INDEX
A
Academia del Cimento, 146
Academy of Sciences. See Paris Academy of Sciences
Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), 270
Accuracy. See Measurement
Achromatic lens, 193
Acids (theory of), 95
Adam, Jean, 366
Adanson, Michel:
criticized Linnæus, 57 , 61 , 79 ;
encyclopedic efforts of, 69 ;
"natural method" of botanical classification, 79 -81
Æsthetics, 38
Aggregaten , 49 -50
Agricola, George, 248
Agriculture. See Climatology
Algebra, 118 , 136 -7, 138 , 340 , 377 ;
the language of mathematics, 115 , 118 , 124 , 135 ;
order of algebraic curves defined, 100 -2
Algology, 69
Allgemeine Geschichte der Natur in alfabetischer Ordnung (Martini), 68
Allgemeines oekonomisches Forstmagazin (Stahl), 319
Alphabet:
alphabetical order of encyclopedias, 48 ;
"alphabetic chaos," 123 ;
alphabetism, 52 ;
used by Linnæus, 55 .
See also Language
A mathematical treatise on the effect of water mills (Elvius), 296
inductive method of, 293 , 297 , 377
Analytic geometry. See under Geometry
Analytic triangle, 101 -2, 102 n
Anatomy, 107
Anfangsgründe der Probierkunst (Cramer), 252
Animalcule theory, 277
Arbuthnot, John, 384
Arcs of meridian. See Measurements of arcs of meridian; Metric system
Arithmetic mentality, 71 .
See also Mathematics; Quantifying
Aristotelian tradition, 76 , 345 , 366
Armaments, 18 .
See also Military
Artificial languages. See Universal languages
aberration of stars, 7 ;
inclination of earth's axis, 7 ;
nutation of the earth, 7 ;
mathematization of, 88
Atemporality:
in Linnæan botany, 78 ;
characterless time in meteorology, 152
Atomic theory, 263
Aune, 207 -8
B
Bacon, Francis, 114
Baker, Keith, 392
Balance, 248 , 252 , 254 , 298 .
See also Chemical balance; Hydrostatics
Barometers, 6 , 148 -9, 157 , 169
Barometric hypsometry, 8
Barruel, Etienne, 103 -5
Baseline:
establishment of, 200 -1, 224 , 233
"Bastard" offspring (hybrids), 277 -8, 279 -81, 285
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 38
Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, 181
Bechstein, Johann Matthäus, 338
Beckmann, Johann, 319
Berch, Anders, 356
Bergman, Tobern, 93 -4, 250 , 255 , 256 , 264
Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte, 94
Berzelius, Jons Jacob, 255
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 204 , 205
Beyträge zur Verbesserung der Forst-wissenschaft (Beckmann), 319
Biblioteca botanica (Linnæus), 79
Bichat, Xavier, 107
Bilfinger, Georg Bernhard, 37 -8
Binomial nomenclature:
of plants, 21 , 74 , 79 , 80 ;
proposed for minerals, 92
Biot, Jean Baptiste, 223
Black, Joseph, 262
Blowpipe, 255 -6
Böckmann, Johann, 168 -9
Bomare, Valmont de, 68
Bonde, Gustaf, 41
Borda, Charles, 18 , 233 , 234 , 294 ;
role in Paris-Greenwich triangulation, 217 , 222
Boscovich, Roger, 181
Bos, Henk, 381
Botanical classification, 79 -81
Botanicum, 66
Botany:
animalcule theory, 272 -3, 277 , 287 ;
comparison of Linnean and Adanson approaches, 81 -2;
systematic model of, 52 , 70 , 73 , 75 -8, 108 .
See also Adanson, Michel; Binomial nomenclature; Linnæus, Carolus; Natural history; Plant reproduction
Boyle, Robert, 124 -5
Brockhaus, 49
"Broken circle," 70 -1.
See also Great chain of being; Natural history
Broussonet, Auguste, 160
Bruststärke, 327
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 47 , 56 , 279 ;
criticism of mathematics, 395
Bureaucracies, 3 , 22 , 23 , 315 .
See also Cameralism; Military
C
Calcul analytique (calculation), 372 , 376
Calculus:
advocated, 378 ;
in astronomy, 377 ;
decimal, 212 ;
integral, 175
Calon, General E.N. de, 230 -1
Cambry, Jacques de, 125
Cameral College, 321
Cameralism, 315 -6, 340 , 393 ;
influence on forest management, 320 , 336 -7
Cardwell, D.S.L., 382
Carte de Cassini , 204
Cartesian methods, 384
militarization of, 200 -6;
and political economy, 201 .
