General Index
A
Against Dionysodoros, (speech), 77 -78, 264
Aitolians, as pirates, 44 -46
Alexander the Great, colonizing activities, 157 -58, 177
alphita:
Delian production, 98 -99;
produced on estates of Apollo, 193 -94; 197 -201, 238
Amorgos:
economy, 52 ;
pirate raids against, 45 ;
population estimates, 85
amphora handles as data, 163 -64, 175 , 266 -67
Ancient Economy, The (Finley), 2 -3, 5
Andros:
economy, 52 ;
grain production, 101 ;
strategic position, 25 -26
Antigonids:
collect tribute in the Kyklades, 38 ;
control Nesiotic League, 31 -32, 37 , 39 , 253 ;
establish garrisons in the Kyklades, 35 ;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 46 , 53 , 265
Antigonos Gonatas:
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 18 -19, 23 -26, 29 , 41 , 66 , 161 -63;
intervenes in Kykladian internal affairs, 40 ;
rebellions against, 23 -24
Antigonos Monophthalmos:
dies, 32 ;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 16 -17, 22 , 25 , 31 -33, 39 , 182 , 192 , 253 , 265 , 270 ;
intervenes in Kykladian internal affairs, 39
Antiokhos III:
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 27 -28, 37 , 66 , 69 , 182 , 184 -85
Apollo, traditional connection with Delos, 1
Apollodoros of Kyzikos, 65 , 71
Apollo's estates. See estates of Apollo
Apollo's sanctuary on Delos. See Delian sanctuary
asylia arrangements, 43 -44, 71 , 121
Athens:
collects tribute in the Kyklades, 37 -38;
controls Delos, 1 , 3 , 15 , 59 , 160 -62, 165 , 168 , 250 , 252 -53;
controls the Delian sanctuary and estates of Apollo, 160 -61, 215 -17, 238 ;
dependence on trade, 159 -60;
exports olive oil, 159 -62
Autosthenes (renter), 221 -23
B
barley:
Delian production, 96 -99, 125 ;
preponderant crop in the Kyklades, 87 ;
price history, 11 ;
staple Greek cereal crop, 52 , 213
Black Sea, Delian trade relations with, 49 , 52 , 64 , 67 -69
Brunet, Michèle, on estates of Apollo, 201 , 208 , 214 , 224
C
calendars, Greek, 13 -14
Casson, Lionel, on cargo capacity of merchant ships, 140 -41
charcoal. See firewood
commodities. See alphita; barley; firewood; grain; olive oil; pigs; wheat; wine
Coupry, Jacques, on Delian economy, 249
currencies and coinage, Greek, 12 -13, 40 , 267
D
Delian economy:
ambiguity of economic data, 56 -58, 131 ;
in context of Kykladean regional economy, 3 -4, 49 -55, 58 -60, 249 , 261 ;
decoupled from Kykladean regional economy, 270 -71;
in Hellenistic international trade network, 4 , 46 -47, 55 ;
historical development during independence, 250 -64;
increase in personal wealth, 260 ;
local markets, 51 ;
local taxes imposed, 254 -56;
origins of participants, 58 -63;
and proxeny decrees, 64 -65, 72 -73, 258 ;
relations with Black Sea, 49 , 52 , 64 , 67 -69;
sanctuary's effect on, 52 -53, 257 , 271 -73;
small scale in Hellenistic economic context, 256 -57;
statistical analysis, 6 -10
Delian population:
caloric intake, 85 -87, 92 , 140 ;
family patterns, 86 ;
firewood consumption, 152 ;
olive oil consumption, 138 -41, 152 , 164 , 170 -71;
pork consumption, 151 -52;
social makeup, 86 -87;
Delian sanctuary:
accounting methods, 7 -10, 12 -13, 127 ;
banking functions, 6 , 9 , 38 , 60 -61, 63 , 111 , 118 , 160 , 251 , 254 ;
effect on local economy, 52 -53, 257 , 271 -73;
effect on prices, 10 -11, 56 , 151 -52;
estates. See estates of Apollo; foreign contractors, 58 -62;
