Index
Page numbers for figures are given in italics, following text references. Complete building references are given under the name of the building. Most hotel residents are listed only under the type of hotel (palace, midpriced, etc.).
A
Abbott, Edith, 206 , 236 , 258
Actors as hotel residents, 64
Adams House, Boston, 60
African Americans. See Blacks
Alameda, California, 253
Alcoholics, 120 , 140
Algonquin Hotel, New York, 66 , 77
Allerton Houses, New York, 82 –83, 103
Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, 65
American plan. See Costs
Anderson, Nels, 134 , 154 , 160 , 207
Anonymity in rooming houses, 119 , 222
Apartment hotels, 84 –85, 306 , 195 , 224 , 253 . See also Hotel Agassiz
Apartments
criticisms shared with hotels, 215 , 223 , 227 , 250 –252, 254 –255
definitions, 7 , 255
intertwining history with hotels, 51 –52, 125 , 245 , 268 , 291 , 52 , 113
official preference and Western Addition, 262 , 276 , 278 –279
and parking, 267 , 296
private development and owner income, 86 , 178 –179, 192 , 249
tenant costs and barriers, 125 –126, 306
See also Efficiency apartments
Arbuckle, Roscoe (Fatty), and Arbuckle parties, 219
Aronovici, Carol, 205 , 219
Asian Americans, 11 , 102 , 105 , 112
Astor House, New York, 26 , 30 , 39
AuCoin, Les, 289
Automobiles, 121 , 156
effects of downtown highways, 251 , 269
parking at more expensive hotels, 43 , 81 , 269 –270
rooming houses and parking, 267 , 270 , 296 , 301 , 271
See also Motels
Avon Hotel, Oakland, 247
B
Babbitt , 67 , 193
Baltic Inn, San Diego, 296 , 296 –297
Barbary Coast, San Francisco, 140 , 156 , 152 , 220
Bars, hotel, 177 , 183
Bath, Maine, 9
Bathhouses, 115
Bathrooms, private, as definition for apartments, 7
Bauer, Catherine, 280 –281
Bed bugs in lodging houses, 145
Behavioral control. See Moral codes
Belmont and Buckingham hotels, Denver, 195
Berkeley, California, 172 , 175 . See also Studio Durant
Berkshire Hotel, San Francisco, 80
Bernhardt, Sarah, 64 , 65
Blacks
in lodging house districts, 11 , 137 , 159 , 161
and removal from Western Addition, 277
in rooming houses, 94 , 107 , 112 , 192
in Salvation Army and YMCAs, 102 , 151
Blight, 186 , 197 –198, 214 , 276
legal definition, 274 –275
in New Deal surveys, 275
owners' techniques to encourage, 286 –287
Boarding with a family (private boarding house), 56 , 306 , 122
advantages for family and tenants, 121 –122
complaints of boarders, 115 , 123
definitions, 6 , 92
See also Lodgers and lodger evil
Boardinghouses (commercial)
conversion to rooming houses, 93
definitions and relation to midpriced hotels, 6 , 80 , 92
landlady as surrogate mother, 92 , 101
organization boarding houses, 102
See also YMCA and YWCA
Bonanza House, San Francisco, 147
Book Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, 42
Boosterism, 182
Boston, SRO political fight, 286 . See also South End
Boston hotels. See Adams House; Exchange Hotel; Hotel Agassiz; Tremont House
Bowery District, New York, 135 , 138 , 220 , 142 , 145 , 165 , 225
Box-Car Bertha (Bertha Thompson), 138
Bread lines, 225
Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 236
Brevoort Hotel, New York, 65
Bright light districts, 110 , 114 , 218 , 114
Building and investment cycles, 76 , 180 , 264
destruction of hotels, 284 , 286 –287, 289
redecorating versus remodeling, 183
redlining, 256 , 269
Building codes (San Francisco and California)
equal enforcement of hotels and apartments, 245
and power elite, 203
uneven effects on hotels, 165 , 245 –246, 244 , 246
writing and enforcement, 241 –243
Bums, in the hobo hierarchy, 133
Burgess, Ernest W., 207
Burnside Consortium, Portland, Oregon, 288 –289
C
California housing reform, stages in organization, 233 –234
California state building codes, 242 –245
California state housing acts, 198 , 243
Canterbury Hotel, San Francisco, 36 , 175
Capitol Hill district, Denver, 195
Case closets in rooming houses, 100 , 98
Casual laborers, 23 , 134 –135, 137 , 156 , 159 , 309
housing conditions at outlying work sites, 148
as predominantly white and American-born, 137
typical incomes, 308
See also Hoboes; Single workers' districts
Cave Café and Grill, San Francisco, 220
Center city, definition, xi
Central City Concern, Portland, Oregon, 288 –289
Central Hotel, San Francisco, 143 , 190 , 146 , 190
Central Pacific Hotel, San Francisco, 95 , 99
Centrality of hotel locations, 66
Centralization of housing control, 238 , 260 , 263
Chairs. See Material possessions; Room furnishings
Chandler, Raymond, 221
Cheap lodging houses. See Lodging houses headings
Chelsea district, New York, 113
Chelsea Hotel, New York, 65
Cheney, Charles, 237
Chicago, 9 , 57 –58, 300 , 139
census and housing studies, 63 , 230 –231, 258
light housekeeping rooms, 125 –126
lodging houses, 138 , 144 , 182 , 246 , 166
rooming houses, 107 , 227 , 12
Chicago Beach Hotel, Chicago, 78
Chicago hotels. See Chicago Beach Hotel; Drake Hotel; Eleanor Clubs; Grand Pacific Hotel; Hotel Warner; Hyde Park Hotel; Memorial Hotel; Sisson Hotel; Windermere Hotel
Chicago districts. See Gold Coast; Main Stem; Near North Side
Chicago School of Sociology, 207 , 226 –227
