1. See, for example, Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983); Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987); Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer . . . The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987); Marty Jezer, The Dark Ages: Life in the United States, 1945-1960 (Boston: South End Press, 1982). [BACK]

2. For an interesting examination of the idea of "postindustrial society," which emphasizes that leftists were as enthusiastic about "the obsolescence of the economic" as were liberals like Daniel Bell, see Howard Brick, "Optimism of the Mind: Imagining Postindustrial Society in the 1960s and 1970s," American Quarterly 44 (September 1992):348-380. [BACK]

3. Ellen Herman, "Being and Doing: Humanistic Psychology and the Spirit of the 1960s," in Sights on the Sixties, ed. Barbara Tischler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 87-101. [BACK]

4. William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press,

1972); Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement & the New Left (New York: Random House, 1979). [BACK]

5. Philip Wylie, "Common Women," in Generation of Vipers (New York: Pocket Books, 1942), 188. [BACK]

5. Philip Wylie, "Common Women," in Generation of Vipers (New York: Pocket Books, 1942), 188.

6. Ibid., 191. [BACK]

7. Philip Wylie, "The Transmogrification of More," in Sons and Daughters of Mom (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 41. [BACK]

8. Edward A. Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1946), 30. [BACK]

8. Edward A. Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1946), 30.

9. Ibid., 219-220. [BACK]

10. Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947), 143, 67. [BACK]

10. Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947), 143, 67.

11. Ibid., 356-359. [BACK]

12. Robert Coughalan, "Changing Roles in Modern Marriage," Life 41 (24 December 1956):110. [BACK]

12. Robert Coughalan, "Changing Roles in Modern Marriage," Life 41 (24 December 1956):110.

13. Ibid., 116. [BACK]

14. Roxanne Dunbar, "Spock Sentences Women," Helix (11 December 1969), in WH, reel 2, p. 594. [BACK]

15. "Psychology Constructs the Female" is the title of an important feminist manifesto authored by psychologist Naomi Weisstein. It is discussed in greater detail below. [BACK]

16. Weisstein's piece was first published by the New England Free Press in pamphlet form under the title, "Kinder, KÜche, Kirche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female." It was subsequently revised as "Psychology Constructs the Female" and was widely reprinted in the early 1970s. The original text can be found in WH, reel 2, pp. 689-696. [BACK]

17. Naomi Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," in Women Look at Biology Looking at Women: A Collection of Feminist Critiques, ed. Ruth Hubbard, Mary Sue Henifin, and Barbara Fried (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1979), 188. [BACK]

18. For another story about how Harvard's Psychology Department marginalized its female graduate students and faculty members, see Miriam Lewin, "The Kurt Lewin Memorial Award Presentation and Introduction," Journal of Social Issues 48 (1992):170. [BACK]

19. Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," 189; Naomi Weisstein, Virginia Blaisdell, and Jesse Lemisch, The Godfathers: Freudians, Marxists, and the Scientific and Political Protection Societies (New Haven: Belladonna Publishing, 1975), 2. [BACK]

20. Weisstein, "Adventures of a Woman in Science," 200. [BACK]

21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181. [BACK]

21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.

22. Ibid., 179. [BACK]

21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.

23. Ibid., 195. [BACK]

21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.

24. Ibid., 181. [BACK]

21. Naomi Weisstein, "Psychology Constructs the Female or The Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist)," in Radical Feminism, ed. Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone (New York: Quadrangle, 1973), 181.

25. Ibid., 189. [BACK]

26. The phrase "ideological pollution" is from Nancy M. Henley, "Shaking the Lead Out: Action Proposals for Psychology," paper presented at the 1971 meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, in WH, reel 3, p. 702. [BACK]

27. Pauline B. Bart, "Sexism and Social Science: From the Gilded Cage to the Iron Cage, or, the Perils of Pauline," Journal of Marriage and the Family (November 1971):737. See also her "Depression in Middle-Aged Women," in Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness, ed. Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran (New York: New American Library, 1971), 163-186, and "The Myth of a Value-Free Psychotherapy," in The Sociology of the Future: Theory, Cases, and Annotated Bibliography, ed. Wendell Bell and James A. Mau (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1971), 113-159. [BACK]

