1. William C. Menninger and Munro Leaf, You and Psychiatry (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948), 70. This book was one of Menninger's efforts to popularize psychodynamic personality theory, as well as convey the overwhelmingly social lessons of wartime clinical work. He called it a "war baby" (p. v). [BACK]

2. John Dollard and Neal E. Miller, Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1950), 5, emphasis in original. Dollard and Miller were associated with the important postwar effort, based at Yale's Institute of Human Relations, to put the principles of Freudian psychology to the test of behavioral verification. [BACK]

3. The definitive work on post-World War II mental health policy is Grob, From Asylum to Community. [BACK]

4. Greene, "The Role of the Psychiatrist in World War II," 499. [BACK]

5. Miller, "Clinical Psychiatry in the Veterans Administration," 182. Similar statistics on the numbers of psychiatric patients in the VA can be found in Blain, "Program of the Veterans Administration for the Physical and Mental Health of Veterans," 33-46; Brand, "The National Mental Health Act of 1946," 236-237; Menninger, Psychiatry in a Troubled World, 380; NNIA, testimony of Dr. Daniel Blain, Chief, VA Neuropsychiatric Division, 28-30; Veterans Adminis-

tration, Department of Medicine and Surgery Policy Memorandum Number 2 (30 January 1946):4. [BACK]

6. Menninger, Psychiatry in a Troubled World, 380; Brand, "The National Mental Health Act of 1946," 236-237. [BACK]

7. Quoted in Emanuel K. Schwartz, "Is There Need for Psychology in Psychotherapy?" in Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, ed. Maurice H. Krout (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956), 118. [BACK]

8. Blain, "Programs of the Veterans Administration for the Physical and Mental Health of Veterans," 39; Nina Ridenour, Mental Health in the United States: A Fifty-Year History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), 61. [BACK]

9. NNIA testimony of Dr. Daniel Blain, Chief, VA Neuropsychiatric Division, 29; Blain, "Programs of the Veterans Administration for the Physical and Mental Health of Veterans," 43-44. [BACK]

10. For a detailed description of this program, see Dana L. Moore, "The Veterans Administration and the Training Program in Psychology," in History of Psychotherapy, 786-798. [BACK]

11. Miller, "Clinical Psychiatry in the Veterans Administration," 182, 189. [BACK]

12. Victor C. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950), 166. [BACK]

13. R. C. Tryon, "Psychology in Flux: The Academic-Professional Bipolarity," American Psychologist 18 (March 1963):136. Tryon's analysis was based on a survey of American Psychological Association membership directories from 1940, 1959, and 1962. For additional statistical evidence, see George W. Albee, Mental Health Manpower Trends, Joint Commission on Mental Health and Illness Monograph Series No. 3 (New York: Basic Books, 1959), 124-125. [BACK]

14. Greene, "The Role of the Psychiatrist in World War II," 530. [BACK]

14. Greene, "The Role of the Psychiatrist in World War II," 530.

15. Ibid., 500-504. [BACK]

16. Carl R. Rogers and John L. Wallen, Counseling with Returned Servicemen (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1946), 19. For an even earlier statement of his belief that counseling could help to restore the democratic ethos sacrificed, of necessity, to military goals, see Carl R. Rogers, Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942), II. [BACK]

17. Rogers and Wallen, Counseling with Returned Servicemen, 23. [BACK]

18. A very useful discussion of this legislation can be found in Grob, From Asylum to Community, chap. 3. [BACK]

19. NNIA, testimony of General Lewis B. Hershey, Director, National Selective Service System, 47-58. [BACK]

20. Ibid., testimony of Dr. S. Bernard Wortis, Chief of Bellevue Hospital's Psychiatric Division, 129. [BACK]

21. There were differences of opinion among experts, but these were confined to questions of funding, organization, and other such bureaucratic details. The only real opposition to the National Mental Health Act came from quarters consistently hostile to the extension of federal power. Even here, however, support from such conservative Republicans as Senator Robert H. Taft and Representative Clarence J. Brown managed to foil what little criticism of the bill existed. See Grob, From Asylum to  Community, 52-53. [BACK]