Hellenistic respect for, 57 -58;
international connections, 249 ;
Kykladean contractors, 58 -63, 251 ;
military neutrality within, 28 -29;
ongoing building and repair program, 58 -59;
purchases commodities, 8 -10, 56 , 61 -63, 69 , 127 -28;
subsidizes public feasts, 129 ;
wealth increased by rent defaults, 221 , 225 , 227 , 239 , 250
—non-agricultural buildings, 238 -47;
available rent data, 240 -43;
leasing methods, 239 -41;
rent trends, 244 -47, 253 , 258
Delos:
arable land, 95 ;
under Athenian control, 1 , 3 , 15 , 59 , 160 -62, 165 -68, 250 , 252 -53;
calendar, 13 -14;
currency, 12 -13;
declared a free port, 267 , 270 ;
degree of self-sufficiency, 92 , 184 , 249 , 272 ;
foreign wine imports, 236 -37, 259 -60;
foreigners living on, 58 -63;
government buys grain for public distribution, 111 -113;
grain consumption, 88 -89, 93 -95;
grain cultivation methods, 95 -96;
grain production, 96 , 99 , 115 , 119 ;
grain trading center of the Kyklades, 53 -54, 116 -23, 126 , 253 -54, 258 ;
impact of outside hegemony, 15 ;
imports grain from Rheneia and Mykonos, 99 -101;
imports olive oil, 159 -65, 170 -71, 250 ;
inadequate grain supply, 83 ;
in Kykladic regional economic context, 3 -4, 249 ;
local political changes, 260 -61;
Naxian influence, 15 ;
olive and olive oil production, 137 -38, 144 , 167 -69;
Phoenecian traders on, 56 -57;
population, 50 -51;
port activity, 253 -54;
regulates importation of wood, 173 -74, 245 -46, 254 -55, 258 ;
relations with Egypt, 47 ;
relations with Makedon, 47 ;
retaliates against Athenian control, 161 -62, 165 , 217 ;
Roman traders on, 55 ;
strategic economic location, 49 , 53 ;
traditional connection with Apollo, 1 ;
transfer point for Ptolemaic grain trade, 116 -17;
water supply, 50 ;
wine production, 235 -37
Demetrios II of Makedon, war against Aitolians and Akhaians, 119 -21, 126
Demetrios of Pharos, raids the Kyklades, 19 , 27 , 30 , 44 -45, 261 , 263 , 264
Demetrios Poliorketes:
collects tribute in the Kyklades, 38 ;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 16 -17, 22 , 25 -26, 29 , 31 -33, 36 , 55 , 162 -63, 177 -78, 182 , 184 , 192 , 253 , 266 , 270
Dikaiarkhos, pirate raids in the Kyklades, 19 , 24 , 27 , 44 -45, 263 , 266
Diodoros of Sicily:
on eastern Aegean, 111 ;
on Rhodian trade, 264
Diodorus of Sicily, on piracy, 44
E
economics, disjunction with politics in Hellenistic Greece, 269 -70
economy. See Delian economy; Hellenistic economy; Kykladean regional economy
Egypt, grain production and prices, 124
epigraphic evidence:
nature of, 7 -8;
statistical analysis, 6 -10
olive and olive oil production, 167 ;
pigraising on, 150 -51,
raise livestock, 167 -68
estates of Apollo, 1 , 6 , 8 , 50 ;
alphita production, 193 -94, 197 -201;
categorization by number of vines, 193 -95, 200 -3;
competition between Athenians and Delians, 215 -17, 250 ;
crops produced, 193 -97, 201 ;
exploitation strategies, 189 ;
lack of olive oil production, 127 , 165 , 169 -70, 189 , 196 , 213 ;
on Mykonos, 189 ;
origins, 190 ;
rental regulations. See hiera syngraphe;
rental restricted to the aristocracy, 218 -19, 229 -30, 250 -51;
rented by foreigners, 59 ;
on Rheneia, 189 -90;
wine production, 96 , 193 -94, 253 , 259 -60
—rents, 8 -9, 51 , 95 -96, 128 , 160 , 175 , 213 -14;
available data, 189 -90;
competitive bidding methods, 190 -92, 215 -20;
