1. "Mass treatment programs" was the term used by Bettelheim and Janowitz to describe community-based social welfare programs in their 1964 follow-up to Dynamics of Prejudice. See Bettelheim and Janowitz, Social Change and Prejudice, Including Dynamics of Prejudice, 92. [BACK]

2. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Annual Report, 1956, quoted in Grob, From Asylum to Community, 197. [BACK]

3. Kenneth B. Clark, "Problems of Power and Social Change: Toward a Relevant Social Psychology," Journal of Social Issues 21 (July 1965):11. [BACK]

4. Three other presidential commissions investigated crime and civil disturbance and published reports. They were the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice ( The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, 1967); the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence ( To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility, 1969); the President's Commission on Campus Unrest ( Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest, 1970, also known as the Scranton Report). [BACK]

5. "Excerpts from President Lyndon B. Johnson's Address to the Nation on Civil Disorder, July 27, 1967," in Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), app. C, 539. The full text of this broadcast can also be found in the KC Archives, reel 18, pp. 673-677. [BACK]

6. "Remarks of the President Upon Issuing an Executive Order Establishing a National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, July 29, 1967," in Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, app. B, 536-537. [BACK]

6. "Remarks of the President Upon Issuing an Executive Order Establishing a National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, July 29, 1967," in Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, app. B, 536-537.

7. Ibid., app. B, 537. [BACK]

8. Robert Shellow, "Social Scientists and Social Action from within the Establishment," Journal of Social Issues 26 (Winter 1970):207-208. [BACK]

8. Robert Shellow, "Social Scientists and Social Action from within the Establishment," Journal of Social Issues 26 (Winter 1970):207-208.

9. Ibid., 208. [BACK]

8. Robert Shellow, "Social Scientists and Social Action from within the Establishment," Journal of Social Issues 26 (Winter 1970):207-208.

10. Ibid., 208-209. [BACK]

11. "Review Symposium," American Political Science Review 63 (December 1969):1281. [BACK]

12. Erik H. Erikson, "A Memorandum on Identity and Negro Youth," in A Way of Looking at Things, 650. This piece was originally published in the Journal of Social Issues in 1964. See also Erik H. Erikson, "The Concept of Identity in Race Relations: Notes and Queries," Daedalus 95 (Winter 1966):145-171.

One interesting example of how difficult Erikson found it to understand black nationalism in anything but negative psychological terms is his published dialogue with Huey Newton. See Erik H. Erikson and Huey P. Newton, In Search of Common Ground: Conversations with Erik H. Erikson & Huey P. Newton (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973). Rather than an exchange of ideas, one has the impression that Erikson and Newton did not understand each other at all: Newton kept trying to explain the Black Panther party's ideology while Erikson offered a psychohistorical interpretation of military symbolism in Newton's life and its resonance with U.S. historical themes of westward expansion and conquest. [BACK]

13. James P. Comer, "Individual Development and Black Rebellion: Some Parallels," Midway 9 (Summer 1968):33-48. [BACK]

14. Alvin F. Poussaint, "A Negro Psychiatrist Explains the Negro Psyche," in Being Black: Psychological-Sociological Dilemmas, ed. Robert V. Guthrie (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1970), 15-25. This piece was reprinted from the New York Times Magazine, 20 August 1967. See also Alvin F. Poussaint, "The Negro American: His Self-Image and Integration," in The Black Power Revolt: A Collection of Essays, ed. Floyd B. Barbour (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1968), 94-102. For another example from two other black psychiatrists, see William H. Grief and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1968).