See also Geodesy
Cassini de Thury, César François, 180 , 181 , 200 ;
role in Paris-Greenwich triangulation, 186 , 193 , 217
Cassini, Jacques Dominique, 179 , 188
Cavendish, Henry, 162
Celestial mechanics (Laplace), 375
fears over a general, 349 ;
reforms following, 360 ;
secrecy of, 359 -60
Central Bureau of Statistics (Sweden), 358
and the calculus of probability, 378 -9, 385
Chain of identities, 118
Chambers, Ephraim, 47
Charcoal:
Chemia sublimior , 265
Chemia vulgaris , 264 -5
Chemical revolution:
influence of economic interests on, 243 , 250 -1;
influence of experimental physics on, 243 , 256 -62, 265 -6
Chemical theory, 246 -7;
instrumentalist approach to, 262 -6,
phlogiston theory modified, 264 -5;
qualitative nature of early, 248 ;
role of analytic quantifying in, 253 -6, 261 , 265 ;
theory of definite proportions, 255 , 256 , 257
Chemistry:
effect of systematic model on, 88 ;
applied, 107 -8, 249 -50, 252 ;
chemical classification of minerals, 90 , 91 -2;
instruments introduced from physics, 258 -60;
reform of chemical nomenclature, 93 -4, 95 -6.
See also Phlogiston theory
Children:
Chronology. See Chronometers; Clocks; Time
Chronometers, 6
Chymische Untersuchungen (Pott), 249
Circle. See Repeating circle
Circle of knowledge, 46
Climate:
relation to public health and agriculture, 154
Climatology, 23 , 145 -6, 171 -2, 176 -7;
agricultural applications of, 155 , 160 -1, 165 ;
meteorological parallels, 150 , 152 ;
projects of the Société royale de médecine, 164 -73;
the "weather rule," 151 , 152 .
See also Meteorological networks
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 180 , 322
Colden, Cadwallader, 147
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 50 n;
criticized state of botanical science, 67
Collin, Gabriel, 298
Combinatorics, 139
Combustion, 94
Commission temporaire des poids et mesures républicains, 228 -9
Compass:
Computers, attempt to eliminate, 212
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 182 ;
analysis of language, 115 -20;
influenced systematic model, 93 -4, 99 , 109
Condorcet, Marquis de, 115 -20, 133 , 219
Contradiction (principle of), 33
Conversationslexicon (Brockhaus), 49
Cortical layers, 274
Cotta, Heinrich, 322 , 329 -30
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, 18 , 145 , 307 , 308
Cramer, Gabriel, 100 -3
Cramer, Johann, 252
Crest, Michel du, 161
Critica botanica (Linnæus), 74 , 78
Cronhielm, Gustaf, 41
Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik, 251 , 254
Crystal:
geometric form of, 89
Crystallography, 89 , 90 , 371 -2;
theory of crystalline structure, 92 , 93
Cullen, William, 262
Cuvier, Georges Leopold, Baron, 110
Cyclopedia (Chambers), 47 , 50
D
Dalby, Isaac, 187 , 191 -2, 198
D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond, 48 , 118 -9;
skepticism about mathematics, 395
Decimal calculus, 212
as "natural arithmetic," 212 -3, 221 .
See also Metric system
Decimal scale, 298
Deductive method, 33 -4, 293 -7, 377 -8
Definitive meter, 231 -2, 234 , 237
De Gerando, Baron Joseph Marie, 136 -8
De Gribeauval, Jean Baptiste, 18
role in metric project, 226 -7, 229 , 231 , 232 , 233
De l'Isle, Romé, 90
Delormel, Jean, 121 -2
Deluc, Jean-André, 156 , 160 , 169 , 371
Demography. See under Statistics
Denier, 212
Dépôt de la Marine, 234
De re metallica (Agricola), 248
Derham, William, 147 , 149 , 150
De Saussure, Horace Bénédict, 157 , 175
Des caractères extérieurs des minéraux (de l'Isle), 91
Description of Lajhela Parish in Österbotten , 353 -4
Dhombres, Jean, 386
Dictionnaire portatif d'histoire naturelle (Linnæus), 68 -9
Dictionnaire raisoné universel d'histoire naturelle (Bomare), 68
Dictionnaire des arts et métiers , 17
Directions for the organization and assessment of the forest (Cotta), 330
Discours préliminaire (d'Alembert), 47
Diseases: classification of. See Nosology
Diseases: climate as a source of, 154 -5
Diurnal variation, 171
Diversions of Purley (Tooke), 113
Döbel, Heinrich Wilhelm, 327
Doctrine of proportions, 356
E
Earth:
controversy over shape of the 7 , 181 , 182 , 216 -7;
ellipsoidal model of, 192 ;
geoid model of, 205 -6;
spheroidal model of, 190 -2.