correlation with alphita prices, 212 -13, 238 , 252 ;
correlation with commodity prices, 195 -97;
correlation with livestock prices, 206 -8;
correlation with olive oil prices, 201 -6, 213 , 238 , 252 ;
correlation with wine prices, 194 , 203 , 209 -12, 233 -38;
lack of correlation with firewood prices, 206 ;
trends, 190 -92, 196 -97, 209 -10, 212 -15, 229 -31, 234 , 251 -52, 260 -61
Eumenes of Pergamon, 19 -20, 37 , 73
F
Finley, M. I., The Ancient Economy,2 -3, 5
firewood:
limitations of data, 128 -29;
storage and stockpiling, 143 ;
tax income on sales, 174
—price history, 11 , 56 , 127 -28, 206 , 237 , 244 -46, 257 -58;
connected to pig prices, 176 , 178 , 181 , 206 ;
models and theories, 173 -76;
seasonal fluctuations, 141 -44, 187 -88;
stable price trend, 145 , 171 -73, 251
G
Gallant, Thomas, on Hellenistic caloric intake, 86 -87, 140
Glotz, Gustave, on Hellenistic trade, 47
goats. See livestock
grain:
Delos as trading center in, 53 -54, 116 -23, 126 , 253 -54, 258 ;
destroyed by war, 91 ;
international market, 77 -82;
shortages, 90 -91, 93 , 98 -99, 124 -26;
standard
storage and stockpiling, 92 -93, 118 . See also alphita;
barley; wheat —price history, 56 , 78 -80;
correlation with olive oil prices, 205 -6, 252
grain trade, importance in Hellenistic international trade network, 83
Greek cities, economic nature of, 4
Gyaros, 1
H
Heichelheim, Fritz, Hellenistic economic model, 47 , 157 -58, 177 , 212 , 250
Hellenic League, 30
Hellenistic economy:
diverse nature, 2 -3, 273 , 275 -76;
modernizing vs. primitivizing view of, 2 -3, 55 -56, 166 ;
as price-setting market, 2 , 49 , 53 , 75 -77, 79 ;
Ptolemaic economic impact on, 267 -69
Hellenistic international trade network, 4 , 49 , 268 -69;
importance of grain trade, 83 ;
protectionist policies, 46 -47
hiera syngraphe:
defaults and seizures under, 220 -25, 228 -29, 246 ; 250 ;
and estate rent trends, 229 -31;
impact, 215 , 220 -21, 227 -29;
motivations and provisions, 220 , 223 , 226 -27, 231 , 233 , 238 , 250
hieropoioi:
administer the Delian sanctuary and estates of Apollo, 7 -13, 96 , 127 , 167 , 205 , 214 , 218 -19, 237 , 241 ;
decennial estate inventories; 96 , 137 , 189 , 192 -93;
prosecute rent defaulters, 220 -30;
purchase commodities for the Delian sanctuary, 127 -31, 138 , 148 , 167
I
Island League. See Nesiotic League
K
Kallias of Sphettos, 64
Kassandros of Makedon, 17 , 22
Kent, John, on estates of Apollo, 190 , 193 , 201 , 206 , 209 -12, 220 , 224 , 232 , 234
Keos:
economy, 52 ;
independent political arrangements, 43 ;
pirate raids against, 45 ;
population estimates, 85
Khians, on Delos, 62
Khremonidean War, 18 , 23 , 26 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 268 ;
effect on population, 108
Kleokritos, (rent guarantor), 221 -23
Kleomenes of Naukratis, establishes international grain market, 77 -79
Kretan Wars, 19 , 181 , 264 , 266
Kretans, as pirates, 44 -46, 262 , 264
Krete:
contact with independent Kyklades, 43 -44;
Kykladean regional economy:
cash flow problems, 60 ;
Delian economy decoupled from, 270 -71;
Delian economy in context of, 49 -55, 58 -60, 249 , 261 ;
effect of weather on, 54 -55;
small scale of, 79
Kyklades:
absence of outside hegemony, 41 -47, 120 , 126 , 261 -63, 269 ;
Antigonid hegemony and operations, 16 -17, 22 , 25 -26, 29 , 31 , 41 , 66 , 161 -63, 182 , 184 -85, 253 , 265 , 270 ;