22. NNIA, Mrs. Lee Steiner, member, American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers, 115. [BACK]

22. NNIA, Mrs. Lee Steiner, member, American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers, 115.

23. Ibid., Captain Robert Nystrom, 100-101. [BACK]

24. Brand, "The National Mental Health Act of 1946," 242. [BACK]

25. NNIA, Senator Claude Pepper, opening statement, 5. J. Percy Priest (D-Tenn.) introduced the bill in the House of Representatives. [BACK]

26. Menninger, Psychiatry in a Troubled World, 471 n. 7. [BACK]

27. Quoted in Grob, From Asylum to Community, 55. [BACK]

28. Ibid., 54-55. The origins of the community mental health movement are frequently dated to psychiatrist Erich Lindemann's Word War II-era observations of soldiers' relatives and his "grief work" with the survivors of a Boston nightclub fire that killed hundreds of people. See Erich Lindemann and Stanley Cobb, "Neuropsychiatric Observations," Annals of Surgery 117 (June 1943):814-824; and Erich Lindemann, "Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief," American Journal of Psychiatry 101 (September 1944):141-148. For an analysis dating the origin of community mental health in the Progressive Era, see Sicherman, "The Quest for Mental Health in America, 1880-1917." [BACK]

29. John A. Clausen, "Social Science Research in the National Mental Health Program," American Sociological Review 15 (June 1950):404. [BACK]

30. Statistics on National Institute of Mental Health budget and funding levels from Greene, "The Role of the Psychiatrist in World War II," 527; and Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1961 ), 6-7. [BACK]

31. Brand, "The National Mental Health Act of 1946," 243. [BACK]

32. Stella Leche Deignan and Esther Miller, "The Support of Research in Medical and Allied Fields for the Period 1946-1951," Science 115 (28 March 1952):330, table 7. [BACK]

32. Stella Leche Deignan and Esther Miller, "The Support of Research in Medical and Allied Fields for the Period 1946-1951," Science 115 (28 March 1952):330, table 7.

33. Ibid., 331, fig. 9. [BACK]

34. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health, 6-7, 210. The Joint Commission estimated that mental illness cost $3 billion annually, compared with a total research expenditure of around $70 million (from all sources) in 1958. [BACK]

35. FSISSBR, testimony of Ralph L. Beals, American Anthropological Association, Committee on Research Problems and Ethics, 83. For a good example of National Institute of Mental Health-supported research devoted to tracking mass trends in the mental health of the normal U.S. population, with special attention to the influence of larger community and national developments, see Norman Bradbum and David Caplovitz, Reports on Happiness: A Pilot Study of Behavior Related to Mental Health (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1965). [BACK]

36. Lyons, The Uneasy Partnership, 276. [BACK]

37. Grob, From Asylum to Community, 66-67. [BACK]

38. "Young Turks" was a frequent designation for the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry founders. See, for example, Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health, 201. For a discussion of GAP's founding and place within postwar psychiatry, see Grob, From Asylum

to Community, chap. 2. Grob points out (pp. 32-34, 311-312 n. 21) that "Young Turks" was hardly an accurate description of the age of GAP members, which averaged forty-seven in 1950. [BACK]

39. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry Circular Letter 154 (16 September 1949), quoted in Grob, From Asylum to Community, 311 n. 16. [BACK]

40. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Committee on Social Issues, "The Social Responsibility of Psychiatry," originally published as GAP Report No. 13 (New York: July 1950), reprinted in Psychiatry and Public Affairs: Reports and Symposia of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1966), 12. [BACK]

41. Robert Yerkes in Intersociety Constitutional Convention, condensed transcript, American Psychological Association, 29-31 May 1943, quoted in Capshew, "Psychology, on the March," 254; and Capshew and Hilgard, "The Power of Service," 162. [BACK]

42. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Committee on Social Issues, "The Social Responsibility of Psychiatry," 11. [BACK]

43. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, "Psychiatric Aspects of School Desegregation," in Psychiatry and Public Affairs (originally published as GAP Report No. 37, 1957), 15-105. GAP also published an abbreviated and less technical version of this report, titled "Emotional Aspects of School Desegregation," as Report No. 37A, in 1960. [BACK]

44. Grob, From Asylum to Community, 26, 40, 314 n. 39. [BACK]

45. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, "Considerations Regarding the Loyalty Oath as a Manifestation of Current Social Tension and Anxiety," Symposium No. 1, 1954. [BACK]