Childlessness, hotels vs. house districts, 212 –213
Children in hotels, 35 –37, 253 , 290
Chinatown, San Francisco, 156 , 275 , 152
family association buildings, 158
lodging houses, 171 , 288
Chinese Americans
and cubic air ordinances, 241
as San Francisco laborers, 137 , 157 –158
CIH. See Commission on Immigration and Housing
Citizenship and rented dwellings, 201 , 223 , 227
City planning, 205 , 207 , 237 –238, 301 , 304
Civic Center district, San Francisco, 102 , 173
Claremont Hotel, Oakland, California, 81 –82, 82
Class conflict, 195 , 230
and laborers' unrest in hotel districts, 227 –228
Class formation, 34 , 38 , 196 , 248 , 303
active role of palace hotel luxury, 36 –37, 51 –52
casual laborers, 132 , 164 , 167
liminal status of rooming house residents, 91 , 128 –129
material culture concerns, 162 , 202
midpriced hotels, 59 , 75 –76
See also Conspicuous consumption
Clayton Hotel, San Francisco, 158 –159
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 31 , 35
Codes. See Building codes
Coffee shops, 73
Commercial-residential mixture. See Land use mixture
Commercial vs. domestic values, 121 , 168 , 216
Commission on Immigration and Housing, California, 235 –236
campaign for city planning and zoning, 237
more liberal hotel codes than eastern counterparts, 243
open-lot house ideal, 254
Common laborers. See Casual laborers
Conspicuous consumption, 45 –46, 48 , 50
Construction costs, 294 , 297 , 299
Construction cycles. See Building and investment cycles
Conversion of hotels to offices and hospitals, 185
Conversion of houses to hotels, 80 , 189
Coolidge, Calvin, 60
Cooperative housekeeping, 62 –64, 62 . See also Women in hotels
Cosmopolitan. See Commercial land-use mixture; Social mixture
Costs (room rental rates), 59 , 161 , 294 , 306
American plan versus European plan, 29 , 74 , 74
apartments and apartment hotels, 51 , 85 , 126
lodging houses and barracks, 141 , 148 , 151 , 142
midpriced hotels, 61 –62, 74 –75, 78
palace hotels and palace resorts, 32 , 38 , 44 , 50 , 78
recent price ranges, 292 , 299 –300
rooming houses and YMCAs, 102 , 108
tourist rates adjusted for residents, 61
See also Food
Cottage districts, 139
County relief home, San Francisco, 199
Cribs and "cage" hotels. See Lodging houses, cubicle type
Crime and lodging houses, 220
Crocker Mansion spite wall, 187
Cubic air ordinances, and Chinese, 241
Cubicle hotels. See Lodging houses, cubicle type
Cultural engineering and buildings, 262 –263
Cultural imperialism of planners, 295 , 303
Cultural landscape methods, x –xi
need and use in design and planning, 302 , 304
Cultural oppositions and hotels, 13 , 22 –23, 127 –128, 198 –199, 210 , 293
Cultural pluralism, potentials for designers, 303
D
Dakota Apartments, New York, 52
Dancing, 30 –31, 219 , 220 . See also Moral codes
Deliberate ignorance, 257
importance of, 294 –295
and professional action, 282 , 304
and Real Property Survey , 260 –261
Delmonico Hotel, San Francisco, 74 , 80
Delta Hotel, San Francisco, 97 , 172 , 98 , 129
Demolition of hotels, 287 , 295 , 287
Density of urban residential development, 158 , 215 , 248 , 224 , 277
Denver, 195 . See also Hotel Harris
Denver House, San Francisco, 171
Des Moines, Iowa, 234
Detroit, Michigan. See Book Cadillac Hotel
Devine, Edward T., 206
Dining rooms and dining room food, 115 , 141 , 177 , 157
in family houses, 211 , 122 , 211
midpriced hotels, 79 , 83 , 80, 118 , 211
palace hotels, 28 –30, 38 , 267 , 28, 29
See also Food provision
Discrimination
against entertainers, 64
racial, 102 , 137 , 157 , 214 , 247 , 267 , 277 , 136
religious, 50 –51, 64 , 102
Diversity, 204 , 263 , 303 –304
Doctrinaire idealism, 276 , 294 –295, 304
Dodge Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60
Dolbeare, Cushing, 292 –293
Dormitory wards. See Lodging houses, ward type
Douglas Street, Omaha, 154
Downtown rooming houses, 97 , 299 , 98 . See also Rooming houses
Drake Hotel, Chicago, 42
Drug addiction, 120 , 140
Dubuque, Iowa, 150, 157 , 179 , 242
E
Earthquake and fire of 1906, San Francisco, 19 , 191
effects on hotel investment and size, 170 , 181 , 188
as spur to reform and codes, 198 , 241 –242
Efficiency, idea of, 253 , 304
Efficiency apartments, 85 , 306 , 85
and omitted in urban renewal, 277 –280, 278–279
See also Apartments
Elderly hotel residents
in midpriced hotels, 66 –67, 178
in recent SROs, 10 –11, 271 –272, 280 , 288 , 272, 285 , 287
in rooming and lodging houses, 106 , 137 , 306 , 106, 157
as troublesome tenants, 67 , 108
Eleanor Clubs, 103
Elevators, 183 , 245
Eloise of the Plaza , 36
Emerson, Ralph W., 204
Employment agencies, 153 –154, 154
Employment and hotels. See Labor force and hotels
Entertainment, workingmen's, 154 , 156
Entrenchment and expensive hotels, 267
Environmental determinism, 204 , 208 , 212
Equivalent elimination in New Deal, 274
Estate Hotel, Portland, 288
Ethnic sorting in boarding-houses, 107
Euclid v. Ambler , 252
Exchange Hotel, Boston, 38
Exclusion of hotels in nineteenth-century literature, 88 –89
Expositions and conventions, 76
F
Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, 35 , 48 , 175 , 176
Family association buildings, Chinatown, 158
Family life, 101