Interestingly, Abram Kardiner, one of the authors of The Mark of Oppression, contributed an article to a collection compiled in the wake of Project Camelot about the monitoring and prediction of global revolution and upheaval. Kardiner argued that the extreme rage and self-hatred among black Americans qualified them as a population armed with tremendous amounts of aggression, and therefore revolutionary potential. See Abram Kardiner, "Models for the Study of Collapse of Social Homeostasis in a Society," in The Study of Total Societies, 177-190. [BACK]

15. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from Birmingham Jail," in Why We Can't Wait (New York: New American Library, 1963), 82, 81. [BACK]

16. For example, see the important 1966 transitional document, "Position of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee," in A History of Our Time, ed. William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 198-202. [BACK]

17. Eldridge Cleaver, "On Becoming," in Soul on Ice (New York: Delta, 1968), 3-17. [BACK]

18. Walter Truett Anderson, The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the American Awakening (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983), 162-164, 195-199. [BACK]

19. Quoted in Garry Wills, "The Second Civil War," Esquire 69 (March 1968):142. [BACK]

20. Jesse Jackson to Mayor Richard J. Daley, 2 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 13, p. 1018. [BACK]

21. The eleven commissioners were Illinois governor Otto Kerner (chairman), New York mayor John Lindsay (vice-chairman), Oklahoma senator Fred Harris, Massachusetts senator Edward Brooke, California representative James Corman, Ohio representative William McCulloch, United Steelworkers of America president I. W. Abel, Litton Industries CEO Charles Thornton, NAACP executive director Roy Wilkins, former Kentucky commissioner of commerce Katherine Graham Peden, and Atlanta chief of police Herbert Jew kins. [BACK]

22. Andrew Kopkind, "White on Black: The Riot Commission and the Rhetoric of Reform," in The Politics of Riot Commissions, 1917-1970: A Collection of Official Reports and Critical Essays, ed. Anthony Platt (New York: Macmillan, 1971 ), 381. This article was originally published in Hard Times, 15-22 September 1969. [BACK]

23. Jerome H. Skolnick, "Violence Commission Violence," Trans-action 7 (October 1970):33. Menninger was appointed to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. [BACK]

24. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1. [BACK]

25. Michael Lipsky and David J. Olson, Commission Politics: The Processing of Racial Crisis in America (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1977), 135. [BACK]

25. Michael Lipsky and David J. Olson, Commission Politics: The Processing of Racial Crisis in America (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1977), 135.

26. Ibid., 137 n. 37. [BACK]

27. Arthur Brayfield to Fred Harris, 14 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 14, p. 371. In his letter to Harris, Brayfield praised the credentials of a number of other psychological experts as well, some of whom—Rensis Liken and David McClelland, to mention only two—were important figures in World War II and Cold War psychology, reviewed in earlier chapters. [BACK]

28. Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968). [BACK]

29. Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 203-204 n. 57. [BACK]

30. Kopkind, "White on Black," 382; Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 120. [BACK]

31. I could find only a single mention of the Vietnam War in the text of the final report, and the gist of it was that the country had enough money to conduct the war and eliminate social problems at home, a conclusion disputed, in 1967, by antiwar and civil rights activists alike. See Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 411. [BACK]

32. Descriptive material on ten cities ended up in the final report, concentrated in chapter 1, "Profiles of Disorder." [BACK]

33. Memo from Robert Shellow to David Ginsburg, 17 January 1968, KC Archives, reel 18, pp. 346-349. [BACK]

34. Angus Campbell and Howard Schuman, "Racial Attitudes in Fifteen American Cities," in Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1-67. [BACK]

35. For a brief, general description of the National Institute of Mental Health "mass violence" studies, see John Gardner's statement to the Kerner Commission, 1 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 1, p. 371. [BACK]

36. "Is Mass Violence an Epidemic Disease?" Medical Worm News 8 (1 September 1967):38-48, in KC Archives, reel 16, pp. 293-296; Elliot Luby et al, "The Detroit Riot: Some Characteristics of Those on the Street," Psychiatric Opinion 5 (June 1968):29-35; Richard D. Lyons, "Riots Laid to Old Hates," New York Times, 6 August 1967, 1, 51; United Press International summary of Detroit Study, KC Archives, reel 16, p. 152. [BACK]