28. Phyllis Chesler, "Marriage and Psychotherapy," in The Radical Therapist, ed. Jerome Agel (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 175-180; "Patient and Patriarch: Women in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship," in Woman in Sexist Society, 362-392; "Women as Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Patients," Journal of Marriage and the Family 33 (November 1971):746-759. [BACK]

29. Phyllis Chesler, Women & Madness (New York: Avon, 1972), 56, emphasis in original. [BACK]

29. Phyllis Chesler, Women & Madness (New York: Avon, 1972), 56, emphasis in original.

30. Ibid., 16, emphasis in original. [BACK]

31. Chesler, "Women as Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Patients," 757; Chesler, "Marriage and Psychotherapy," 180; Chesler, Women & Madness, chap. 10. [BACK]

32. An overview of feminist work to transform psychology, in these and other fields, can be found in a special issue of Psychology of Women Quarterly 15 (December 1991) devoted to "Women's Heritage in Psychology." [BACK]

33. An early effort to discuss the class and race biases of feminist critiques of psychiatry is Judi Chamberlain, "Women's Oppression and Psychiatric Oppression," in Women Look at Psychiatry, ed. Dorothy E. Smith and Sara J. David (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1975), 39-46. [BACK]

34. The best overview of the intellectual history of the early women's movement is Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). The first book to argue that feminism's most important, generative roots were in the civil rights movement and the New Left was Evans, Personal Politics. Another analysis, which stresses the importance of Freedom Summer in establishing continuity of key personnel, ideas, and strategies between various 1960s movements, is Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). [BACK]

35. General overviews of antipsychiatric theory and activism can be found in Norman Dain, "Critics and Dissenters: Reflections on 'Anti-Psychiatry' in the United States," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 25 (January 1989):3-25; Grob, From Asylum to Community, 279-288; Jane M. Ussher, Women's Madness: Misogyny or Mental Illness? (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), chap. 6. [BACK]

36. For example, R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967); Thomas S. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). One

of the best anthologies from the activist wing of the movement is Jerome Agel, ed., The Radical Therapist. [BACK]

37. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness, 69. [BACK]

38. Thomas S. Szasz, Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry: An Inquiry into the Social Uses of Mental Health Practices (New York: Collier Books, 1963), 106. [BACK]

38. Thomas S. Szasz, Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry: An Inquiry into the Social Uses of Mental Health Practices (New York: Collier Books, 1963), 106.

39. Ibid., 248, 223. [BACK]

40. R. D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness (Baltimore: Penguin, 1962), 36,emphasis in original. [BACK]

41. Laing, The Politics of Experience, 129. [BACK]

42. For discussions that emphasize the conflicts between antipsychiatric and feminist analysis of madness and the helping professions, see Elaine Showalter, "Women, Madness, and the Family: R. D. Laing and the Culture of Antipsychiatry," in The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 220-247; Ussher, Women's Madness, chap. 7. [BACK]

43. See for example, Agel, ed., The Radical Therapist, pt. 3; Judi Chamberlain, On Our Own: Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1978); K. Portland Frank, The Anti-Psychiatry Bibliography and Resource Guide, 2nd ed. (Vancouver: Press Gang, 1979), section on "Psychiatry and Women"; Smith and David, eds., Women Look at Psychiatry; Hogie Wyckoff, ed., Love, Therapy and Politics: Issues in Radical Therapy—The First Year (New York: Grove Press, 1976), esp. pt. 2. [BACK]

44. Claude Steiner, "Radical Psychiatry Manifesto," in Claude Steiner et al., Readings in Radical Psychiatry (New York: Grove Press), 6. This document is reprinted in Agel, ed., The Radical Therapist, 280-282. [BACK]

45. Partisans of radical therapy were sometimes sharply divided on the question of whether anything positive could be salvaged from psychotherapy. For example, the collective that published one of the movement's major publications, The Radical Therapist, split in early 1972 over this issue. The faction opposed to any type of psychotherapy moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where it began to publish Rough Times, a quarterly whose name was eventually changed to State and Mind. That part of the movement which continued to support the work of radical therapists was centered in the Berkeley Radical Psychiatry Center and published Issues in Radical Therapy. [BACK]

46. A few theorists took a harder line. See, for example, Dorothy Tennov Hoffman, "Psychotherapy as an Agent of Patriarchy," typescript, talk delivered to Pittsburgh Psychological Association, 23 April 1971, in WH, reel 2, pp. 804-820. Hoffman termed psychotherapy "a monster in our midst" and "a kind of opiate." Her tone moderated somewhat over the next several years. See Dorothy Tennov, ''Feminism, Psychotherapy and Professionalism," Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 5 (Summer 1973):107-111. She eventually published a book that reclassified psychotherapy from monstrous to "hazardous." See Dorothy Tennov, Psychotherapy: The Hazardous Cure (New York: Abelard-Schumen, 1975).