arable land, 104 -7;
become economic unit under Nesiotic League, 165 -66, 252 -53, 269 ;
conflicting currencies, 12 ;
crop failures, 90 -91, 93 , 98 -99, 102 -4;
decline in natural resources, 20 ;
foreign intervention in internal affairs, 39 -42;
foreign military garrisons, 34 -36, 40 , 45 -46, 181 , 244 , 263 , 268 , 272 ;
grain production, 87 , 98 -99, 101 -2, 105 -8;
impact of outside hegemony, 15 -20;
import grain from eastern Aegean, 109 -11;
independent contact with Krete, 43 -44;
Makedoman operations, 19 -20, 24 -25, 27 , 30 , 35 , 45 , 186 ;
military struggle for, 16 -20;
olive and olive oil production, 141 , 165 -66;
Persian control, 15 ;
piracy
piracy suppressed, 29 -31;
pirate raids in, 19 , 24 , 27 , 44 -45, 262 -63, 266 , 271 ;
population trends, 108 -9, 275 ;
Ptolemaic hegemony and operations, 17 -19, 24 , 26 , 30 , 41 , 53 -67, 76 , 109 , 184 -85, 247 , 253 , 265 -66, 270 ;
rainfall, 102 -4;
regular military obligations, 36 -37;
relations among islands, 46 -47;
Rhodian hegemony and operations, 18 -20, 25 -26, 41 , 67 -68, 163 -64, 244 -45, 263 -66;
Roman hegemony and operations, 15 , 19 -20, 27 -28, 169 , 186 ;
strategic military and trade importance, 20 -29, 35 , 117 ;
treaties with pirate groups, 44 -46;
tribute and taxes, 37 -40
L
Larsen, J. A. O., study of Delian economy, 2 , 250
livestock:
Delian production, 167 -68, 197 ;
price history, 206 -8, 259 -60
Livelihood of Man, The (Polanyi), 2 , 76 -78
M
Makedonian Wars, 19 , 27 -30, 40 , 124 -25, 182 , 244 -45, 263
Marek, Christian, on proxeny decrees, 64 , 71 , 74 -75
Massinissa, donation to Delian sitonia fund, 112 -13
Melos, grain production, 101
Mykonos, grain production, 100 -1, 119
N
Naxos:
economy, 52 ;
grain production, 101 ;
influence in Delos, 15 ;
pirate raids against, 45
Nesiotic League, 17 -18, 20 , 22 , 26 , 65 , 74 , 166 , 237 , 250 , 253 , 269 -70;
administrative bureaucracy, 31 -34;
Antagonids control, 31 -32, 37 ;
collects taxes in the Kyklades, 38 ;
intervenes in Kykladian internal affairs, 39 ;
organizes the Kyklades into an economic unit, 165 -66, 252 -53, 269 ;
Ptolemies control, 32 -33, 37 ;
Rhodians control, 34 -35, 37 , 245
O
olive oil:
Delian demand, 138 -41, 152 , 164 , 170 -71;
limitations of data, 129 ;
not produced on Delian estates, 96 , 252 ;
produced on Delos, 137 -38;
production cycles, 134 -38, 167 ;
production squeezed out by other commodities, 167 -68
—price history, 10 , 56 , 81 , 128 , 201 -6, 244 , 259 ;
correlation with grain prices, 205 -6, 252 ;
declining trend, 135 -36, 138 , 155 -59, 175 , 251 ;
fluctuations connected to sailing season, 159 ;
models and theories, 157 -71;
seasonal fluctuations, 132 -41, 187 -88
olive presscake as fuel, 144
P
Paros:
economy, 52 ;
grain production, 101
Perseus of Makedon, operations in the Kyklades, 28 -29, 47 , 265
Persia, controls the Kyklades, 15
Philip V of Makedon, operations in the Kyklades, 19 -20, 24 -25, 27 , 30 , 35 , 45 , 186 , 244 , 264
Phoenician traders, on Delos, 56 -57
Phytalia (estate), 206 -8, 223 -24
pigs:
limitations of data, 130 -31;
methods of raising, 179 -80, 206 ;
price-elastic demand fluctuations, 149 -52, 187 -88;
production cycles, 148 -49;
prone to diseases, 145 -48;
raised on private estates, 150 -51;
special requirements for sacrifice, 148