46. For a full discussion of the work of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, see Grob, From Asylum to Community, chaps. 8 and 9. [BACK]

47. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health, xxvii. [BACK]

48. Ibid., xiv. Gerald Grob argues that to consider the general recommendations of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health as the major precursor to the federal legislation of the 1960s is to perpetuate the "myth" that the JCMIH emphasized community-based over institutional services. While the specific proposal of the JCMIH for community centers catering to outpatients certainly became the centerpiece of that decade's legislation, the rest of the JCMIH work, which emphasized the care of severely and chronically mentally ill individuals, was ignored, according to Grob, since these latter populations were underserved by community mental health centers. Even Grob points out that this result was only visible in hindsight, however, Abandoning the mentally ill was not the intention of clinicians or policy-makers, who truly believed that community mental health centers would provide more humane and effective services to previously institutionalized people. See Grob, From Asylum to Community, 229. For an indication that the main concern of the JCMIH actually was treating severe mental illness and increasing public sensitivity to it—rather than diverting attention and money toward the more comfortable subject of mental health—see Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health, chap. 3, 242. [BACK]

49. John F. Kennedy, "Special Message to the Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation," 5 February 1963, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, John F. Kennedy, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to November 22, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), 127. [BACK]

49. John F. Kennedy, "Special Message to the Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation," 5 February 1963, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, John F. Kennedy, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to November 22, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), 127.

50. Ibid., 127. [BACK]

49. John F. Kennedy, "Special Message to the Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation," 5 February 1963, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, John F. Kennedy, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to November 22, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), 127.

51. Ibid., 128-129. [BACK]

52. P.L. 88-164, Title II. [BACK]

53. Alfred M. Freedman, "Historical and Political Roots of the Community Mental Health Centers Act," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 37 (April 1967):493. [BACK]

54. For one sample of how broadly the jurisdiction of community mental health was defined, see the table of contents in Stuart E. Colann and Carl Eisdorfer, eds., Handbook of Community Mental Health (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972). [BACK]

55. Roberts, Halleck, and Loeb, eds., Community Psychiatry, 7. [BACK]

56. Chester C. Bennett, "Community Psychology: Impressions of the Boston Conference on the Education of Psychologists for Community Mental Health," American Psychologist 20 (October 1965):833. [BACK]

57. Chaim Shatan, "Community Psychiatry—Stretcher Bearer of the Social Order?" International Journal of Psychiatry 7 (May 1969):319-320. [BACK]

58. An account of this event at Lincoln Hospital and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine can be found in Castel, Castel, and Loveli, The Psychiatric Society, 156-159. [BACK]

58. An account of this event at Lincoln Hospital and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine can be found in Castel, Castel, and Loveli, The Psychiatric Society, 156-159.

59. Ibid., 157, emphasis in original. [BACK]

60. Joel Kovel, "Desiring Speech," Zeta (July-August 1989):140. [BACK]

61. C. C. Burlingame, "Psychiatric Sense and Nonsense," Journal of the American Medical Association 133 (5 April 1947):971. [BACK]

62. Nevitt Sanford, "Psychotherapy and the American Public," in Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, 3. [BACK]

63. Lawrence S. Kubie, "A Doctorate in Psychotherapy: The Reasons for a New Profession," in New Horizon for Psychotherapy: Autonomy as a Profession, ed. Robert R. Holt (New York: International Universities Press, 1971), 14. [BACK]

64. Quoted in Jack David Pressman, "Uncertain Promise: Psychosurgery and the Development of Scientific Psychiatry in America, 1935 to 1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1986), 318. [BACK]

65. There has been considerable controversy about whether the psychoactive drug "revolution" was a significant factor in deinstitutionalization. All observers do agree that the absolute numbers of institutionalized mental patients began to decline in 1956, sharply reversing long-term trends. See Grob, From Asylum to Community, 260, table 10.2; William Gronfein, "Psychotropic Drugs and the Origins of Deinstitutionalization," Social Problems 32 (June 1985):440, table 1; Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health, 7, 21, table 3; Andrew Scull, Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant, A Radical View, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, England: Policy Press, 1984), 68, table 4-2. [BACK]

66. Grob, From Asylum to Community, 42. [BACK]

67. Efforts to explain deinstitutionalization have been marked by disagreement, even though there is widespread agreement that the policy has failed miserably. For a sample, see Castel, Castel, and Lovell, The Psychiatric Society, pt. 2; Grob, From Asylum to Community, chap. 10; Paul Lerman, Deinstitutionalization and the Welfare State (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1982), esp. chap. 6; Scull, Decarceration, esp. chap. 8. [BACK]

68. Scull, Decarceration, 152. [BACK]

69. Gerald N. Grob, "The History of the Asylum Revisited: Personal Reflections," in Discovering the History of Psychiatry, ed. Mark Micale and Roy Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 260-281.

