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Two Alzheimer's Hell

1. Michals 1992. [BACK]

2. See Lock 1993 for an excellent example, in medical anthropology, of the selective use of European history in the construction of a Japanese ethnography and history of the present. [BACK]

3. New genetically engineered subspecies of mice marketed as viable animal models of Alzheimer's disease for laboratory research have been patented in the United States. Newspaper reports of this research have been as likely to appear on business as science pages of American newspapers. See King 1995, Kolata 1995, Riordan 1995, "Alzheimer's Work Aided by New Breed of Mouse" 1996. [BACK]

4. Rabinow 1989:7. [BACK]

5. Comment made at a seminar at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, 1990. [BACK]

6. A. Kleinman ''Illness Narratives" 1988. See Good and Good 1981. [BACK]

7. I am grateful to Linda Hunt for providing me with a supply of supermarket tabloids when I was in Varanasi. [BACK]

8. Donaldson 1988. [BACK]

9. Cowley 1989, Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989. [BACK]

10. Fox 1989. [BACK]

11. Cowley 1989, Gelman, Hager, and Quade 1989, Kantrowitz 1989. [BACK]

12. Mace and Rabins 1981.

13. Ibid.: 14. [BACK]

12. Mace and Rabins 1981.

13. Ibid.: 14. [BACK]

14. Turner 1969. [BACK]

15. Egan 1990. [BACK]

16. One might compare the publicity over Adldns's case with that over Gerald Klooster, a California obstetrician apparently diagnosed with Alzheimer's whose wife, Ruth, allegedly tried to involve Kevorkian in a hotly contested "assisted suicide" for her husband. A custody battle erupted, one son winning custody of Klooster in a Michigan court, "saving his life" from Kevorkian and Ruth Klooster, and a daughter regaining custody in a California court. Legal and other representatives of both children framed the issue to the court and press in terms of Klooster's suffering, but descriptions of this suffering invariably invoked the ''other victim" (Lewin 1996, see pp. 303-4). [BACK]

17. Ramos 1995, Stone 1994. [BACK]

18. Sidey 1994

19. Ibid. [BACK]

18. Sidey 1994

19. Ibid. [BACK]

20. Morris (1995) points out the additional importance of Reagan having written out the letter by hand. [BACK]

21. There are other ways children of parents diagnosed with dementia have approached its twin victimizations, avoiding both the pious silencings of Alzheimer's professionalism and its gerontocidal tabloid parody. Deborah Hoffmann's 1994 film, Complaints of a Dutiful Daughter , acknowledges her ambivalent and at times difficult relationship with her mother before and during the latter's illness, without the story ever falling into either Grand Guignol or granny-dumping. The mother in the film never ceases to be a person, however difficult or impoverished her relationships with others become. The filmmaker reports realizing that her initial problem with her mother during the progressive course of the latter's dementia lay in expecting her to be someone she no longer was. The message is that of The 36-Hour Day , but unlike its realization in the ADRDA meeting, the message here never degenerates into the denial of selfhood. Alzheimer's is acknowledged, but the acknowledgment does not replace the old woman as the heart of the story. [BACK]

22. Cole 1992. [BACK]

23. Angler 1990. [BACK]

24. "Researchers Say Skin Test May Identify People with Brain Disease" 1993. [BACK]

25. Humphry 1991. [BACK]

26. Cited in Lyman 1989:599; see Gubrium 1986. [BACK]

27. Lyman 1989: 599. [BACK]

28. Dawson and Reid 1987, Rader 1987. [BACK]

29. Lyman 1989: 602. [BACK]

30. Thewlis 1941. [BACK]

31. Nascher 1914. [BACK]

32. Canguilhem 1989. [BACK]

33. Charcot 1866, considerably revised as Charcot 1867. Early English versions included Tuke's Clinical Lectures on Senile and Chronic Diseases (1881) and an American edition, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Old Age , trans. L. H. Hunt (1881). Alain Lellouch (1992) offers a far broader catalogue of Charcot's writings on "la pathologie se[?]nile." [BACK]

34. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases : 17. See also Lellouch 1992: 86. [BACK]