—price history, 9 -10, 128 , 237 -38, 244 -45, 251 , 257 -58;
connected to firewood prices, 176 , 178 , 181 , 206 ;
fluctuations connected to sailing season, 145 -46;
models and theories, 178 -81
piracy:
economic benefits, 30 -31, 261 -63;
reemerges in the
suppressed in the Kyklades, 29 -31
Polanyi, Aristotle Karl, The Livelihood of Man,2 , 76 -78
Polemaios, operations in the Kyklades, 17 , 22 , 31 , 36
politics, disjunction with economics in Hellenistic Greece, 269 -70
Polybios, on piracy, 44 -46
prices:
effect of Delian sanctuary on, 10 -11;
effects of military operations on, 178 , 181 -88, 251
prices, long-term:
analytical methods, 152 -53;
history, 47 , 55 , 81 -82, 127 ;
trends, 152 -55
proxeny decrees, 56 -57, 59 , 62 -63, 100 , 182 ;
assumptions regarding, 64 -65, 67 ;
changes in privileges granted, 73 -74;
and Delian economy, 64 -65, 72 -73, 258 ;
granting citizenship, 70 -71, 75 ;
honoring Byzantines, 68 -70;
honoring Khians, 69 -72;
honoring piracy, 262 -63;
honoring Rhodians, 67 -70;
honoring Romans, 65 , 69 , 72 ;
nature of, 63 -64;
political motivation, 65 -66, 68 , 70 -73;
privileges granted, 72 -75;
purposes, 65 -67;
religious motivation, 67 , 68 -73
Ptolemaios I, operations in the Kyklades, 17 , 23 , 25 , 35 , 265 -66
Ptolemaios II, military operations, 184 -85
Ptolemies:
collect tribute in the Kyklades, 38 ;
control Nesiotic League, 32 -33, 37 ;
economic impact on Hellenistic economy, 267 -69;
establish garrisons in the Kyklades, 35 , 45 -46;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 17 -19, 24 , 26 , 30 , 41 , 53 , 67 , 76 , 109 , 117 , 184 , 247 , 253 , 265 , 270 ;
intervene in Kykladian internal affairs, 39 , 117 ;
trade with Rhodos, 264 -65
Publius Cornelius Scipio, 65 , 69
R
Rheneia, grain production, 99 -100, 119
Rhodos:
collects tribute in the Kyklades, 38 -39;
controls Nesiotic League, 34 -35, 37 ;
exports olive oil, 162 -65;
grain trading center, 54 , 124 ;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 18 -20, 25 -26, 41 , 46 , 67 -68, 163 -64, 244 -45, 263 -66;
intervenes in Kykladian internal affairs, 40 , 45 ;
trade war with Byzantion, 45 ;
trade with Egypt, 264 -65
Roman traders, on Delos, 55
Rome:
declares Delos a free port, 267 , 270 ;
hegemony and operations in the Kyklades, 15 , 19 -20, 27 -28, 169 , 186 ;
Rhodos and Pergamon ally with, 19 -20, 27 , 264
Rostovtzeff, Michael, on Delian economy, 75 -76, 250
Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, on Greek population trends, 85 , 97 -98, 108
S
Sallares, Robert, on Greek population trends, 83 -84
Samos, independent colonization, 42
sheep. See livestock
ships, merchant, cargo capacity, 140 -41
sitonia fund for grain purchases, 111 -14, 119 , 122 , 171 , 237 , 258
Sosilos (renter), 223
Syrian Wars, 18 -19, 183 -85, 264 -65
T
Telemnestos, dominates Delian politics, 261 , 266
Tenians, on Delos, 62
Tenos, strategic position, 35 , 40
Thera:
pirate raids against, 45 -46;
strategic position, 19 , 23 , 35 , 40
Therans, on Delos, 62
Tréheux, Jacques, on estates of Apollo, 213 -17, 224
W
wages, uncertainty of, 9
weather, effect on Kykladean regional economy, 54 -55
wheat:
increased demand in the Kyklades, 87
wine:
price history, 56 , 125 , 157 , 193 -94, 209 -12, 231 , 233 -38, 259 -60;
produced on estates of Apollo, 96 , 193 -94, 203 , 209 , 231 , 253 ;
production methods, 231 -33