Andrew Scull and Gerald Grob represent opposite poles in this debate. The most succinct statements of their respective historiographical and philosophical views can be found in Andrew Scull, "Humanitarianism or Control? Some Observations on the Historiography of Anglo-American Psychiatry," in Social Control and the State: Historical and Comparative Essays, ed. Stanley Cohen and Andrew Scull (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1983), 118-140; and Gerald N. Grob, "Rediscovering Asylums: The Unhistorical History of the Mental Hospital," in The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine, ed. Morris J. Vogel and Charles E. Rosenberg (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 135-157. See also their reviews of each other's recent work in History of Psychiatry 1 (1990):223-232, and Milbank Quarterly 70 (1992):557-579. [BACK]

70. "American Psychiatric Association Membership Figures, 1873-Present"; Grob, From Asylum to Community, 297, table 11.1. [BACK]

71. Grob, From Asylum to Community, 253. [BACK]

72. Martin L. Gross, The Psychological Society: A Critical Analysis of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis and the Psychological Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), 272-275; and Vandenbos, Cummings, and Deleon, "A Century of Psychotherapy: Economic and Environmental Influences," 70-71. [BACK]

73. Gross, The Psychological Society, 7. [BACK]

74. Carl R. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951), 14, referring to the report issued by the American Psychological Association Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology in 1947. [BACK]

75. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology, xix. [BACK]

75. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology, xix.

76. Ibid., 39, 185. [BACK]

75. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology, xix.

77. Ibid., 26. [BACK]

75. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology, xix.

78. Ibid., 96. [BACK]

75. Raimy, ed., Training in Clinical Psychology, xix.

79. Ibid., 93. [BACK]

80. H. J. Eysenck, "The Effects of Psychotherapy," Journal of Consulting Psychology 16 (October 1952):322. [BACK]

81. A useful summary of the era's research on psychotherapy can be found in Hans H. Strupp and Kenneth I. Howard, "A Brief History of Psychotherapy Research," in History of Psychotherapy, 309-334. [BACK]

82. A summary. of the conflict between psychiatry and psychology over the independent practice of psychotherapy can be found in Grob, From Asylum to

Community, 102-114. Documentation of this ongoing controversy can be found in Krout, ed. Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, which includes arguments from both psychiatry and clinical psychology. [BACK]

83. American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, and American Psychoanalytic Association, "Resolution on Relations of Medicine and Psychology," in Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, 24. [BACK]

84. For evidence that this professional conflict was sometimes considered in gendered terms, see Paul E. Huston, "A Psychiatrist's Observation on the Orientation of Clinical Psychology," in Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, 32. [BACK]

85. Sanford, "Psychotherapy and the American Public," 6. [BACK]

86. "The Cold War Between Psychiatry and Psychology," Psychiatric Opinion 4 (June 1967, October 1967). [BACK]

87. As early as 1948, for example, one review article discussed more than ten popular Hollywood films in which psychological disturbances, experts, and treatments were central themes. See Keith Sward, "Boy and Girl Meet Neurosis," The Screen Writer (September 1948):8-26. I am grateful to Susan Ohmer for bringing this article to my attention. [BACK]

88. Arnold A. Rogow, The Psychiatrists (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 18. [BACK]

89. Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1993), chap. 6. [BACK]

90. Rogow, The Psychiatrists, 15-16. [BACK]

91. Napoli, Architects of Adjustment, 142. [BACK]

92. Garfield, "Psychotherapy: A 40-Year Appraisal," 174. [BACK]

93. The original study was conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, involved 2,460 normal adults, and was published as Americans View Their Mental Health (1960). In 1976 the National Institute for Mental Health funded a follow-up study. It replicated the 1957 study, so that time comparisons could be made, but added some new questions, especially in regard to use of mental health professionals and resources. It was published in two volumes: Joseph Veroff, Elizabeth Douvan, and Richard A. Kulka, The Inner American: A Self-Portrait from 1957-1976 and Mental Health in America: Patterns of Help-seeking from 1957-1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1981). The 14 percent figure can be found in 2:79, table 5.1. [BACK]

94. Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka, Mental Health in America, 79, table 5.1, 222, table 7.1, 231. [BACK]

95. Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka, The Inner American, 14. [BACK]

96. Ibid., 25, 20. Although the biggest demographic shift was socioeconomic and educational (many more people at the lower ends of the income and educational ladders were likely to seek help), certain demographic indicators still pointed to disproportionately high use of professional expertise. These indicators were youth, female gender, high level of education, Jewish background, West Coast residence, professional parents, and a family history that included divorce. See Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka, Mental Health in America, 90, 111-112, 124-125. [BACK]

97. Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka, Mental Health in America, 271. [BACK]

98. Lawrence S. Kubie, ''Social Forces and the Neurotic Process," in Explorations in Social Psychiatry, ed. Alexander H. Leighton, John A. Clausen, and Robert N. Wilson (New York: Basic Books, 1957), 83. [BACK]

99. John R. Seeley, "Psychiatry: Revolution, Reform, and 'Reaction,'" in Modern Psychoanalysis, 699. [BACK]

100. Kubie, "A Doctorate in Psychotherapy," 16-17. [BACK]

101. Gordon W. Allport, Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955), 100-101. [BACK]

102. Abraham Maslow, "Existential Psychology—What's In It for Us?" in Existential Psychology, ed. Rollo May, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1969; 1st ed. published 1961), 57, 50. [BACK]

102. Abraham Maslow, "Existential Psychology—What's In It for Us?" in Existential Psychology, ed. Rollo May, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1969; 1st ed. published 1961), 57, 50.

103. Ibid., 51. [BACK]

104. For a brief introduction to the ideas of five pioneers in humanistic psychology, including Rogers and Maslow, see Roy José DeCarvalho, The Founders of Humanistic Psychology (New York: Praeger, 1991). [BACK]

105. Abraham H. Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being, 2nd ed. (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1968), iii; Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1970; 1st ed. 1954), x. [BACK]

106. "A Larger Jurisdiction for Psychology" is the title of part 1 in Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being. See also Abraham H. Maslow, The Psychology of Science (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1969), xvi. [BACK]

107. The fullest statement of the client-centered approach is Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy. [BACK]

108. See Carl R. Rogers, "A Physician-Patient or a Therapist-Client Relationship?" in Psychology, Psychiatry and the Public Interest, 135-145. [BACK]

109. The first verbatim transcript of an entire course of psychotherapy was published by Rogers in 1942. See "The Case of Herbert Bryan," in Rogers, Counseling and Psychotherapy, 261-437. Rogers himself wrote prolifically about his research activities. An accessible place to begin is with a number of the essays in Carl R. Rogers, On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961). This volume also includes an interesting autobiographical statement ("This Is Me") and a useful chronological bibliography of his writings from 1930 through 1960. A quick summary of Rogers's early research can be found in Laura N. Rice and Leslie S. Greenberg, "Humanistic Approaches to Psychotherapy," in History of Psychotherapy, 199-202. [BACK]

110. See, for example, Richard L. Evans, Carl Rogers: The Man and His Ideas, vol. 8 in Dialogues with Notable Contributors to Personality Theory (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1975), 24-27. [BACK]

111. Carl R. Rogers, "Introduction," in Psychotherapy and Personality Change: Co-ordinated Research Studies in the Client-Centered Approach, ed. Carl R. Rogers and Rosalind F. Dymond (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), 4. [BACK]

112. Carl R. Rogers, "Some Hypotheses Regarding the Facilitation of Personal Growth," in On Becoming a Person, 35, emphasis in original. [BACK]

113. Rogers, Counseling and Psychotherapy, 29, emphasis in original. [BACK]

114. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy, 24. [BACK]

115. R. Morison's notes on a visit with Carl Rogers, dated 5 November 1948, Record Group 1.2, series 216, box 1, folder 4, RF Archives. [BACK]

116. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy, 225, quoting his own earlier paper, "Divergent Trends in Methods of Improving Adjustment," Harvard Educational Review (1948):209-219. [BACK]

117. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy, 422. Rogers repeatedly linked the elements of his counseling philosophy with the elements of democracy. Other explicit examples can be found in Rogers, Counseling and Psychotherapy, 127; and Rogers and Wallen, Counseling with Returned Servicemen, 5, 22-24. [BACK]

118. Carl R. Rogers, "Some of the Directions Evident in Therapy," in On Becoming a Person, 105. This article was originally published in O. Hobart Mowrer, ed., Psychotherapy: Theory and Research (1953). For another illustration of awareness that the ideas of humanistic psychology defied dominant psychological notions about human nature, see Allport, Becoming, 99-101. [BACK]

119. See "Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behavior: A Symposium" in Evans, Carl Rogers, xliv-lxxxviii. This is the widely reprinted dialogue that first appeared in Science 124 (30 November 1956):1057-1066. For a less widely known dialogue between Rogers and Skinner which took place in June 1962, see Howard Kirschenbaum and Valerie Hand Henderson, eds., Carl Rogers: Dialogues: Conversations with Martin Buber, Paul Tillich, B. F. Skinner, Gregory Bateson, Michael Polanyi, Rollo May, and Others (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 82-152. [BACK]

120. Skinner, "Freedom and the Control of Men," 47. [BACK]

121. For another, early formulation of his ideas on democracy, science, and social control, see B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1953), esp. chap. 29. [BACK]

122. Carl R. Rogers, "Persons or Science? A Philosophical Question," in On Becoming a Person, 213. [BACK]

122. Carl R. Rogers, "Persons or Science? A Philosophical Question," in On Becoming a Person, 213.

123. Ibid., 214. [BACK]

124. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy, 54. [BACK]

125. Evans, Carl Rogers, 65, 67. [BACK]

126. The fullest statement of his motivational theory can be found in Maslow, Motivation and Personality. The term "self-actualization" first appeared in The Organism (1939) by German refugee physician and Gestalt psychologist Kurt Goldstein. [BACK]

127. Richard J. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2 vols. (Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1979). [BACK]

128. See, for example, Abraham H. Maslow, "Power Relationships and Patterns of Personal Development," in Problems of Power in American Democracy, ed. Arthur Kornhauser (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1957), 92-131. An earlier essay had equated authoritarianism with mental sickness. See A. H. Maslow, "The Authoritarian Character Structure," Journal of Social Psychology, S.P.S.S.I. Bulletin 18 (November 1943):401-411. [BACK]

129. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 67, emphasis in original. [BACK]

129. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 67, emphasis in original.

130. Ibid., 99, emphasis in original. [BACK]

129. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 67, emphasis in original.

131. Ibid., chap. II. See also Maslow, Toward A Psychology of Being, 74-96. [BACK]

132. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 180. [BACK]

132. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 180.

133. Ibid., 58 n. 9. [BACK]

132. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 180.

134. Ibid., 38. [BACK]

135. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 1:51, 52. [BACK]

135. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 1:51, 52.

136. Ibid., 1:631-632. [BACK]

137. Abraham H. Maslow, "Eupsychia—The Good Society," Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1 (Fall 1961): 10. [BACK]

138. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:835. [BACK]

138. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:835.

139. Ibid., 2:838. [BACK]

138. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:835.

140. Ibid., 1:262, 429, 629, emphasis in original. [BACK]

138. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:835.

141. Ibid., 2:877. The fullest statement of Maslow's political agenda can be found in 1:631-632. [BACK]

138. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:835.

141. Ibid., 2:877. The fullest statement of Maslow's political agenda can be found in 1:631-632.

142. Ibid., 1:646, 2:733, 1120. [BACK]

143. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 8, emphasis in original. For another formulation, see Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 268. [BACK]

144. Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture (New York: Perigree, 1980), 26. [BACK]

144. Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture (New York: Perigree, 1980), 26.

145. Ibid., 26. [BACK]

146. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:1090. [BACK]

146. Lowry, ed., The Journals of A. H. Maslow, 2:1090.

147. Ibid., 2:883. [BACK]

148. Carl R. Rogers, "The Emerging Person: A New Revolution," in Evans, Carl Rogers, 175. [BACK]