of more value than single life, 208 , 213 , 253 , 270
and national housing policy, 280 –282, 257
in palace and midpriced hotels, 35 –37, 48 –51, 60 –61, 87 , 208 , 210 , 211
separation in dining and house, 210 , 213 , 215 , 211
in SRO and motel settings, 125 , 193 , 291 –292
Fashion cycles in hotel design, 182 –183
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 293
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 255 –256, 276
Feminists, 63
Fifth Avenue district, New York, 47
Filipinos, 4 , 158 , 288
Fillmore Street, San Francisco, 110 , 114 , 111, 114
Filtering of hotel tenants, 78 , 184 , 267 , 184
Fire dangers in hotels, 229 –230, 290
First-class hotel, 37 , 39 , 40
Flagg, Ernest, 150
Flop houses, 147 , 306 . See also Lodging houses
Food provision (not in hotel dining rooms), 63 , 73 –74, 93 , 31, 91
near lodging and rooming houses, 115 , 117 –118, 155 –156, 116, 225
in saloons, 117 –118, 119
See also Dining rooms; Hot plates; Kitchens
Ford, James, 280
Former-house rooming houses, 110
Freeways. See Automobiles
Front-gate lodging houses, 160 , 162
Furnished room houses, 227 . See also Rooming house
Furniture and dishes. See Personal possessions; Room furnishings
G
Gambling, 46 , 157 . See also Moral codes
Gateway District, Minneapolis, 184
Gender roles and hotels, 62 –63, 127 , 210 –211, 212
Germ theory of disease, 205 , 206
Gertrude Stein, 57 , 58
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 63
Girls Housing Council of San Francisco, 239 –240
Gold Coast, Chicago, 47 , 226 –227
Golden West Hotel, San Diego, 150
Gramercy Park, New York, 66
Grand Central Hotel, San Francisco, 185
Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, 40
Greendale, Wisconsin, 257
Greenwich Village, New York, 286
Grosvenor Hotel, New York, 65
H
Harlem, New York, 280
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 88
Hayner, Norman, 207
Health concerns, 138 –145, 160 , 205 –206, 226 , 229 , 238 , 206, 228
Hell's Kitchen, New York, 16
Herrick, Christine, 63
High school students, 104
Hispanic-American residents, 11
Hoboes, 133 –135, 223 , 225 –226, 240 , 225 . See also Casual laborers
Hoffman House, New York, 65
Home guard, 135
Homelessness, 10 , 133 , 232 , 288 , 302
Homosexuality, 107 , 216 –218, 239
Hoover, Herbert
and central planning, 253
Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, 253 –254, 259 , 274
Hot plates, 118 , 126, 268
Hotel Agassiz, Boston, 32
Hotel Bellevue, San Francisco, 174
Hotel Beresford, New York, 73
Hotel brokers, 179 –180
Hotel Cecil, San Francisco, 80
Hotel children, 35 –37, 253 , 290
Hotel definitions, 38
four hotel and resident ranks, 20 –23
legal, 4 –5, 255
Hotel Del Monte, Monterey, California, 49
Hotel design
floor plans, 71, 77 , 79 , 93 , 98 , 101 , 145 , 278 , 279 , 296
landmark status, 37 , 40 –41, 43
light well variations, 183 , 72, 146
mixtures of uses and building types, 48 , 71
at outlying locations, 109 , 194 , 110
room configuration concepts, 39 , 76 –77, 93 , 129 , 167 (see also suites of rooms)
separation and specialization of space, 36 , 38 , 53 –54, 70
shifts in typical size, 39 , 181 , 183 , 190 –191
strategies for attraction and competition, 39 , 78 , 182
See also Mechanical conveniences; Room furnishings; Suites
Hotel development cycles, 24 , 76 , 180 , 182 , 184 , 196 , 264 , 181
Hotel Eddy, San Francisco, 271
Hotel Frederick, Kansas City, 261
Hotel Gianduja, San Francisco, 118
Hotel Harris, Denver, 292
Hotel life, 5 , 88 , 127
concentrations and public perceptions, 196 –198
as cultural opposition, 13 , 22 –23, 127 –128, 198 –199, 210 , 293
health critiques, 138 –145, 160 , 205 –206, 226 , 229 , 238 , 206, 228
importance and viability, 1 , 196 , 273 , 295 –298, 300 , 302
invisibility, 14 –15, 256 –262
material advantages over houses and apartments, 37 , 53 , 61 , 72
most vigorous period, x
as outside housing ideals, 254 –255
problem of shared baths, 215 , 229 , 275 , 290 , 293 , 215
social and political critiques, 27 –28, 50 , 190 , 202 , 204 , 218 , 225 –226, 228 , 265 , 293 , 225 (see also Problem hotels)
Hotel Majestic, New York, 52
Hotel management. See Management
Hotel Martinique, New York, 291
Hotel owners. See Owners of hotels
Hotel Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 79
Hotel Pierre, New York, 30
Hotel population, 1 –2, 19 –20, 38 , 56
Hotel residents, relative proportions, 24 , 87 , 139 . See also Elderly; Family life; Hotel children; Lodging house residents; Midpriced hotel residents; Palace hotel residents; Rooming house residents; Single people
Hotel room furnishings. See Room furnishings
Hotel service, 41 , 70 –72. See also Management of hotels; Mechanical conveniences
Hotel Sutton, New York, 69
Hotel Victoria, San Francisco, 173 –174, 173
Hotel Warner, Chicago, 161
Hotel Whitcomb, San Francisco, 185
Hotel York, San Francisco, 173
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 301 , 303
Housing experiments, recent, 300
Housing inspection (California), 238
Housing projects, post-war: San Francisco, 276
Housing reformers, as group, 205
Housing unit, definition, 274
Hull House, Chicago, 236
hungry i (club), 288
