform, 101 , 214 , 239 , 212

Perelman, S. J., 69

Permanence of architecture, 188 , 198 , 199

Personal independence

advantages, 7 , 127 , 144 , 222

and elderly, 160 , 283

family issues, 123 , 211 –212

Personal possessions, lack of, 8 , 106 , 224

Pfleuger, Timothy, 183

Planners. See City planning

Plaza Hotel, New York, 33 , 36 , 42 , 27

Plot assemblage, 172

Plumbing, 240, 268

problems of sharing baths, 215 , 229 , 275 , 290 , 293 , 215

See also Kitchens

Plumbing ratios, 70 –71, 243

in lodging houses, 143 , 146 , 245

in rooming houses, 94 , 99 , 297 –299, 98 , 100

Police station lodgings, New York, 148 , 136, 149

Politicians. See Midpriced hotels, residents; Palace hotels, residents

Porter, Langley, 208

Portland, Oregon, 288 –289, 294

Portland Hotel, San Francisco, 171

Potrero Hill, San Francisco, 160 , 162

Privacy

advantage of hotel housing, 31 , 123 –124, 216 , 59

essential for families, 215

and inexpensive hotels, 101 , 141 , 144 , 216

See also Mixture; Personal independence; Separation of spaces and groups

Private property, lack of, 8 , 106

Private residential clubs, 45 , 44

Privatism, 202 . See also Old city

Problem hotels, 290

Progressive Era housing reform, 202 –208, 234 –236

Prohibition and hotels, 43 , 178 , 219 , 239 , 274 , 293

Project Find, 286

Property industry, 192 , 194 , 229 –230, 286

and official housing reform, 186 , 236 –237, 246 , 256 , 260

stability of investment values, 246 –247, 253

Prostitution

advantages to hotel owners, 161

and expensive hotels, 46 , 120 , 217 , 218

in lodging house areas, 140 , 145 , 155 , 158

in rooming house areas, 115 , 120 –121, 239

Q

Quincy, Massachusetts, 300

R

Race, 192

and discrimination, 50 –51, 102 , 137 , 157 , 214 , 247 , 267 , 277 , 136

See also Blacks; Chinatown; Chinese Americans; Discrimination; Japanese Americans

Radical politicians, 155

Raines Law hotels, 120

Raubeson, Andy, 289

Real estate industry. See Property industry

Real Property Survey of 1939, San Francisco, 112 , 260 –262

Red Light Abatement Act, California, 239

Red-light zones. See Prostitution; Vice districts

Redecorating cycles, 183

Redlining, 256 , 269

Reformers

contradictions and exceptions in positions, 203 , 230 , 262 –263

values and strategies, 202 –208, 238 , 251

Rehabilitation of hotels (SROs), recent, 294 , 298 –299, 301

Religious discrimination, 50 –51, 64 , 102

Relocation of hotel tenants, 283 –283

Remittance men and women, 108

Remodeling cycles, 183

Reno Hotel, San Francisco, 170

Renting as discredited form of tenure, 222 –224

Research methods used, x –xi

Residence clubs, 82 –83, 306 , 44, 83

Residential motels, 291 –292

Resort hotels, 29 , 48 –49, 81 –82, 49, 50 , 82

Restaurants. See Dining rooms; Food provision

Restrictive covenants, 247

Retired people. See Elderly hotel residents

Riis, Jacob, 131 , 204 , 132, 136

Ritz Tower, New York, 3

Rolkin, Edward

owner biography, 170 –171, 190 , 195 –196, 198 , 172

hotels owned, 171, 190 (see also Central Hotel; Denver House; Reno Hotel)

Room furnishings, 16 , 177

in lodging houses, 141 –143, 147 , 229

in palace and midpriced hotels, 38 , 40 , 43 , 69 –70, 175

in rooming houses, 93 –94, 100 , 91, 98 , 100 , 106

other dwelling types, 82 –83, 124

room as symbol of self, 128 –129

See also Murphy beds; Suites of rooms

Room rental rates. See Costs

Room registries, 240

Roomers in private houses, 6 , 268

Rooming house districts, 95 , 113 –115, 199 . See also Chelsea; Near North Side; South End; Tenderloin; Western Addition

Rooming houses, building types, 92 –103

development and specialization, 97 , 99 , 188 , 99, 189 , 244 , 246 , 278

development related to codes and zoning, 245 , 250 , 246

downtown rooming house type, 95 , 97 –98, 194 , 96, 194 (see also Delta Hotel; Hotel Harris; Sierra House)

former-house type, 92 –94, 191 –192, 197 , 6 , 91, 93

large-building type, historic, 95 –96, 128 , 9, 13 , 95 , 99 , 170 , 180 , 261 (see also Central Pacific Hotel; Hotel Frederick; National Hotel; Oliver Hotel)

new and rebuilt types, 295 –297, 300 , 296 –297

related dwelling types, 6 , 103

Rooming houses, general issues

advantages and costs for residents, 95 –96, 115 , 306

definitions, 23 , 92 , 94 , 99

and economic cycles, 182 , 265 , 267

and freeways and parking, 269 –270

managers and owners, 172 –173, 179 –180

material-culture pathologies (reform view), 213 , 224 , 268 , 12, 234 , 276

and public housing policies, 256 , 274 , 280

social pathologies (reform view), 120 , 211 , 217 , 220 –222, 231 , 259

Rooming houses, residents

age and household profiles, 106 –107, 12, 13 , 139

concern for material propriety, 128

individual examples:

Jane Wagner, 4 ;

Woodrow Wilson, 105

marginal social groups, 107 –108, 120

occupation and ethnicity, 95 , 105 , 177 , 265 , 308 –309, 104

young men and women, 103 –105, 107

Rose, Arnold, 257 , 262

Royal Poinciana Hotel, Palm Beach, 49 , 29 , 49–50

S

Sacramento, California, 235 , 280 –281

Safety, 67 , 290 , 242

Sailor's boarding houses, 156 , 135 . See also Barbary Coast; Lodging houses

Saint Francis Hotel, San Francisco, 33 , 174 , 219

St. Louis, 133

Sala, George Augustus, 35 , 40

Saloons, 117 –120, 141 , 147 , 154 , 160 , 119

Salvation Army, 150 –151

Salvation Army Evangeline Residence, San Francisco, 102 , 99

San Augustine, Texas, 180

San Diego, 282 . See also Baltic Inn; Golden West Hotel

San Francisco Bay Area, 291 , 253 . See also Alameda; Berkeley; Claremont Hotel; Hotel Del Monte; Oakland; Tubbs Hotel

San Francisco city development, 19 , 123

trade and manufacturing, 17 –18, 134 , 137 , 182 , 269

San Francisco districts. See Barbary Coast; Chinatown; Civic Center; Manilatown; Nob Hill; North Beach; Potrero Hill; South of Market; Telegraph Hill; Tenderloin; Third and Howard; Union Square; Water-front; Western Addition

San Francisco hotels

lodging houses (see Bonanza House; Central Hotel; Denver House; International Hotel; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel)

midpriced rank hotels (see Berkshire Hotel; Delmonico Hotel; Hotel Cecil; Hotel Victoria)

palace rank hotels (see Canterbury Hotel; Fairmont Hotel; Hotel Bellevue; Hotel Whitcomb; Huntington Hotel; Lick House; Mark Hopkins Hotel; Palace Hotel; Saint Francis Hotel; Sir Francis Drake Hotel)

recent SROs, 9 , 294 , 299

rooming houses (see Clayton Hotel; Delta Hotel; Grand Central Hotel; Hotel Eddy; National Hotel; Sierra House)

total room supply, x , 19 , 24 , 305 , 25, 181

San Francisco reformers and housing officials, 191 , 236

City Planning Commission, 261 , 277, 278

early codes and reports, 100 , 229 , 241 –242, 257 –261

Housing Association: original, 208 , 236 , 258 ;

second, 260 –261

Housing Authority, 192

Redevelopment Agency (SFRA), 279

Renewal Agency and TOOR, 285

Scientific management, 204

Seattle, 63

Separation of spaces and groups, 70 , 213 –214, 244 –245, 255 . See also New city; Single-use districts; Social stratification; Specialization of buildings and neighborhood

Servant problem, 28 , 62

Settlement houses, 207

Sexual immorality, 216 , 219

Shahn, Ben, 231

Shanghaiing, 140

Sheraton Washington, Washington, D.C., 2

Showers, municipal lodging houses, 240

Sierra Houses, San Francisco, 15 , 172 , 15

Single family houses, 251 –253, 269 , 304 , 307 , 18 , 123

Single laborers' zones: definition, 151 –152, 156 , 228 . See also Barbary Coast; Bowery; Chicago; Chinatown; Douglas Street; Gateway District; Lodging houses, building types; Lodging houses, general issues; Third and Howard

Single people

as housing residents, 14 , 46 , 86 , 90 , 137 , 212 , 300 , 302

as seen by housing experts, 91 , 211 –213, 257 –258

and public housing programs, 259 , 277 –280

Single Room Occupancy hotels. See SRO hotels

Single-use districts, 251 , 253 , 256

Single workers' districts, 151 –163, 194 , 280 –281, 193 , 272

and reformers, 193 , 272 , 282 , 282

See also Bowery; Gateway District; Main Stem; Norfolk, Virginia; Third and Howard

Sir Francis Drake Hotel, San Francisco, 43

Sisson Hotel, Chicago, 65

Siting of hotels, 47 –50, 191 , 194 , 27 , 41 , 42 , 69 , 82 , 194

Skid row. See Single laborers' zones

Sleeping porches, 79

Slums, 274 , 203 . See also Blight

Small town hotels, 9, 24 , 95

Smith, George D., 175 , 195 –196, 198

Sociability in hotels, 28 –31, 45 –50, 59 –61, 101 , 218 , 179

Social disorganization, 221 , 226

Social engineering, 203

Social groups, informal, 118 –119

Social hygiene, 205 –206

Social outcasts, 138 , 140 . See also Lodging houses, residents; Marginality; Prostitution