37. "Summary of October 27 Meeting of Survey Research Scientists Active in Studies of Negro-White Attitudes," KC Archives, reel 7, pp. 394-402; memo from Henry B. Taliaferro, Jr., to Arnold Sagalyn, Milan Miskovsky, and Victor Palmieri, 27 October 1967, KC Archives, reel 11, pp. 45-46; D. P. Gerlach, "The U.S.A. and Revolutionary Social Movements," 26 October 1967, KC Archives, reel 11, pp. 58-61. The design of an "Index of Negro Dissatisfaction" was an old project of the Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence at Brandeis University, a research center whose work was widely used by Kerner Commission experts. See, for example, Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence, Brandeis University, Annual Report to the Board of Overseers (1968), 13. [BACK]

38. Memo from Louise Sagalyn to Victor Palmieri, 11 October 1967, KC Archives, reel 22, pp. 622-626; Charles A. Pinderhughes, "Pathogenic Social Structure: A Prime Target for Preventive Psychiatric Intervention," Journal of the National Medical Association 58 (November 1966):424-429; Charles A. Pinderhughes and Herbert O. Levine, "The Psychology of Adolescents in a Peaceful Protest and in an Urban Riot," 6 November. 1967, KC Archives, reel 27, pp. 511-549. [BACK]

39. Kopkind, "White on Black," 379; Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 169; Skolnick, "Violence Commission Violence," 33. At its peak strength, the Kerner Commission staff numbered 191. [BACK]

40. The term "social science input" was part of the work culture of the Kerner Commission itself, and can be found frequently in its records. [BACK]

41. Shellow, "Social Scientists and Social Action from within the Establishment," 213. This anecdote is reported by another member of the Kerner Commission social science staff in Gary T. Marx, "Two Cheers for the National Riot Commission," in Black America, ed. John F. Szwed (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 96 n. 24. [BACK]

42. David Burnham, "New Urban Riots Foreseen in U.S.," New York Times, 30 December 1967, 21. [BACK]

42. David Burnham, "New Urban Riots Foreseen in U.S.," New York Times, 30 December 1967, 21.

43. Ibid. [BACK]

44. "The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare," American Psychologist 20 (October 1965):811-814. [BACK]

45. Draft of John Gardner's statement to the Kerner Commission, 1 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 1, pp. 87-88. [BACK]

46. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 483. [BACK]

47. Kenneth Clark statement to the Kerner Commission, 13 September 1967, KC Archives, reel 3, pp. 139-140. [BACK]

48. Elliot Liebow, Tally's Corner: A Study of Streetcorner Men (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967). [BACK]

48. Elliot Liebow, Tally's Corner: A Study of Streetcorner Men (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967).

49. Ibid., 214. [BACK]

50. Elliot Liebow statement to the Kerner Commission, 9 November 1967, KC Archives, reel 5, pp. 967-968. [BACK]

51. Matthew P. Dumont, "The Role of Youth Groups in the Minority Community," in The Absurd Healer: Perspectives of a Community Psychiatrist (New York: Viking, 1968), 149-155. [BACK]

51. Matthew P. Dumont, "The Role of Youth Groups in the Minority Community," in The Absurd Healer: Perspectives of a Community Psychiatrist (New York: Viking, 1968), 149-155.

52. Ibid., 154. [BACK]

53. One of the very few examples I could find of commission experts asking questions about the gender of rioters was in Robert H. Fogelson and Robert Hill, "Who Riots? A Study of Participation in the 1967 Riots," in Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 234-235. Fogelson and Hill at least speculated about whether police were less likely to arrest women, therefore making female rioters less visible rather than nonexistent. They concluded, however, that rioters were, overwhelmingly, male and young. [BACK]