Huntington Hotel, San Francisco, 44 , 48
Hyde Park Hotel, Chicago, 68 , 69
Hygeia, 206
Hygiene, public, 226 , 228
I
Idealism. See Doctrinaire idealism
Idleness in hotels, 208 , 209
Individual freedom. See Personal independence
International Hotel, San Francisco, ix , 19 , 158 , 288 , 159, 164
Investment cycles. See Building and investment cycles
Invisibility of hotels, 281 –282, 285 , 288 . See also Deliberate ignorance
J
James, Henry, 49 –50, 55
Japanese Americans, 159
Jefferson Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60
Jewish hotel population, 64
Johnson, Hiram, 235
K
Kansas City, 219, 261
Kenton Hotel, New York, 145
King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr., 291
Kitchens, 7 , 84 , 86 , 124 , 255 –256, 297 , 126
L
Labor force and hotels, 8 , 11
effects of uneven employment, 103 –105, 109 , 149 , 263
profiles, 308 –309
locational importance, 109 , 156 , 270
stimulus for construction and reform, 57 , 90 , 180 , 192 , 236
Labor unrest, 236
Laborers. See Casual laborers
Lancaster, Ohio, 231
Land use mixture
as result of individual owners' actions, 110 , 168 , 187 , 187, 253
undesirable, 248 –252, 256 , 112, 249
and hotel districts, 48 , 154 –155, 250 –251, 295 , 197
See also Zoning
Lexington, Kentucky, 6
Lick House, San Francisco, 28 , 32 , 35 , 28
Light housekeeping rooms, 124 –125, 192 , 297 , 306 , 125
interior conditions, 245 , 126, 268
Light wells. See Hotel design, light well variations
Lodgers and lodger evil, 6 , 92 , 214 , 280 . See also Boarding with a family
Lodging house, as occasional synonym for rooming house, 6
Lodging houses, building types, 140 –151
as interchangeable landscape, 162
contrasts between facades and interiors, 163 –165, 164, 166 , 179 , 194 , 287
cubicle type (and wards), 141 –144, 147 , 171 , 165
cubicle type, interior views, 143, 145
cubicles and wards in California codes, 146 , 243
flophouses and police station lodgings, 141 , 148 , 132
full room type, 4 , 141 , 143 , 145, 171 , 190
informal lodgings, 147
slow specialization of building types, 188 , 190 , 189, 193
types and mixtures of types, 143 –147, 24, 135 , 146 , 159
ward type (see Cubicle type)
See also Central Hotel; Denver House; Family association buildings; Hotel Warner; International Hotel; Kenton Hotel; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel
Lodging houses, general issues
advantages for residents, 160 , 162 –163
and building codes, 146 , 241 –246
costs, 141 –144, 306 , 142
fluctuations in demand, 134 , 182 , 265 , 184
future needs, 1 –2, 8 –11, 299
health and safety risks, 143 , 145 , 229 , 242
and locations, 113 , 151 –160, 158 , 160 , 192 –193, 135, 162
municipal, 148 , 182 , 240 , 280 –281, 240
owners and philanthropists, 149 –150, 169 –170, 150 (see also Edward Rolkin)
and redevelopment, 243 , 269 –270, 274
social and cultural risks, 7 –8, 140 , 226 , 228 , 238 , 265
See also Single workers' districts
Lodging houses, residents, 137 , 141 , 148 , 156 , 190 , 309 , 139
African Americans, 137 , 159 , 161
Asian Americans, 137 , 157 –159
elderly, 137 , 271 , 285
Lodging houses, residents,
Filipinos, 4 , 158 , 288
ill, injured, or social outcasts, 138 , 140 , 160
native-born Euro-Americans, 137
individual examples:
Felix Ayson, 4 ;
Jacob Riis, 131 , 136 ;
Bertha Thompson (Box-Car Bertha), 138
See also Casual laborers
Loft buildings, 96 , 147 , 96 , 146, 189
Loneliness, and rooming houses, 221 –222
Los Angeles, 147 , 220 , 229 , 299 . See also Ambassador Hotel
Lower East Side, New York, 280
Lower Nob Hill, San Francisco, 75 –76
Lower West Side, New York, 154
Lubin, Simon J., 235 –236, 239 , 235, 237
Lucky M Pool Hall, San Francisco, 158
Lunchrooms. See Food provision
M
Magnin, Cyril, 2
Main Stem, Chicago, 138 , 182 , 246
Majestic Hotel, New York, 65
Management of hotels
clerks strict in lodging houses, 151
desk clerks, complex roles, 7 , 160 , 178 , 221 , 179–180
good operation of hotels, 30 , 176 –178
importance and status of managers, 169 , 170 , 177 , 294
importance of permanent tenants, 19 –20, 39 , 177 –178, 267
landladies and tenants, 92 , 161
owners, managers, and leases, 169 , 176 –177
poor operation of hotels, 145 –146, 185 , 287 –289
and training, 198 –199, 294 , 301
women as managers, 80 , 169 , 179 –180
Manhattan Hotel, New York, 185
Manilatown, San Francisco, 158 , 159
Marginality, 190 , 197 , 220 , 225 –226, 290 . See also Gamblers; Mentally ill; Prostitutes; Thieves
Mark Hopkins Hotel, San Francisco, 48 , 183 , 196 , 176
residential use, 2 , 26 –27, 51 , 175
site of Mark Hopkins mansion, 47 , 187
Market Street, San Francisco, 114 , 110, 237
Material possessions, lack of, 8 , 106 , 224
McAlpin Hotel, New York, 36
McEntire, Davis, 280 –281
Mechanical conveniences, 68 , 183 , 222 , 83
compared to other dwellings, 52 , 72
in rooming houses, 94 , 297
Memorial Hotel, Chicago, 161
Memphis, Tennessee, 291 , 136
Men as hotel residents. See Casual laborers; Gender roles; Lodging houses, residents; Midpriced hotels, residents; Rooming houses, residents; Single workers' districts
Mentally ill residents, 108 , 272 –273
Middle and upper class, 17 , 20 –22, 173
Midpriced hotels, building types, 68 –75, 22, 71 , 82 , 247