Several years later, Mary Daly also argued that "the concept of 'feminist' therapy is inherently a contradiction." Psychotherapy of any sort was, in Daly's analysis, the equivalent of "mind rape." "A woman seduced into treatment is

'inspired' with dis-ease she had never before even suspected. . . . The multiplicity of therapies feeds into this dis-ease, for they constitute an arsenal for the manufacture of the many forms of semantic bullets used to bombard the minds of women struggling to survive in the therapeutically polluted environment." Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), 282, 287, 276. [BACK]

47. A number of documents relating to these types of actions can be found in WH. [BACK]

48. San Francisco Redstockings, "Radical Psychiatrists," letter following 1970 American Psychiatric Association convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 787. This document is also reprinted in Agel, ed., The Radical Therapist, 173-174. [BACK]

49. David Perlman, "The Psychiatrists & the Protestors," San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle, 24 May 1970, in WH, reel 2, p. 727. [BACK]

50. Untitled document presented to business meeting, Radical Caucus of the American Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970 ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 1149. [BACK]

51. Perhaps the best illustration of this came in 1973, when a protracted campaign organized by gay liberationists, feminists, and professional supporters finally resulted in the deletion of homosexuality from the third edition of psychiatry's roster of mental illnesses, DSM-III. See Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton: Princeton University, Press, 1987), and Eric Marcus, Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990, An Oral History (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 221-225, 250-255. [BACK]

52. Radical Caucus of the American Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970 ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 1153. [BACK]

52. Radical Caucus of the American Psychiatric Association, documents from the May 1970 ApA convention, in WH, reel 2, p. 1153.

53. Ibid., 1150, emphasis in original. [BACK]

54. The only overview of Association for Women in Psychology history is Leonore Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," Psychology of Women Quarterly 15 (December 1991 ):635-649. A somewhat longer version was published in pamphlet form by the AWP for its members as part of the 1992 centennial celebration of the American Psychological Association. It is this longer version that is cited in the notes below. See also Ian E. McNett, "Psychologists: One Session Taken Over Five Dissident Groups Seek Changes," Chronicle of Higher Education 3 (15 September 1969):7. [BACK]

55. Henley, "Shaking the Lead Out," WH, reel 3, p. 702. [BACK]

56. Leonore Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991" (Indiana, Pa.: Association for Women in Psychology, 1992), 9. [BACK]

57. Henley, "Shaking the Lead Out," WH, reel 3, p. 700. [BACK]

58. Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," 9. [BACK]

58. Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," 9.

59. Ibid., 6. [BACK]

60. "Psychology and the New Woman: Statement of the Association for Women Psychologists to the American Psychological Association," September 1970, Miami Beach, Florida, in WH, reel 2, pp. 1234-1235. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

62. Ibid., 96. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

63. Ibid., 115. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

64. Ibid., 95. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

65. Ibid., 299. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

66. Ibid., chap. 13. [BACK]

61. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 115.

67. Ibid., 69. [BACK]

68. The National Organization for Women, "Statement of Purpose," in Betty Friedan, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement (New York: Random House, 1976), 87. [BACK]

69. For a brief overview of the concept's intellectual pedigree, see Hoffman, "From Instinct to Identity," 130-146. [BACK]

70. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis, 17. [BACK]

71. For examples, see Fredric Solomon and Jacob R Fishman, "Youth and Social Action: II. Action and Identity Formation in the First Student Sit-In Demonstration," Journal of Social Issues 20 (April 1964):36-45. [BACK]

72. See, for example, Erikson, "The Concept of Identity in Race Relations," 145-171; "A Memorandum on Identity and Negro Youth," 644-659; and ''Race and the Wider Identity" in Identity: Youth and Crisis, 295-320. [BACK]