54. Grob, From Asylum to Community; Miller and Rose, eds., The Power of Psychiatry, 1-42. [BACK]

55. For example, see Leigh M. Roberts, Seymour L. Halleck, and Martin B. Loeb, eds., Community Psychiatry (New York: Anchor Books, 1966), 3, 7. [BACK]

56. Leonard J. Duhl and Robert L. Leopold, "Relationship of Psychoanalysis with Social Agencies: Community Implications," in Modern Psychoanalysis: New Directions and Perspectives, ed. Judd Marmor (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 579. [BACK]

57. See, for example, Judd Marmor, "Some Psychosocial Aspects of Contemporary Urban Violence," in Psychiatry in Transition: Selected Papers (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1974), 406-415. [BACK]

58. "The City as Patient" is the title of chapter 4, on urban riots, in Dumont, The Absurd Healer. [BACK]

59. The most recent, comprehensive historical analysis of this significant policy shift can be found in Grob, From Asylum to Community. Grob is critical of the postwar shift toward community mental health policy. He argues that, because it was based on utopian hopes and untested assumptions about the nature of mental illness, it abandoned responsibility for the needs of severely and chronically mentally ill, institutionalized individuals, and did little or nothing to treat them or provide an integrated system of long-term care. Instead, it generated new demands for clinical services among healthy, or mildly maladjusted, individuals, serving mainly to extend the reach of psychological expertise to new populations who needed it least. He is careful to point out, however, that such negative consequences were not by any means the intention of malevolent policy-makers or uncaring clinicians, nor could they have been anticipated at the time. The failure of the mental health system to serve truly mentally ill people is, in this instance, simply an example of Grob's generally tragic interpretation of history, which emphasizes the predictably unpredictable effects of human action. [BACK]

60. Robert Reiff, "Social Intervention and the Problem of Psychological

Analysis," Presidential Address to the Division of Community Psychology, 2 September 1967, KC Archives, reel 21, p. 876. [BACK]

61. Dumont, The Absurd Healer, 50. [BACK]

62. Fred Harris, for example, later titled a series of essays on federal urban policy, "Sick Cities . . . And the Search for a Cure." See Harris, ed., Social Science and National Policy, pt. 1. [BACK]

63. Dumont, The Absurd Healer, 74-75. [BACK]

64. V. H. Mark, W. H. Sweet, and F. R. Ervin, "Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence," letter to the editor, Journal of the American Medical Association 201 (11 September 1967):217. [BACK]

65. Robert N. McMurry, "Permissiveness and the Riot-Prone," Psychiatric Opinion 5 (June 1968):14. [BACK]

65. Robert N. McMurry, "Permissiveness and the Riot-Prone," Psychiatric Opinion 5 (June 1968):14.

66. Ibid., 13, emphasis in original. [BACK]

65. Robert N. McMurry, "Permissiveness and the Riot-Prone," Psychiatric Opinion 5 (June 1968):14.

67. Ibid., 18. [BACK]

68. Dumont, The Absurd Healer, 125. [BACK]

69. For an interesting early example, based largely on Allport's and Postman's efforts, see Joseph D. Lohman, The Police and Minority Groups: A Manual Prepared for Use in the Chicago Park District Police Training School (Chicago: Chicago Park District, 1947). For an example of 1960s police training in "preventive mental health," see Morton Bard, "Alternatives to Traditional Law Enforcement," in Psychology and the Problems of Society, 128-132. Bard concludes that "police departments might be structured along the lines of highly flexible service organizations without in any way compromising their basic law enforcement mission." [BACK]

70. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover statement to the Kerner Commission, 1 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 1, p. 252. [BACK]

71. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Prevention and Control of Mobs and Crowds (Washington, D.C., 1967), esp. chaps. 2-4, sections on "Crowds and Their Behavior," "The Riot Pattern," "Characteristics of a Riot," and ''The Police Role in Preventing Riots." [BACK]

72. For an explicit rejection of therapeutic analogies in law enforcement because of a comparison between foreign counterinsurgency and the occupation of ghettos by domestic police forces, see Howard Zinn to Kerner Commission, 4 November 1967, KC Archives, reel 11, pp. 422-423. [BACK]

73. Kenneth Keniston, "How Community Mental Health Stamped Out the Riots (1968-78)," Trans-action 5 (July-August 1968):20-29. [BACK]

73. Kenneth Keniston, "How Community Mental Health Stamped Out the Riots (1968-78)," Trans-action 5 (July-August 1968):20-29.