dining rooms and coffee shops, 73 , 118, 211
experiments and changes over time, 188 , 250 , 268 –270, 189, 253
range of types, 36 , 68 , 70 –71, 78 –79, 300
See also Alameda Hotel; Algonquin Hotel; Avon Hotel; Claremont Hotel; Hotel Pennsylvania; Hotel Victoria; Hotel York; McAlpin Hotel; Ogden Hotel
Midpriced hotels, general issues, 21 , 74
advantages, 3 –4, 29 , 59
districts, 75 , 113 (see also Union Square)
history of supply and demand, 56 –57, 182 , 265 , 267
owners, individual examples:
Edward Beck, 173 ;
Joseph Brandenstein, 173 ;
Mary E. Callahan, 173 ;
Haas Realty Company, 177 ;
Sarah Pettigrew, 173
owners, people of substantial means, 173
Midpriced hotels, residents, 56 –68, 227 , 139, 184
elderly housing as variant, 300
families and family issues, 60 , 87 , 227 , 251 –252
individual examples:
Hannah Arendt, 65 ;
Tallulah Bankhead, 64 ;
Sarah Bernhardt, 64 ;
James Cagney, 64 ;
Charlie Chaplin, 65 ;
Cher, 64 ;
Willa Cather, 65 ;
Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge, 60 ;
Bill Cosby, 64 ;
Sammy Davis, Jr., 64 ;
Edna Ferber, 65 ;
Felix Frankfurter, 60 ;
Lyndon Johnson, 60 ;
Edith Lewis, 65 ;
Huey Long, 60 ;
Thomas Mann, 65 ;
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall, 60 ;
S. J. Perelman, 69 ;
Kate Smith, 67 ;
William French Smith, 60 ;
Gertrude Stein, 57 ;
Dylan Thomas, 65 ;
Virgil Thompson, 65 ;
Earl Warren, 60 ;
Caspar Weinburger, 60 ;
Walter Winchell, 66
sojourners and their employment, 57 , 59 , 265 , 309
women and ill effects on them, 36 , 61 , 63 , 120 , 208 –210
Migrant workers. See Casual laborers; Hoboes
Military personnel, 156 , 265
Miller v. Los Angeles , 251
Mills Hotel, New York, 149 –150, 150
Minneapolis, 3 . See also Gateway District; Ogden Hotel
Mission District, San Francisco, 275
Missions, institutional and salvation, 148 , 156 , 150, 157 . See also Salvation Army
Mixture
and blight, 274 –275, 295
of land uses, 7 , 186 , 214 , 96, 219 , 247
social mixtures, 192 , 216 , 214
of uses within a building, 210 , 213 , 279
Mobility, 226 –227, 229
Moral reforms as control, 101 , 205 –206, 239 –240, 241 . See also Prohibition and hotels
Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, 153 . See also Yerba Buena Project
Motels
as competition for tourists, 184 , 270
residential, 291 –292
Movie theaters as flop houses, 147
Municipal lodging houses, 148 , 182 , 240 , 280 –281, 240
Murphy beds, 69 , 85 –86, 79
N
National Hotel, San Francisco, 4 , 100 –101, 5, 99 , 100 , 101 , 244
National Housing Act, 281
National Housing Association, 236 . See also Veiller, Lawrence
National Low Income Housing Coalition, 292 –293
Near North Side, Chicago, 113
New city, 17 , 304
area extent, 196 , 197
and central controls, 203 , 230 , 236
community and single-use as keys, 227 , 248 , 253 , 18
and conflicts with old city, 17 , 281 , 54, 228 , 266
and hotels, 168 , 198 , 231 , 233 , 278
investment underpinnings, 186 , 236 , 253
palace hotel as conversion, 53 –55
See also Old city
New Deal measures, 259 –260, 274 , 280 , 257
New York City, 212 , 215
cheap hotel life, 56 , 227 , 231 , 116, 122 , 132 , 170
expensive hotel life, 3 , 44 , 52 , 224
municipal and police lodgings, 136, 149 , 240
positive hotel reform, 235 , 286 , 294
New York districts. See Bowery; Chelsea; Gramercy Park; Greenwich Village; Harlem; Hell's Kitchen; Lower East Side;
New York hotels. See Algonquin Hotel; Allerton Houses; Astor House; Brevoort Hotel; Chelsea Hotel; Hotel Beresford; Hotel Majestic; Hotel Martinique; Hotel Pierre; Hotel Sutton; Majestic
New York hotels,
Hotel; Manhattan Hotel; McAlpin Hotel; Mills Hotel; Plaza Hotel; Ritz Tower; University Club; Waldorf-Astoria (new); Waldorf-Astoria (original)
Nob Hill, San Francisco
midpriced area (Lower Nob Hill), 75 –76, 80 , 75
palace hotel area (Upper Nob Hill), 47 –48, 81, 187
Nonbuilding, 276 –277
Non-materialist subculture, 162
Norfolk, Virginia, 281 , 142
Normal standard of living, 204 , 206
North Beach, San Francisco, 15 , 258 . See also Hotel Gianduja
Nuisance use, as legal strategy, 231 –232, 244 , 252
O
Oakland, California, 57 , 81 –82, 82 , 247 . See also Tubbs Hotel
Office development downtown, 105 , 268 , 286 , 292
Officials. See City planning
Ogden Hotel, Minneapolis, 71
Old city
definition and history, 17 , 53 , 213
area extent, 196 , 197
land-use and social mixtures, 16 , 112 , 131 , 186 , 16, 266
as blight and other problems, 202 , 231 , 274 –275
compared to zoning and new city, 248 , 250 , 304 , 54
See also New city
Old-house rooming districts. See Rooming house districts
Oliver Hotel, San Francisco, 99
Omaha, Nebraska, 154 , 271
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981, 289
O'Neill, Eugene, 64
Open-lot house, 215 , 253
Orange County, California, 291
Ordinary architecture, x –xi, 18
Organization boardinghouses, 102 –103
Outcasts and hotels, 160 –161
Outlying hotels, 109 , 194 , 110
Owners of hotels, 171 –173, 186 , 199 , 170
compared to apartment owners, 124 –125, 178 , 229
and destruction of hotels, 284 , 286 –287, 289
duration of ownership, 169 , 172 , 174 –176, 269
owner-managers, 32 , 169 (see also Rolkin, Edward; Smith, George D.)