73. Erik H. Erikson, "Inner and Outer Space: Reflections on Womanhood," Daedalus 93 (1964):582-606. In 1968 Erikson published this article in revised form as "Womanhood and the Inner Space" in Identity: Youth and Crisis , 261-294. [BACK]

74. Erikson, "Womanhood and the Inner Space," 273. [BACK]

74. Erikson, "Womanhood and the Inner Space," 273.

75. Ibid., 290. [BACK]

74. Erikson, "Womanhood and the Inner Space," 273.

76. Ibid., 274. [BACK]

77. For example, see Elizabeth Janeway, Man's World, Woman's Place: A Study in Social Mythology (New York: William Morrow, 1971 ), 93-96. [BACK]

78. Erikson, "Womanhood and the Inner Space," 266. Erikson may have grated on the radical feminist and socialist-feminist sensibilities of the late 1960s, but he clearly anticipated the cultural feminist themes of the mid-1970s: the view of women as closer to "nature" and to "life" than men, more devoted to human connection and healing, and capable of contributing a desperately needed caretaking ethic—rooted in maternalism—to public policy questions. Compare, for example, Erikson's article with Alice Echols's discussion of Jane Alpert's 1973 cultural feminist manifesto, "Mother Right: A New Feminist Theory." Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 247-262. [BACK]

79. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (New York: Avon, 1969), 294. [BACK]

80. Erik H. Erikson, "Once More the Inner Space: Letter to a Former Student," in Women   Analysis: Dialogues on Psychoanalytic Views of Femininity, ed. Jean Strouse (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1974), 320-322. [BACK]

80. Erik H. Erikson, "Once More the Inner Space: Letter to a Former Student," in Women   Analysis: Dialogues on Psychoanalytic Views of Femininity, ed. Jean Strouse (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1974), 320-322.

81. Ibid., 334. [BACK]

82. Kate Millett, "Sexual Politics: A Manifesto for Revolution," in Radical Feminism, 366. [BACK]

83. Meredith Tax, "Woman and Her Mind: The Story of Everyday Life," in Radical Feminism, 26, emphasis in original. [BACK]

84. For an early formulation of Chowdorow's thesis, see Nancy Chodorow,

"Being and Doing: A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Socialization of Males and Females," in Woman in Sexist Society, 259-291. [BACK]

84. For an early formulation of Chowdorow's thesis, see Nancy Chodorow,

"Being and Doing: A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Socialization of Males and Females," in Woman in Sexist Society, 259-291.

85. Ibid., 286. [BACK]

86. Joreen, "The Bitch Manifesto," in Radical Feminism, 51. [BACK]

86. Joreen, "The Bitch Manifesto," in Radical Feminism, 51.

87. Ibid., 50-51. [BACK]

88. Kathie Sarachild, "A Program for Feminist 'Consciousness Raising,' " Notes From the Second Year, ed. Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt (1970), 79. Reprinted in Voices from Women's Liberation, ed. Leslie B. Tanner (New York: New American Library, 1970), 154-157. [BACK]

89. For a more extended discussion of New York Radical Women and the origin of CR within the women's movement, see Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 72-92. [BACK]

90. Pamela Allen, "Free Space," in Radical Feminism, 273. This article was originally published in Notes from the Third Tear (1970). [BACK]

91. Kathie Sarachild, "Consciousness-Raising and Intuition," in The Radical Therapist, 158. [BACK]

92. Irene Peslikis, "Resistances to Consciousness," Notes From the Second Year, 81. Reprinted in Voices from Women's Liberation, 233-235. [BACK]

93. Jennifer Gardner, "False Consciousness," in Voices from Women's Liberation, 232. [BACK]

94. Carol Hanisch, "The Personal Is Political," Notes From the Second Year, 76. Also reprinted in The Radical Therapist, 152-157. [BACK]

94. Carol Hanisch, "The Personal Is Political," Notes From the Second Year, 76. Also reprinted in The Radical Therapist, 152-157.