See also Geodesy; Measurement of arcs of meridian
Ecole polytechnique, 103
Economics, 382
Encyclopedia Brittanica , 49
Encyclopedia metropolitana , 50
Edelcrantz, Abraham Niklas, 129 -30
Ekström, Daniel, 298
Elements of Chemistry (Lavoisier), 212
Encyclopedias, 46 , 48 , 50 , 305 ;
Enc yclopédie (Diderot and d'Alembert, eds.), 20 , 22 , 44 -9, 86 , 114 , 118
Encyclopédie méthodique , 68
Encyclopedism, 20 , 45 -51, 267
Entomology, 70
Epigenesis (theories of), 275
Epp, F.X., 172
Esprit géométrique , 1 , 2 , 83 -6, 395 .
See also Mathematics; Quantifying
Esprit de système, systématique , 45 , 46 .
See also Systematic model
Etat major , 203 -4
Euler, Leonhard: 100 , 102 , 115 , 388
Evolution:
hypothesis of Linnaeus, 55 -6, 57 , 78 , 287 -8
Experimental physics. See Physics
Exposition du système du monde (Laplace), 364 , 375
Experiments on magnesia alba (Black), 262
F
Falun Copper Mine:
failure of, 251
Familles des plantes (Adanson), 79
Felbiger, Ignaz, 159
Ferguson, Eugene, 308
Ferment of knowledge, The (Rousseau and Porter), 381 -2
Ferraris, Joseph Jean, 183
Feuilles d'analyse (Monge), 102
Firmas-Périès, Comte de, 130
Fischer, Johann Carl, 9
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 1 , 384
based on mass of wood, 325 -7, 328 , 330 , 331 -2;
ecosystem approach to, 342 ;
resistance to mathematization of, 342 ;
Forestry science:
tradition of in Germany, 317 , 322 , 336 , 341 ;
mathematics used in, 327 -8, 331 , 335 -7, 340 ;
measuring volume of the cord, 328 -9
Forestry. See Forest management
Forests:
calculating value of, 33 , 331 ;
consumption and depletion of, 14 -5, 301 , 302 , 318 ;
economic importance of, 317 -8, 320 ;
the standard tree, 15 , 329 , 332 ;
mensuration and cartography of, 324 , 326 , 332 , 339 ;
regulation and standardization of, 330 , 333 -5, 339 , 340 -1;
sustained and periodic yield of, 334 -5, 337 -40.
See also Timber
Forstwissenshaft. See Forest management
Fortsetzungen (Koelreuter), 274
Foucault, Michel, 52 n, 108 , 151 , 175 , 201
Fourcroy, Antoine, 94 , 95 -6, 106
Frederick the Great, 33
Freind, John, 256
French Revolution, 373 ;
encouraged quantifying, 14 , 213 , 242 , 390 ;
and meteorology, 173 -4;
revolutionary calendar, 213 -4;
and the telegraph, 125 -6, 127 -8.
See also Metric system; Political economy; Politics
G
Gadbled, Christophe, 366 -7
Gadolin, Jacob, 64
Galileo (Galileo Galilei), 28
Gamble, John, 130 -1
Gartner, C.F. von, 287
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 204
Genera morborum (Linnaeus), 98
Genera plantarum (Jussieu), 80
Genera plantarum (Linnaeus), 55
Genus, 271
Geodesy, 179 ;
methods of compared, 188 , 189 -90;
problems of 18th century, 183.
See also Earth
Geodetic instruments, 192 , 193 ;
achromatic lens, 193 ;
repeating circle, 193 , 194 -5, 200 , 217 , 224 -5; 225 ;
Geodetic surveys:
French led in, 183 ;
a resource for centralized government, 201 .
See also Measurement of arcs of meridian
Geoffroy, Etienne François, 261
Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der allgemein vierfüssigen Thiere (Zimmermann), 58 -9
Geography. See Cartography; Earth; Geodesy
Geoid model, 205 -6
Géomètre philosophe , 376
Geometry:
analytic, 100 -2;
geometric forms, 89 ;
shift from geometric to arithmetic mentality, 71 ;
spirit of, 1 , 2 , 71 , 83 -6;
three dimensional, 102 -3.
See also Measurement of arcs of meridian
Geschichte der Physik (Fischer), 9
God:
existence of, 35 -7;
plenitude dilemma, 63
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 69
Gonde, Gustaf, 41 -2
Grand nomenclateur , 123
Great chain of being, 59 -60, 61 , 70 ;
changes in concept of, 62 -3
Great Copper Mine, 295
Greenwood, Isaac, 147
Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon (Zedler), 20 , 47
Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 395 -6
Guns, 18 .