See also Management of hotels
P
Palace Hotel, San Francisco, 40 , 46 , 177 , 41, 54
well-known residents, 33 , 33
Palace hotels, buildings, 37 –45, 78 , 175
and automobiles, 269 –270
definitions, 20 , 37 , 40 , 71 , 188
relation to neighborhoods, 47 –48, 191
See also Book Cadillac Hotel; Canterbury Hotel; Dining rooms; Drake Hotel; Fairmont Hotel; First class hotels; Hotel Bellevue; Lick House; Mark Hopkins Hotel; Palace Hotel; Saint Francis Hotel; Waldorf-Astoria (new); Waldorf-Astoria (original)
Palace hotels, general issues
advantages, 2 , 26 , 51
as business centers, 33 , 58 –59,
costs and conversions, 32 , 182 –183, 267 , 306
criticisms, 27 –28, 50 , 218
owners, 174 –175, 182
sociability of daily life, 29 , 45 –51, 60 –61
Palace hotels, residents, 48 , 60 , 265 , 309
individual examples:
Warren Beatty, 300 ;
Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), 31 ;
Dwight Eisenhower, 2 ;
Gerald Ford, 43 ;
Mr. and Mrs. John W. Gates (Carnegie and U.S. Steel), 33 –34;
Mr. and Mrs. George J. Gould, 34 ;
Mrs. Oliver Harriman, 34 ;
Major and Mrs. Henry Lee Higginson, 32 ;
Herbert Hoover, 2 , 43 ;
Lyndon Johnson, 2 ;
James R. Keene, 33 ;
Henry Kissinger, 43 ;
Levi Z. Leiter, 32 ;
Clare Booth Luce, 2 ;
General Douglas MacArthur, 43 ;
Cyril Magnin, 2 ;
Dylan
McKay, 300 ;
Perle Mesta, 2 ;
Potter Palmer, 32 ;
Charles M. Schwab, 33 ;
Lawrence Spivak, 2 ;
Leland Stanford, 33 ;
Alfred G. Vanderbilt, 34 ;
Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, 50 ;
Gertrude Vanderbilt, 50 ;
Gladys Vanderbilt, 50 ;
Edmund White, 36 ;
Henry Whitney, 50
Palm Beach, Florida, 49 , 29 , 49, 50
Park, Robert E., 207 , 226
Parking. See Automobiles
Parlor houses, 120
Parlor life and reform, 101 , 214 , 239 , 212
Perelman, S. J., 69
Permanence of architecture, 188 , 198 , 199
Personal independence
advantages, 7 , 127 , 144 , 222
and elderly, 160 , 283
family issues, 123 , 211 –212
Personal possessions, lack of, 8 , 106 , 224
Pfleuger, Timothy, 183
Planners. See City planning
Plaza Hotel, New York, 33 , 36 , 42 , 27
Plot assemblage, 172
Plumbing, 240, 268
problems of sharing baths, 215 , 229 , 275 , 290 , 293 , 215
See also Kitchens
Plumbing ratios, 70 –71, 243
in lodging houses, 143 , 146 , 245
in rooming houses, 94 , 99 , 297 –299, 98 , 100
Police station lodgings, New York, 148 , 136, 149
Politicians. See Midpriced hotels, residents; Palace hotels, residents
Porter, Langley, 208
Portland, Oregon, 288 –289, 294
Portland Hotel, San Francisco, 171
Potrero Hill, San Francisco, 160 , 162
Privacy
advantage of hotel housing, 31 , 123 –124, 216 , 59
essential for families, 215
and inexpensive hotels, 101 , 141 , 144 , 216
See also Mixture; Personal independence; Separation of spaces and groups
Private property, lack of, 8 , 106
Private residential clubs, 45 , 44
Privatism, 202 . See also Old city
Problem hotels, 290
Progressive Era housing reform, 202 –208, 234 –236
Prohibition and hotels, 43 , 178 , 219 , 239 , 274 , 293
Project Find, 286
Property industry, 192 , 194 , 229 –230, 286
and official housing reform, 186 , 236 –237, 246 , 256 , 260
stability of investment values, 246 –247, 253
Prostitution
advantages to hotel owners, 161
and expensive hotels, 46 , 120 , 217 , 218
in lodging house areas, 140 , 145 , 155 , 158
in rooming house areas, 115 , 120 –121, 239
Q
Quincy, Massachusetts, 300
R
Race, 192
and discrimination, 50 –51, 102 , 137 , 157 , 214 , 247 , 267 , 277 , 136
See also Blacks; Chinatown; Chinese Americans; Discrimination; Japanese Americans
Radical politicians, 155
Raines Law hotels, 120
Raubeson, Andy, 289
Real estate industry. See Property industry
Real Property Survey of 1939, San Francisco, 112 , 260 –262
Red Light Abatement Act, California, 239
Red-light zones. See Prostitution; Vice districts
Redecorating cycles, 183
Redlining, 256 , 269
Reformers
contradictions and exceptions in positions, 203 , 230 , 262 –263
values and strategies, 202 –208, 238 , 251
Rehabilitation of hotels (SROs), recent, 294 , 298 –299, 301
Religious discrimination, 50 –51, 64 , 102
Relocation of hotel tenants, 283 –283
Remittance men and women, 108
Remodeling cycles, 183
Reno Hotel, San Francisco, 170
Renting as discredited form of tenure, 222 –224
Research methods used, x –xi
Residence clubs, 82 –83, 306 , 44, 83
Residential motels, 291 –292
Resort hotels, 29 , 48 –49, 81 –82, 49, 50 , 82
Restaurants. See Dining rooms; Food provision
Restrictive covenants, 247
Retired people. See Elderly hotel residents
Riis, Jacob, 131 , 204 , 132, 136
Ritz Tower, New York, 3
Rolkin, Edward
owner biography, 170 –171, 190 , 195 –196, 198 , 172
hotels owned, 171, 190 (see also Central Hotel; Denver House; Reno Hotel)
Room furnishings, 16 , 177
in lodging houses, 141 –143, 147 , 229