74. Ibid., 28, emphasis in original. [BACK]

75. Mabry Blaylock to Fred Harris, 5 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 14, pp. 82-90; Robert Jackson to the Kerner Commission, 27 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 13, pp. 861-862; Ulric Haynes, Jr., to Lyndon Johnson, 8 April 1968, in Black Studies Research Sources: Microfilms from Major Archival Manuscript Collections, August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr., eds., Civil Rights Under the Johnson Administration, 1963-1969, pt. 1, White House Files, reel 5, pp. 2-3; Rector L. Smith to the Kerner Commission, 8 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 14, pp. 120-122. [BACK]

76. Memo from Executive Director to the Commission, 22 December

1967, in Black Studies Research Sources.' Microfilms from Major Archival Manuscript Collections, August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr., eds., Civil Rights Under the Johnson Administration, 1963-1969, pt. 1, White House Files, reel 10, p. 148, emphasis in original. [BACK]

77. Ted Gurr, "Urban Disorder: Perspective from the Comparative Study of Civil Strife," American Behavioral Scientist 11 (March-April 1968):50-55. This issue of the American Behavioral Scientist was edited by Kerner Commission consultant Louis H. Masotti and reported on a number of riot studies that had been sponsored by the military, or cooperatively sponsored by military and civilian bureaucracies. Gurr's study was funded by the Center for Research into Social Systems and the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). William McCord's and John Howard's survey, "Negro Opinions in Three Riot Cities," to mention another example, was funded jointly by the Texas Department of Mental Health and ARPA. [BACK]

78. Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 179. [BACK]

79. Memo on military's "Directly Related Experience," n.d., KC Archives, reel 11, pp. 24-31. [BACK]

80. Wills, "The Second Civil War," 71-81, 136-151. For example, see Col. Rex Applegate's discussion of the indebtedness of riot experts to World War II-era military materials and his criticism of the FBI role in riot training. [BACK]

81. For documentation and analysis of behavioralism in postwar political science, see Ricci, The Tragedy of Political Science, chap. 5; and Seybold, "The Ford Foundation and the Triumph of Behavioralism in American Political Science," 269-303. [BACK]

82. Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1962); Ralph H. Turner and Lewis M. Killian, Collective Behavior (Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957). Smelser called collective behavior "crude," "excessive," and eccentric," the expression of impulses normally repressed. He maintained that Freudian psychology was a necessary element of its analysis. For especially clear examples of the persistence in the postwar era of ideas not unlike Gustave Le Bon's in the late nineteenth century, see Turner and Killian, chap. 4, "Social Contagion," and chap. 5, "The Forms of Crowd Behavior." [BACK]

83. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, chap. 2. Chapter 2, "Patterns of Disorder," is followed by almost fifty pages of statistical footnotes. It is an excellent example of how social and behavioral data was concentrated and presented to confer a feeling of solidity and numerical fact upon the final report. [BACK]

84. These terms were lifted directly out of general theories like Turner's and Killian's. See, for example, Hans W. Mattick, "The Form and Content of Recent Riots," Midway 9 (Summer 1968):3-32. Mattick was a University of Chicago Law School professor who was hired by the Kerner Commission after Robert Shellow and the in-house research team members were fired. His typology also included the possibility of a "rational" riot, caused by objective grievances and characterized by clear goals. [BACK]