95. Ibid., 76. [BACK]

96. Barbara Susan, "About My Consciousness Raising," in Voices from Women's Liberation, 240. [BACK]

97. Marilyn Zweig, "Is Women's Liberation a Therapy Group?" in The Radical Therapist, 160-163. [BACK]

98. Sarachild, "A Program for Feminist 'Consciousness Raising,' " 154-157. [BACK]

99. Gail Paradise Kelly, "Women's Liberation and the Cultural Revolution," Radical America 4 (February 1970):24. [BACK]

100. Betty Friedan, "Critique of Sexual Politics" (1970), in It Changed My Life, 163. [BACK]

101. For reviews of this literature, see Barbara Kirsh, "Consciousness-Raising Groups as Therapy for Women," in Women in Therapy: New Psychotherapies for a Changing Society, ed. Violet Franks and Vasanti Burtle (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1974), 342-350; and Diane Kravetz, "Consciousness-Raising and Self-Help," in Women and Psychotherapy: An Assessment of Research and Practice, ed. Annette M. Brodsky and Rachel T. Hare-Mustin (New York: Guilford Press, 1980), 270-274. [BACK]

102. For two such studies claiming the success of CR had little to do with the rhetoric of women's collective action and much to do with the therapeutic benefits feminist groups offered, see Morton A. Lieberman and Gary R. Bond, "The Problem of Being a Woman: A Survey of 1700 Women in Consciousness-Raising Groups," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 12 (July-August-September 1976):363-379; and Morton A. Lieberman, Nancy Solow, Gary R Bond, and Janet Reibstein, "The Psychotherapeutic Impact of Women's Consciousness-Raising Groups," in Women and Mental Health, ed. Elizabeth

Howell and Marjorie Bayes (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 581-599, originally published in Archives of General Psychiatry 36 (February 1979):161-168. A slightly different analysis did not suggest that the movement's political aims were deceptive, but did suggest that "personal change, as opposed to political or ideological change, is the most important benefit of a consciousness-raising experience. . .. The consciousness-raising group emerges as a new form of therapy for women." Lynda W. Warren, "The Therapeutic Status of Consciousness- Raising Groups," Professional Psychology 7 (May 1976): 139. [BACK]

103. Annette M. Brodsky, "Therapeutic Aspects of Consciousness-Raising Groups," in Psychotherapy for Women: Treatment Toward Equality, ed. Edna I. Rawlings and Dianne K. Carter (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1977), 300. For similar perspectives, see Carol J. Barrett et al., "Implications of Women's Liberation and the Future of Psychotherapy," Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 11 (Spring 1974):11-15; Joy K Rice and David G. Rice, "Implications of the Women's Liberation Movement for Psychotherapy," American Journal of Psychiatry 130 (February 1973): 191-196. [BACK]

104. Allen, "Free Space," 278. [BACK]

105. Kathy McAfee and Myrna Wood, "Bread and Roses," in Voices from Women's Liberation, 416, 4:19. [BACK]

106. Carol Williams Payne, "Consciousness Raising: A Dead End?" in Radical Feminism, 283. [BACK]

107. Susan, "About My Consciousness Raising," 242. [BACK]

108. Echols, Daring to Be Bad. [BACK]

109. Kathie Sarachild, "Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon," quoted in Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 90. [BACK]

110. These are both rifles of books by feminist poet and theorist Adrienne Rich. Sec The Dream of a Common Language (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978) and On Lies, Secrets and Silence (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979). [BACK]

111. In the late 1970s and 1980s, race became the leading edge of the "difference" discussion among feminists. See, for example, Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, This Bridge Called My Back (Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983). [BACK]

112. Annette M. Brodsky, "The Consciousness-Raising Group as a Model of Therapy for Women," in Women and Mental Health, 577 ; originally published in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 10 (Spring 1973):24-29. See also the revised version of this article, "Therapeutic Aspects of Consciousness-Raising Groups," 300-309. [BACK]

113. Anica Vesel Mander and Anne Kent Rush, Feminism as Therapy (New York and Berkeley: Random House and Bookworks, 1974), 37. For a shorter version, see Anica Vesel Mander, "Feminism as Therapy," in Psychotherapy for Women, 285-299. [BACK]

114. Elizabeth Howell, "Psychotherapy with Women Clients: The Impact of Feminism," in Women and Mental Health, 509-513; Edna I. Rawlings and Dianne K Carter, "Feminist and Nonsexist Therapies," in Psychotherapy for Women, 49-76. [BACK]

115. Tiefer, "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology, 1969-1991," 15-16. [BACK]

116. AWP Newsletter, April 1971. [BACK]

117. WH, reel 2, p. 66. [BACK]

117. WH, reel 2, p. 66.

118. Ibid., 69-80. [BACK]