in palace and midpriced hotels, 38 , 40 , 43 , 69 –70, 175
in rooming houses, 93 –94, 100 , 91, 98 , 100 , 106
other dwelling types, 82 –83, 124
room as symbol of self, 128 –129
See also Murphy beds; Suites of rooms
Room rental rates. See Costs
Room registries, 240
Roomers in private houses, 6 , 268
Rooming house districts, 95 , 113 –115, 199 . See also Chelsea; Near North Side; South End; Tenderloin; Western Addition
Rooming houses, building types, 92 –103
development and specialization, 97 , 99 , 188 , 99, 189 , 244 , 246 , 278
development related to codes and zoning, 245 , 250 , 246
downtown rooming house type, 95 , 97 –98, 194 , 96, 194 (see also Delta Hotel; Hotel Harris; Sierra House)
former-house type, 92 –94, 191 –192, 197 , 6 , 91, 93
large-building type, historic, 95 –96, 128 , 9, 13 , 95 , 99 , 170 , 180 , 261 (see also Central Pacific Hotel; Hotel Frederick; National Hotel; Oliver Hotel)
new and rebuilt types, 295 –297, 300 , 296 –297
related dwelling types, 6 , 103
Rooming houses, general issues
advantages and costs for residents, 95 –96, 115 , 306
definitions, 23 , 92 , 94 , 99
and economic cycles, 182 , 265 , 267
and freeways and parking, 269 –270
managers and owners, 172 –173, 179 –180
material-culture pathologies (reform view), 213 , 224 , 268 , 12, 234 , 276
and public housing policies, 256 , 274 , 280
social pathologies (reform view), 120 , 211 , 217 , 220 –222, 231 , 259
Rooming houses, residents
age and household profiles, 106 –107, 12, 13 , 139
concern for material propriety, 128
individual examples:
Jane Wagner, 4 ;
Woodrow Wilson, 105
marginal social groups, 107 –108, 120
occupation and ethnicity, 95 , 105 , 177 , 265 , 308 –309, 104
young men and women, 103 –105, 107
Rose, Arnold, 257 , 262
Royal Poinciana Hotel, Palm Beach, 49 , 29 , 49–50
S
Sacramento, California, 235 , 280 –281
Safety, 67 , 290 , 242
Sailor's boarding houses, 156 , 135 . See also Barbary Coast; Lodging houses
Saint Francis Hotel, San Francisco, 33 , 174 , 219
St. Louis, 133
Sala, George Augustus, 35 , 40
Saloons, 117 –120, 141 , 147 , 154 , 160 , 119
Salvation Army, 150 –151
Salvation Army Evangeline Residence, San Francisco, 102 , 99
San Augustine, Texas, 180
San Diego, 282 . See also Baltic Inn; Golden West Hotel
San Francisco Bay Area, 291 , 253 . See also Alameda; Berkeley; Claremont Hotel; Hotel Del Monte; Oakland; Tubbs Hotel
San Francisco city development, 19 , 123
trade and manufacturing, 17 –18, 134 , 137 , 182 , 269
San Francisco districts. See Barbary Coast; Chinatown; Civic Center; Manilatown; Nob Hill; North Beach; Potrero Hill; South of Market; Telegraph Hill; Tenderloin; Third and Howard; Union Square; Water-front; Western Addition
San Francisco hotels
lodging houses (see Bonanza House; Central Hotel; Denver House; International Hotel; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel)
midpriced rank hotels (see Berkshire Hotel; Delmonico Hotel; Hotel Cecil; Hotel Victoria)
palace rank hotels (see Canterbury Hotel; Fairmont Hotel; Hotel Bellevue; Hotel Whitcomb; Huntington Hotel; Lick House; Mark Hopkins Hotel; Palace Hotel; Saint Francis Hotel; Sir Francis Drake Hotel)
recent SROs, 9 , 294 , 299
rooming houses (see Clayton Hotel; Delta Hotel; Grand Central Hotel; Hotel Eddy; National Hotel; Sierra House)
total room supply, x , 19 , 24 , 305 , 25, 181
San Francisco reformers and housing officials, 191 , 236
City Planning Commission, 261 , 277, 278
early codes and reports, 100 , 229 , 241 –242, 257 –261
Housing Association: original, 208 , 236 , 258 ;
second, 260 –261
Housing Authority, 192
Redevelopment Agency (SFRA), 279
Renewal Agency and TOOR, 285
Scientific management, 204
Seattle, 63
Separation of spaces and groups, 70 , 213 –214, 244 –245, 255 . See also New city; Single-use districts; Social stratification; Specialization of buildings and neighborhood
Servant problem, 28 , 62
Settlement houses, 207
Sexual immorality, 216 , 219
Shahn, Ben, 231
Shanghaiing, 140
Sheraton Washington, Washington, D.C., 2
Showers, municipal lodging houses, 240
Sierra Houses, San Francisco, 15 , 172 , 15
Single family houses, 251 –253, 269 , 304 , 307 , 18 , 123
Single laborers' zones: definition, 151 –152, 156 , 228 . See also Barbary Coast; Bowery; Chicago; Chinatown; Douglas Street; Gateway District; Lodging houses, building types; Lodging houses, general issues; Third and Howard
Single people
as housing residents, 14 , 46 , 86 , 90 , 137 , 212 , 300 , 302
as seen by housing experts, 91 , 211 –213, 257 –258
and public housing programs, 259 , 277 –280
Single Room Occupancy hotels. See SRO hotels
Single-use districts, 251 , 253 , 256
Single workers' districts, 151 –163, 194 , 280 –281, 193 , 272
and reformers, 193 , 272 , 282 , 282
See also Bowery; Gateway District; Main Stem; Norfolk, Virginia; Third and Howard