See also Military
H
Hales, Stephen, 258
Haller, 57
Hamberger, G.A., 146
Hammaraeus, Olof, 39
Happiness:
quantity of, 382
Harmony:
of the world, 356
Hartig, Georg Ludwig, 320 , 331
Hasselström, Johan Gustaf, 298
Haüy, René Just, 90 -1, 93 , 371 -2
Hemmer, Johann Jakob, 168 , 169 , 171
Henckel, Johann Friedrich, 257
Hennert, Carl Wilhelm, 328
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 132
Hermann, Johann, 63
Hierarchical systems, 52
Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 47
History of technology (Singer et al.), 246
Horse whims, 306 -7
Horsley, Samuel, 163 -4
Hossfeld, Johann, 326 , 328 , 329 , 336
Hourwitz, Zalkind, 125
Humboldt, Alexander von, 177
Humboldtian science, 69 -70
Humors (theory of), 154 -5
Huygens, Christian, 7
proof of plant sexuality, 270 -1
Hybrids:
characteristics of bastard off-spring, 277 -8, 279 -81, 285 ;
production of, 273 -4, 276 -81;
reversion of parent species of, 282 ;
self pollination of, 278 -9;
Verbascum , 285 -6
Hydrauliska försök, anställda vid Fahlu grufva, dren 1811-1815 (Lagerhjelm), 296 n, 296 -7
Hydrodynamics:
hydrostatics, 296
Hydrostatic balance, 246 -7, 257
Hydrostatics, 144
Hygrometry, 104 , 157 , 159 , 175
I
Ideas (quantifying of), 137
Idéologie , 133 -4
Idéologues , 133 -4
Images. See Metaphors
Indicule , 122 -3
Inductive method, 293 , 297 , 377
Industry:
dependent on mechanical energy, 292 -3;
interaction with science, 250 -1;
productivity and rationalization of, 17 , 19 , 22 , 302
Information:
explosion of, 3 , 45 , 382 , 383 ;
sources of data, 343 , 357 , 360 ;
verbal versus numeric, 345 -6
Institutions, 312 ;
Institut national de France, 133 -4, 233 .
See also Paris Academy of Sciences
Instrumentalism, 4 , 5 , 20 , 28 , 262 -6;
key to quantifying and standardization, 3 , 8 , 382 .
See also Geodetic instruments; Measurement; Meteorological instruments
Instruments, 6 .
See also by individual names
Insurance:
calculation of premiums, 350
Interior relations, 175
Introductio in analysin infinitorum (Euler), 100
Introduction à l'analyse des lignes courbes algébriques (Cramer), 100
"Invitio ad observationes meteorologicas," 147
Ironmasters, 19 , 294 -5, 299 -300
Isis Critical Bibliography , 383
Isotherms, 177
J
Jars, Gabriel, 252
Jefferson, Thomas, 16 , 17 , 18 , 219 , 222
Jurin, James, 147 .
See also "Weather watch," 147
Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de, 80
Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 251
K
Kalmár, György, 120 -1
Kameralwissenschaft. See Cameralism
Kanold, Johann, 147
Kant, Emmanuel:
criticism of Linnæan natural history, 64
Karl Theodor, Elector, 168
Keill, John, 254
Kew Gardens, 66
King, Gregory, 349
Klingenstierna, Samuel, 40
Koelreuter, Joseph Gottlieb:
character and work of, 268 , 272 -3, 288 ;
homogenous fluid concept of, 274 -5;
on "identity of reciprocal crosses," 277 ;
quantitative method of, 21 , 276 t, 288 -9.
See also Hybridization
L
La belle Marianne , 242
in field and forest, 304 -5, 311
La Condamine, Charles-Marie de, 208 -9, 220
background of, 299 -300
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 374
La langue des calculs (Condillac), 119
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Monet de, 68
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 85 , 159 , 175
Land Survey Board (Swedish), 353
Language:
attempts to rationalize and quantify, 120 , 121 , 131 , 132 -7, 139 -40;
difficulties in reforming, 138 -9.
See also Alphabet; Metaphors; Nomenclature; Rhetoric; Universal languages
Laplace, Pierre Simon de:
theory of molecular physics, 4 , 23 ;
role in science, 363 -4
Lärbok i kemien (Berzelius), 299
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 212 , 259 ;
arrested and released, 228 -9;
law of conservation of mass of, 259 ;
overthrew phlogiston theory, 94 ;
theory of acids of, 95
Leeuwenhoek, Antony van, 63
Legendre, Adrien-Marie, 187
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von, 29 , 30
Lenoir, Etienne, 193 .
See also Repeating circle
Le Roy, Jean Baptiste, 219
Lexicography, 51
Lexicons, 20 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 77
Librarianship:
schools of, 52
Life expectancy, 350
Liggmilor , 302 -3
Light (as a property), 104
Lindley, Joseph, 189
Linnæus, Carolus:
character of, 98 , 109 -10, 274 ;
estimated number of species, 54 ;
evolutionary hypothesis of, 55 -6, 57 , 287 -8;
extent of influence of, 21 , 79 ;
"sexual system" of, 60 , 61 , 62 , 76 -8, 79 , 270 -1.