Social rejection, 53

Social stratification, 51 , 198 , 222 –224

and hotel owners, 169 –174

in palace and midpriced hotels, 30 , 36 , 45 , 53 , 80 , 174

in rooming and lodging houses, 113 , 140 –141

See also Class formation; New city; Separation of spaces and groups; Specialization of buildings and neighborhood

Social workers, 206 , 252

Sociologists, 207 , 252

South End, Boston, 113

South End House, Boston, 207 , 235

South of Market area, San Francisco, 123 , 152 , 193 , 41 , 119 , 152

hotel residents, 123 , 184 –185, 271 –272, 193 , 272 , 287

and lodging houses, 134 , 141 –147, 152 –156, 170 –171 (see also Bonanza House; Central Hotel; Denver House; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel)

outside forces and reformers, 269 , 275 , 283 , 282 , 287

and rooming houses, 95 –101, 128 , 98 , 199 , 244 (see also Central Pacific Hotel; Delta Hotel; Grand Pacific Hotel; National Hotel; Oliver Hotel)

as zone of political opposition, 228 , 283 , 285

Sparrows Point Steel Mill, Baltimore, 148

Specialization of buildings and neighborhoods, 187 –191, 196 , 244 –245, 189 . See also New city; Separation of spaces and groups

Speculation on increasing real estate value: zones of transition, 173

Spivak, Lawrence, 2

SRO hotels

destruction and crisis, ix , 8 –10, 273 , 283 –284, 288

early warnings of crisis, 273 , 281 , 283 –284, 304

present-day residents, 10 –11, 157 , 290

Stanford, Leland, 33

Stewart B. McKinney Bill of 1987, 289

Stockton, California, 217

Street hotels, 290 –291. See also SRO hotels

Students in hotels, 105 , 108

Studio Durant, Berkeley, 296 –297, 298

Suburban hotel locations, 80 , 232 , 250

Suicides, 222

Suites of rooms, 2 –3, 38 , 41 –43, 68 , 69

T

Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, 258 , 203

Tenants and Owners Development Corporation (TODCO), 285

Tenants and Owners in Opposition to Redevelopment (TOOR), 285

Tenderloin district, San Francisco, 76 , 102 –103, 113 –115, 120 , 111 , 113

Theatrical hotels, 64

Thieves, 46 , 140 , 144 , 218

Third and Howard streets, San Francisco, 152 –153, 192 , 152 , 153 , 171 , 190 , 193

Tramps, 133 . See also Hoboes

Transience, 11 , 105 –106

Tremont House, Boston, 38 , 188

Tubbs Hotel, Oakland, 58

Tuberculosis, 205 –206

Turkish baths, 209

U

Uniform Relocation Act of 1970, 284 –286

Union and radical activists, 194

Union Iron Works, San Francisco, 160 , 162

Union Square, San Francisco, 47 , 75 –76, 177 , 237

United States Census of Housing , 1940, 260

University Club, New York, 44

Upper West Side, New York, 286

Urban renewal, 265 , 273 , 276 , 281 –284

V

Vagrancy, 226

Veiller, Lawrence, 201 , 205 –206, 246 –248, 253 , 258

influence in California, 235 –236, 242 , 244

Vernacular architecture, x –xi, 18

Vice districts, 120 –121, 239

Voting, by hotel residents, 227

W

Waco Hotel, St. Louis, 133

Wagner, Jane, 4

Waldorf-Astoria (new), New York, 2 , 43

Waldorf-Astoria (original), New York, 42 , 185 , 201 , 21

War and hotel business, 180 –182

Ward-style hotels, 141 , 144 . See also Lodging houses, building types

Washington, D.C. See Dodge Hotel; Jefferson Hotel; Willard Hotel

Waterfront area, San Francisco, 135 , 152

Welfare hotel, 150

Westchester County, New York, 292

Western Addition, San Francisco, ix , 191 , 111

old-house rooming houses, 110 , 191 –192

and private mixed-use development, 248 , 265 , 275 , 112 , 249 , 271

reform studies, 192 , 260 , 275 , 268 , 276

urban renewal projects, 269 , 277 , 266 , 277 , 278 , 279

White, Edmund, 36

Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60

Windermere Hotel, Chicago, 65

Wolfe, Albert, 207 , 235

Women and hotels, 138 , 267

as owners or managers, 80 , 179 -180, 251 , 180

reform critiques, 208 –209 (see also Gender roles and hotels)

as residents, 46 , 60 –61, 63 , 104 –105, 107

Wood, Edith Elmer, 255

Woods, Eleanor, 207 , 235

Woods, Robert A., 207 , 235 –236

Woodstock Hotel, New York, 286

Work force and hotels, 159 , 163 , 165

World War II and hotel residence, 265

Writers as hotel residents, 64 –65

Y

Yerba Buena Project, San Francisco, 283 , 287

YMCA and YWCA, 4 , 101 –102, 106

Z

Zone in transition, 172 –173, 197 –198

Zoning, 203 , 237 , 246 –247, 249

and hotels, 82 , 248 , 250 –252

Zorbaugh, Harvey, 207 , 221