Sir Francis Drake Hotel, San Francisco, 43
Sisson Hotel, Chicago, 65
Siting of hotels, 47 –50, 191 , 194 , 27 , 41 , 42 , 69 , 82 , 194
Skid row. See Single laborers' zones
Sleeping porches, 79
Slums, 274 , 203 . See also Blight
Small town hotels, 9, 24 , 95
Smith, George D., 175 , 195 –196, 198
Sociability in hotels, 28 –31, 45 –50, 59 –61, 101 , 218 , 179
Social disorganization, 221 , 226
Social engineering, 203
Social groups, informal, 118 –119
Social hygiene, 205 –206
Social outcasts, 138 , 140 . See also Lodging houses, residents; Marginality; Prostitution
Social rejection, 53
Social stratification, 51 , 198 , 222 –224
and hotel owners, 169 –174
in palace and midpriced hotels, 30 , 36 , 45 , 53 , 80 , 174
in rooming and lodging houses, 113 , 140 –141
See also Class formation; New city; Separation of spaces and groups; Specialization of buildings and neighborhood
Social workers, 206 , 252
Sociologists, 207 , 252
South End, Boston, 113
South End House, Boston, 207 , 235
South of Market area, San Francisco, 123 , 152 , 193 , 41 , 119 , 152
hotel residents, 123 , 184 –185, 271 –272, 193 , 272 , 287
and lodging houses, 134 , 141 –147, 152 –156, 170 –171 (see also Bonanza House; Central Hotel; Denver House; Portland Hotel; Reno Hotel)
outside forces and reformers, 269 , 275 , 283 , 282 , 287
and rooming houses, 95 –101, 128 , 98 , 199 , 244 (see also Central Pacific Hotel; Delta Hotel; Grand Pacific Hotel; National Hotel; Oliver Hotel)
as zone of political opposition, 228 , 283 , 285
Sparrows Point Steel Mill, Baltimore, 148
Specialization of buildings and neighborhoods, 187 –191, 196 , 244 –245, 189 . See also New city; Separation of spaces and groups
Speculation on increasing real estate value: zones of transition, 173
Spivak, Lawrence, 2
SRO hotels
destruction and crisis, ix , 8 –10, 273 , 283 –284, 288
early warnings of crisis, 273 , 281 , 283 –284, 304
present-day residents, 10 –11, 157 , 290
Stanford, Leland, 33
Stewart B. McKinney Bill of 1987, 289
Stockton, California, 217
Street hotels, 290 –291. See also SRO hotels
Students in hotels, 105 , 108
Studio Durant, Berkeley, 296 –297, 298
Suburban hotel locations, 80 , 232 , 250
Suicides, 222
Suites of rooms, 2 –3, 38 , 41 –43, 68 , 69
T
Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, 258 , 203
Tenants and Owners Development Corporation (TODCO), 285
Tenants and Owners in Opposition to Redevelopment (TOOR), 285
Tenderloin district, San Francisco, 76 , 102 –103, 113 –115, 120 , 111 , 113
Theatrical hotels, 64
Thieves, 46 , 140 , 144 , 218
Third and Howard streets, San Francisco, 152 –153, 192 , 152 , 153 , 171 , 190 , 193
Tramps, 133 . See also Hoboes
Transience, 11 , 105 –106
Tremont House, Boston, 38 , 188
Tubbs Hotel, Oakland, 58
Tuberculosis, 205 –206
Turkish baths, 209
U
Uniform Relocation Act of 1970, 284 –286
Union and radical activists, 194
Union Iron Works, San Francisco, 160 , 162
Union Square, San Francisco, 47 , 75 –76, 177 , 237
United States Census of Housing , 1940, 260
University Club, New York, 44
Upper West Side, New York, 286
Urban renewal, 265 , 273 , 276 , 281 –284
V
Vagrancy, 226
Veiller, Lawrence, 201 , 205 –206, 246 –248, 253 , 258
influence in California, 235 –236, 242 , 244
Vernacular architecture, x –xi, 18
Vice districts, 120 –121, 239
Voting, by hotel residents, 227
W
Waco Hotel, St. Louis, 133
Wagner, Jane, 4
Waldorf-Astoria (new), New York, 2 , 43
Waldorf-Astoria (original), New York, 42 , 185 , 201 , 21
War and hotel business, 180 –182
Ward-style hotels, 141 , 144 . See also Lodging houses, building types
Washington, D.C. See Dodge Hotel; Jefferson Hotel; Willard Hotel
Waterfront area, San Francisco, 135 , 152
Welfare hotel, 150
Westchester County, New York, 292
Western Addition, San Francisco, ix , 191 , 111
old-house rooming houses, 110 , 191 –192
and private mixed-use development, 248 , 265 , 275 , 112 , 249 , 271
reform studies, 192 , 260 , 275 , 268 , 276
urban renewal projects, 269 , 277 , 266 , 277 , 278 , 279
White, Edmund, 36
Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., 60
Windermere Hotel, Chicago, 65
Wolfe, Albert, 207 , 235
Women and hotels, 138 , 267
as owners or managers, 80 , 179 -180, 251 , 180
reform critiques, 208 –209 (see also Gender roles and hotels)
as residents, 46 , 60 –61, 63 , 104 –105, 107
Wood, Edith Elmer, 255
Woods, Eleanor, 207 , 235
Woods, Robert A., 207 , 235 –236
Woodstock Hotel, New York, 286
Work force and hotels, 159 , 163 , 165
World War II and hotel residence, 265
Writers as hotel residents, 64 –65
Y
Yerba Buena Project, San Francisco, 283 , 287
YMCA and YWCA, 4 , 101 –102, 106
Z
Zone in transition, 172 –173, 197 –198
Zoning, 203 , 237 , 246 –247, 249
and hotels, 82 , 248 , 250 –252
Zorbaugh, Harvey, 207 , 221