See also Botany, Binomial nomenclature
Linnean Society of London, 65
Lower and higher practical stereometry (Hossfeld), 329
Lunar motion and influence, 163 , 171 , 213 -4
M
See also Mechanics
Magnetism, 145
Maimieux, Joseph de, 121 , 122 -4
Malouin, Paul, 155
Malthus, Robert, 343
Malves, J.P. de Gua de, 101
Mannheim hours, 170
Manuel interprète de correspondance, ou Vocabulaires polyglottes alphabétiques et numériques en tableaux (Cambry), 125
Maps. See Cartography
Mariotte, Edmé, 295
Martini, Friedrich Heinrich, 68
Marx, Karl, 343
Maskelyne, Nevil, 187 , 188 -9
Matériaux primitifs , 105 -6
Mathematics:
criticism of mathematical method, 393 ;
desire for a universal, 29 ;
masculinity of, 210 -1, 242 , 284 ;
mathematical method, 1 , 3 , 28 , 37 , 85 , 109 , 385 ;
practical applications of, 381 -2;
required curriculum, 321 , 369 ;
responsible for progress, 376 , 378 , 380 .
See also Algebra; Calculus; Geometry; Systematic model; Wolffianism
Matthiae, Georg, 52
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 180 , 181
Mauskopf, Seymour H., 89
controversies over accuracy of, 188 -90, 194 -5;
increase in accuracy of, 6 , 156 -7, 170 -1, 181 -2;
rhetoric of accuracy, 195 -8, 199 .
See also Instrumentalism; Instruments
Measurement of arcs of meridian, 180 , 181 , 183 , 204 , 216 ;
establishing baselines, 200 -1, 224 , 233 ;
Ordnance Survey, 179 , 184 -5;
Paris-Greenwich triangulation, 186 -95, 216 -7;
peasants resisted, 232
Mécanique philosophique (Prony), 104
Méchain, Pierre François, 193 , 226 -7, 231 , 232
Mechanical communication, 20 , 125 -31, 139
Mechanical energy:
industries dependent on, 292 -3
Mechanics:
mathematization of, 88
Medical nomenclature. See Nosology
Medical nosology (Sauvages), 98
Medicine:
effect of systematic model on, 88 , 96 -100;
public, 392 .
See also Nosology
Medullar layers, 274
Mémoires (Koelreuter), 287
Mercantilism, 8 , 351 -2, 355 , 358 , 361
See also Mineralogy; Mining
Metaphors, 70 -1, 394 n, 394 ;
language as mechanical, 134 ;
of minerals and plants, 88 -9, 284 ;
of seeds and salt crystals, 275 ;
of the statistical body, 346 n, 346
Metaphysics (Baumgarten), 38
Meteorological instruments:
barometers, 6 , 148 -9, 157 , 169 ;
development and precision of, 156 -7, 170 -1, 176 ;
lack of, 148 -9;
magnetic compass, 149 , 157 , 158 , 166
Meteorological networks:
the "weather watch," 147 , 149 , 150 , 151
Meteorological parallels, 150 , 151
failures of, 174 -5;
hygrometry, 104 , 157 , 159 , 175 ;
perception of space and time in, 151 -2.
See also Climatology
Meter:
definitive, 231 -2, 234 , 237 ;
provisional, 227 , 229 , 231 , 234 , 237
Methode de nomenclature chimique , 94
Metric system:
acceptance and spread of, 211 , 227 , 238 -42;
conflict between familiar terms and system, 215 , 237 ;
field measurements pertaining to, 226 -33;
national and international standardization of, 222 , 233 , 234 -5;
politics of, 208 -9, 212 -5, 238 -9;
proposals for reform of weights and measures, 209 -10, 219 -24;
resistance to, 235 -8.
See also Measurement of arcs of meridian
Meyer, Friedrich Johann Lorez, 128
Microscope, 53
Military:
fostered standardization, 17 ;
institutional character of, 310 , 312 ;
Napoleon extended the Carte de Cassini, 204 ;
used and encouraged cartography, 201 -5.
Mineralogy:
approaches to classification of minerals, 89 -92, 93 ;
blowpipes, 255 -6;
and emergence of analytic quantification, 253 , 255 ;
existence of mineral species denied, 90 ;
influenced by systematic botany, 88 -92;
interaction with chemistry, 254 -6.