85. Clark, "Group Violence," 319-337. Clark found that 60 percent of the

black Harlem residents interviewed one month following the riot condemned this type of group violence out of hand, but a full 30 percent were willing to justify and defend it. [BACK]

86. Clark, Dark Ghetto, 15. [BACK]

87. Kenneth B. Clark, "'The Wonder Is There Have Been So Few Riots,'" New York Times Magazine, 5 September 1965, 10. [BACK]

88. Gary T. Marx, "Civil Disorder and the Agents of Social Control," in Muckraking Sociology: Research as Social Criticism, ed. Gary T. Marx (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1972), 75-97. Another example of psychological tests and models applied to police can be found in David Bayley and Harold Mendelsohn, Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America (New York: Free Press, 1969). Bayley and Mendelsohn administered standard measures such as the F Scale in order to understand the personalities and "perceptual world" of police officers. What they discovered was a chronically doubtful, anxious, and suspicious self-image. [BACK]

89. Robert Kapsis et al., The Reconstruction of a Riot: A Case Study of Community Tensions and Civil Disorder (Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University, Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence, 1970), 51-52, 58-60, 62-69. [BACK]

90. Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 38. [BACK]

90. Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 38.

91. Ibid., 77, chap. 11. [BACK]

92. The number of riots in 1967 was 164, according to the Kerner Commission's experts, but they admitted that definitions of "civil disorder" varied widely enough for the total to range between 51 and 217, and they settled for a rough categorization of "major," "serious," and "minor" disorders. See Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 112-113, 158-159. [BACK]

93. Quoted in Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 16. [BACK]

94. The Kerner Commission did not systematically exclude McCone-type theories, but analysis that blamed criminal "riffraff," black nationalists, or Communist agitators for civil disturbances was rare. For an exception to this rule, see J. Edgar Hoover statement to the Kerner Commission, 1 August 1967, KC Archives, reel 1, pp. 249-316. Hoover emphatically blamed black power advocates like H. Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael for inciting violence, suggested that civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King served the evil purposes of communism, and concluded that riots were often the work of hardened criminals. [BACK]

95. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 2. [BACK]

96. Kopkind, "White on Black," 385, emphasis in original. [BACK]

97. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, chap. 7. [BACK]

97. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, chap. 7.

98. Ibid., 203, chap. 4. [BACK]

97. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, chap. 7.

99. Ibid., chap. 17. [BACK]

100. Francis Keppel testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, Hearings on "Deprivation and Personality—A New Challenge to Human Resources Development," pts. 1-2, April 1968, 90th Cong., 2nd sess., 70. [BACK]

101. "Review Symposium," 1275. [BACK]

102. Telegram from Lester Maddox to Lyndon Johnson, 9 March 1968,

in Black Studies Research Sources: Microfilms from Major Archival Manuscript Collections, August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr., eds., Civil Rights Under the Johnson Administration, 1963-1969, White House Files, pt. 1, reel 5, pp. 37-38. [BACK]

103. An example can be found in Skolnick, "Violence Commission Violence," 32-38. Skolnick objects to the pattern of commissions distorting experts' work and exploiting their names for the purposes of legitimizing their dubious conclusions, but he also defends the value of commission expertise. At least data has been gathered, he points out, making alternative interpretations and policy recommendations possible. For other examples of the view that Kerner Commission expertise had been ignored, resisted, and even ridiculed, see Karl Menninger's testimony in PAFP, 52; and the description of Daniel Moynihan's severe criticism of the Kerner Commission in Schoen, Pat, 139. [BACK]

104. Arthur Brayfield testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, Hearings on "Deprivation and Personality—A New Challenge to Human Resources Development," 265-266. [BACK]

104. Arthur Brayfield testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Senate Committee on Government Operations, Hearings on "Deprivation and Personality—A New Challenge to Human Resources Development," 265-266.

105. Ibid., 265, emphasis in original. [BACK]

106. Shellow, "Social Scientists and Social Action from within the Establishment," 219. [BACK]