See also Metallurgy
Mining, 89 , 247 , 250 -1, 295 -300
Modest proposal (Swift), 343
Molécule intégrante (Haüy), 92
Monceau, Duhamel, 155
Monge, Gaspard, 102 -3
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, 144
Morphogenesis, 268
Morphology, 69
Morveau, Guyton de, 94
Moser, Wilhelm Gottfried von, 320
Moser, Heinrich Christoph, 340
attempts to measure output of, 307 -8, 309 -10
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, 66
Museum naturalium academiae upsaliensis (Thunberg), 66
Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 53
Mycology, 69
N
Napoleonic wars, 20
National Assembly (French), 227 , 228 , 229 , 234
Natural history, 65 , 68 -9, 70 ;
diversity and anomaly in, 267 -8, 272 -3;
based on notion of stability, 267
Natural resources, 3
irrational side of, 267 ;
plenitude of being, 53 , 54 -61, 62 -3;
reproductive intentions of, 273 , 282 ;
shift in metaphors concerning, 292 ;
uniformity of, 333 -4, 340 -1, 382 ;
void universe, 62
Nature mathematized (Shea), 386
Naudé, Gabriel, 52
Networks. See Meteorological networks
New instruments for the Royal Prussian forest-geometers and forest-assessors (Hartig), 331
Newtonian theory, 183 , 192 , 246 , 256 , 261
Nomenclature:
Grand nomenclateur , 123 ;
Petit nomenclateur , 122 -3.
See also Binomial nomenclature
Non-verbal technology, 305
Norberg, Johan Eric, 309 , 310 , 312
Normalbaum (standard tree), 15 , 329 , 332 , 340
Northmore, Thomas, 130
Nosographie philosophique: ou la méthode de l'analyse appliquée à la médicine (Pinel), 99
Nova plantarum genera (Thunberg), 66
Numeracy-innumeracy, 211 , 240 , 242 , 375
Numeric tables, 103 -4, 211 , 249 , 329 ;
for constructing artificial languages, 122 -3, 135 ;
tabular statistics, 9 , 13 , 345 -6, 347 , 358 ;
in telegraphic codebooks, 129 -30
O
"Observations botanico-météorologiques" (Monceau), 155
Observation, 376 -7
Oettelt, Carl Christoph, 326 , 327 , 328
Office of Tables (Swedish), 358
Ouml;konomische Gesellschaft , 161
Olby, Robert, 269
On the science of method (Coleridge), 67 n
Optical telegraphs, 126 -30
Optics:
geometrical, 144 ;
mathematization of, 88
Optics (Newton): 31st Query to, 256
Optimization (hydrostatic), 296
Oratio de telluris habitabilis (Linnæus), 54
Ordinance of 1785, 15 -6
Ordnance Survey, 179 , 184 -5, 203
Ornithology, 70
Oxygen theory, 265
P
Palatine Society, 161 , 168 -9, 170
Pallas, Peter Simon, 282 , 287
Parameter variation, 296
Parental contributions (theories of), 275 , 277 , 282 -4
Paris Academy of Sciences, 11 , 180 , 216 , 388
Paris Greenwich triangulation, 186 -95, 216 -7
Paris baseline, 200 -1
Paris clinical school, 99
Parish priests, 358
Paris Observatory, 221
Pasigraphy. See Universal languages
Patent Law of 1791, 218
Pendulum clock, 7
Petit nomenclateur , 122 -3
Pharmaceutical science, 107 -8, 249 -50;
training of apothecaries, 250
Philosophia botanica (Linnæus), 74 , 78
Philosophia practica universalis (Wolff), 32
Philosophia prima sive ontologia (Wolff), 32
Philosophical essay on the theory of probability (Laplace), 378 -9
Philosophical transactions , 163 , 173 , 187
Philosophie chimique (Fourcroy), 106
Philosophy (influence of). See Aristotelian tradition; Condillac
Philosophy (mathematization of). See Rationalism; Wolffianism
Phlogiston theory, 93 , 94 , 260 , 264 -5
Photometry, 144
Physicotheology, 35 , 36 , 41 -2, 54
Physics:
experimental, 157 -8;
physical properties, 105 -6;
and the systematic model, 103 -5.
See also Chemical revolution
Physics reduced to systematic tables (Barruel), 103
Picard, Jean, 180
Pietism, 31 -2
Pinel, Philippe, 99 -100
"Pinte," 207
Plant reproduction, 268 , 275 ;
animalcule theory, 272 -3, 277 , 287 ;
Aristotelian doctrine, 277 ;
limited variability theory, 286 , 287 -8;
problem of plant sexuality, 269 -71;
theory of inconsistency of form, 282
Plants:
binomial nomenclature of, 21 , 74 , 79 , 80
Plenitude of being:
measurements of, 54 -61, 62 -3
Pneumatics, 143
Polestar observations, 190
Polhem, Christopher, 56 , 294 , 295 , 296 -7, 298 ;
background of, 300
Political arithmetic, 10 -11, 14 , 349 , 350 , 359 -60.
See also Statistics
Political economy:
cartography, surveys, and government, 201 ;
conservative influence of institutions, 218 ;
democracy and the decimal, 213 ;
internationalism, 222 ;
locus for the quantifying spirit, 22 -3, 392 .
See also French Revolution; Political arithmetic; Statistics
Politics:
of the metric system, 208 -9, 212 -5, 219 -24, 238 -9;
of the Paris baseline, 200 -1
Politisk arithmetica (Berch), 356
Pollination (of hybrids), 278 -9
Polygraphie , 125
See also Statistics
Porter, Roy, 382
Pott, Johann Heinrich, 249 , 257 -8
Practicality, 3 ;
applications of statistics, 350 , 355 -7, 379 -80.
See also Instrumentalism
Practical proof that mathematics serves indispensable services for forestry (Oettelt), 327
Praecepta grammatica atque specimina linguae philosophicae sive universalis, ad omnevitae genus adcommodatae (Kalmár), 120
Preformation theory, 287
Price, Richard, 350
Prieur de la Côte d'Or, Comte Claude Antoine, 212 , 219 , 229 , 231
Principia mathematica (Newton), 19 , 183 , 377
Principles of forest-economy (Moser), 320
Prony, Gaspard, 105 -6
Proportions:
doctrine of, 356
Prostitutes' rates, 214
Proust, Joseph Louis, 255
Provisional meter, 227 , 229 , 231 , 234 , 237
Prytologia oder Kiess-Historie (Henkkel), 257
Psychologia empirica (Wolffe), 32
Psychologia rationalis (Wolffe), 32
Public health, 154
Pyrometer, 199
Q
in analysis of population, 354 ;
analytic, 249 , 250 , 252 , 253 -4, 259 ;
in chemistry, 265 -6;
"neutrality" of valued by social science, 343 ;
synthetic, 116 -7, 249 , 250 .
See also Calculus; Deductive method; Mathematics; Systematic model
"Quantification of power," 382
R
Ramsden, Jesse, 157 , 192 , 197 -8, 199 , 217 ;
achievements of, 196 .
See also Theodolites
as a function of language, 117 , 133 -4;
movement of, 86 -8;
reaction against in Sweden, 40 -1, 42 .
See also Wolffianism
Rationality. See Reason
Ratio praelectionum Wolfianarum in mathesin et philosophiam universam (Wolff), 31
Ray, John, 53
Reason:
deductive method of, 33 -4, 293 -7, 377 -8;
inductive method of, 293 , 297 , 377 ;
"naturalization" and mathematization of, 28
Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 61
Recherches (Deluc), 160
Reciprocal crosses:
identity of, 277
Religion, 376
Repeating circle, 193 , 194 -5, 200 , 217 ;
accuracy of, 224 -5
Reproduction. See Plant reproduction
Resmilor , 302 -3
Reynolds, Terry, 293
Rhetoric, 237 ;
of accuracy, 195 -8, 199 , 234 ;
Enlightenment "buzz words," 209 ;
revolutionary, 229
Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste, 239
Royal Society of London, 146 , 173 ;
collected meteorological reports, 9 -10, 161 -2;
dissension within, 185 -6
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 43 , 299
Roy, William, 179 , 184 -6, 187 , 191 -2;
rhetorical resources of, 195 -6, 198 ;
rift with Ramsden, 197 -8;
role in Paris-Greenwich triangulation, 186 , 188 -90
Runeburg, E.O., 353 -5
S
Sachs, Julius von, 77
Sauvages, François Boissier de, 97 -98
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 250
Schofield, Robert E., 313
Schröter, Johan Samuel, 58
Scientific academies and societies:
role of, 387 .
See also by individual name
Scientific Society of Copenhagen, 183
Semaphore, 130
Seven Years' War, 318
Shea, William R., 386
Signs, 132 .
See also Language
Singer, Charles, 246
Smith, Sir James Edward, 65
Societas meteorologica palatina, 161 , 168 -69, 170
Société royale d'agriculture, 160
Société royale d'médecine (Society of Medicine), 164 -73
Space:
characterlessness of, 151 -2;
changing perceptions of, 167 , 172 , 177
Späth, Johann Leonhard, 340
Species:
constancy of from the beginning, 54 , 55 -6, 62 , 272 -3;
existence of mineral species denied, 90 ;
number of estimated, 53 , 54 -6;
Species planatarum (Linnæus), 74
Sprengel, Christian, 287
Staatenkunde , 343 -7
Stahl, Ernst, 256 -7
Stahl, J.F., 319
Standard Model (of molecular physics), 4 , 5 , 23
Standard tree, 15 , 329 , 332 , 340
Stars:
aberration of, 7
States:
comparison of, 344
Statistics:
application of, 350 , 355 -7, 379 -80;
collection of vital statistics, 349 -50, 358 ;
demographic, 11 -4, 23 , 392 ;
derivation and emergence of (Staatenkunde ), 3 , 344 -5, 344 n, 346 -7, 349 , 357 ;
descriptive, 357 -60;
emigration measured, 359 ;
as political arithmetic, 10 -11, 14 , 349 , 350 , 358 -60;
See also Census; Population
Stearn, W.T., 76 -7
Steiglehner, Coelestin, 172
Sufficient reason (principle of), 33
Surveys. See Census; Land Surveys, Statistics
Svendenstierna, Eric Thomas, 295
Sweden, 352
Swedish Ironmasters' Association (Jernkontoret ), 19 , 294 -5, 299 -300
Swift, Jonathan:
satire on mathematics, 343 , 395 -6
Sydenham, Thomas, 97
Synonyms, 122
Syntax, 114
Systema naturae (Linnæus), 46 , 55 , 64 , 74 , 77 ;
scheme for mineral "kingdom" included in the, 88 -9
Systematic instruction for the assessment of woods (Cotta), 330
Systematic model, 83 -5, 86 , 108 ;
in anatomy, 107 ;
associated with mathematics, 11 , 109 ;
in botany, 52 , 70 , 73 , 108 , 110 ;
in chemistry, 93 -6;
decline of, 110 ;
in medicine and nosology, 88 , 98 -9, 107 -8;
philosophical-linguistic basis, 93 -4, 99 , 109 ;
in physics, 103 -5;
in study of hybrids, 269
Systematics. See Systematic model
T
Tabellverket , 13
Tables. See Numeric tables
Tabular affinitatum animalium (Hermann), 63
Tabular statistics, 9 , 13 , 345 -6, 347 , 349 , 358 -9
Tavern staff, 359
Taxonomy, 63
Technology, 299 , 306 , 311 , 314 ;
copied social organization of science, 312 -3;
non-verbal, 305 ;
quantification of, 291 -2, 308 , 310 -2
Telegraphische Chiffren-Tabelle , 129
The Lunar Society of Birmingham (Schofield), 313
accuracy in design of, 192 , 194 -5, 217
Theologia naturalis (Wolff), 32 , 36 -7
Theologia polemica , 42
Thermomenters, 6 , 149 , 157 , 158 , 166
Thiébault, Diedonné, 132 -3
Three-dimensional geometry, 102 -3
Thümmig, Ludwig Philipp, 37
Thunberg, Karl Peter, 66
Tibell, Gustaf Wilhelm, 204
Timber:
consumption and depletion of, 301 , 302 ;
methods of stacking, 303 -4
Tooke, John Horne, 113
Townships:
divisions into, 16
Toynbee, Arnold, 22
Tracy, Destutt de, 133
Traité analytique des probabilité (Laplace), 364
Treatise on the classes of diseases (Sauvages), 97
Trees. See Forests; Normalbaum
Triangulation. See Measurements of arc of meridian; Paris-Greenwich triangulation
Trigonometry, 101 -2, 102 n, 175 , 213
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 133
U
Uhr, Carl David af, 302
Ullén, Petrus, 41 -2
Uncertainty, 378
Universal languages, 19 -20, 120 -5, 130 , 132 -3;
evaluation of proposals for, 137 -9
Untersuching über die Deutlichkeit der Gründsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral (Kant), 43
Utopia, 212
V
Verbascum , 285 -6
Vernünfftige Gedancken von der Absichten der natürlichen Dinge (Wolff), 36
Vernünfftige Gedancken von der Menschen Thun und Lassen: zu Beförderung ihrer Glückseligkeit (Wolff), 35
Vital statistics, 249 -50, 357
Volta, Alessandro, 8 -9
Voltaire, 42
Vorläufige Nachricht (Koelreuter), 274
W
Wallerius, Erik, Nils, and Johann Gottschalk, 39
Wallerius, Nils, 42
Water mills, 293
Waterwheels, 293 -4
Watt, Fran, 18
Weather:
lunar influence on, 163 , 171 , 213 -4;
See also Climatology; Meteorology
"Weather watch," 147 , 149 , 150 , 151
Weights and measures, 207 -8, 211 , 212 , 298 ;
aune, 207 -8.
See also Metric system
Welt-Weissheit, 34
Werner, Abraham, 89 -90
Wisdom of God manifested in the works of creation, The (Ray), 53
Wolff, Christian:
character and life of, 29 -30, 31 -3;
role in propagating mathematical method, 1 , 28 , 30 , 37 -8;
theology of, 35 -7
champion of, 37 -8, 40 , 41 -2;
debated in Sweden, 39 -43;
influence of receded, 44 ;
mathematical method of, 33 -5, 37 , 44
Women, measuring emotions of, 386 n, 386 ;
prostitutes' rates, 214 ;
value of, 354
Woodlands. See Forests; Timber
Wood. See Timber
X
Xylometry, 322
Z
Zanthier, H.D. van, 319
Zedler, Johann Heinrich, 20 , 47
Zeno's paradox, 63
Zimmermann, Eberhard, 58 -60