35. Prus 1840. [BACK]

36. Lellouch, p. 94n. "The medicine of old people is still to be made." [BACK]

37. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on the Diseases : 20. [BACK]

38. Thomas Cole, attempting to insert Charcot into a narrative of the ever more routinized split of the normal and the pathological in the movement toward geriatrics, downplays Charcot's observation that the distinction collapses in old age (1992: 201-2). But Canguilhem's discussion, cited by Cole, troubles the seamless movement Cole suggests, as I will discuss below. [BACK]

39. Canguilhem 1992: 104. [BACK]

40. Cole 1992: 106.

41. Ibid.: 199-200. [BACK]

40. Cole 1992: 106.

41. Ibid.: 199-200. [BACK]

42. Nascher 1914: 195. [BACK]

43. Maclachlan 1863. [BACK]

44. Rostan 1823: 217, 244. [BACK]

45. Weiner 1993: 188-89. [BACK]

46. Cohn 1996, Rabinow 1989. [BACK]

47. Rowland 1851: 50-55. [BACK]

48. Jackson 1875. [BACK]

49. Dieulafoy 1918: 983. [BACK]

50. Kraepelin 1968 [1904], Bleuler 1924. [BACK]

51. Maclachlan 1863: 24, see also Sicherman 1981. Flint 1879:669. [BACK]

52. See Cole 1992. [BACK]

53. Bacon 1683: 11. [BACK]

54. Smith 1752. [BACK]

55. Maclachlan 1863: 21. [BACK]

56. Kraepelin 1968 [1904]: 9.

57. Ibid.: 221. [BACK]

56. Kraepelin 1968 [1904]: 9.

57. Ibid.: 221. [BACK]

58. Tanner 1860, cited in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) 1989 (8): 56. [BACK]

59. Power and Sedgwick 1888, cited in OED 1989 (8):56. [BACK]

60. Nascher 1915, discussed below. [BACK]

61. On Alzheimer, see Kraepelin 1987. [BACK]

62. Warthin I929:77-78.

63. Ibid.: 113, 115. [BACK]

62. Warthin I929:77-78.

63. Ibid.: 113, 115. [BACK]

64. Barrett 1910, Simchowicz 1910, Fuller 1911, Tiffany 1913-14. [BACK]

65. Gubrium 1987. [BACK]

66. Fox 1989. [BACK]

67. The lone voice in the wilderness was the Canadian neuropathologist Vladimir Hachinski (e.g., Hachinski 1990). [BACK]

68. Curtin 1972, de Beauvoir 1972, Blau 1973, Butler 1975, Gubrium 1975. [BACK]

69. Sankar 1984. [BACK]

70. Luborsky and Sankar 1993; see also Cohen 1994. [BACK]

71. Cole 1992. [BACK]

72. Callahan 1987, 1993. [BACK]

73. Cohen 1994. [BACK]

74. Cited in Mora 1991: lviii.

75. Ibid.: lxii. [BACK]

74. Cited in Mora 1991: lviii.

75. Ibid.: lxii. [BACK]

76. Weyer 1991 [1583]: 523-24.

77. Ibid.: 285. [BACK]

76. Weyer 1991 [1583]: 523-24.

77. Ibid.: 285. [BACK]

78. Scot 1964 [1584]: 33. [BACK]

79. Kramer and Sprenger, 1948: 44. [BACK]

80. Scot 1964: 29. [BACK]

81. Macfarlane 1970. See also Demos 1982 for attention to why the voices of certain women, particularly at midlife, presented a threat in seventeenth-century New England. [BACK]

82. Pliny as translated by Philemon Holland (1601: vii: xlix: 182). [BACK]

83. Kennedy 1844: 245-46. [BACK]

84. Lock 1993:303-29. [BACK]

85. Laqueur 1990. [BACK]

86. Durrant 1865: 233. [BACK]

87. Halford 1833: 10-13. [BACK]

88. Skae "Climacteric Insanity" 1865, Skae "Climacteric Insanity in the Male" 1865. [BACK]

89. Podolsky 1933: 70. [BACK]

90. De Fleury 1910, Gleason 1916. [BACK]

91. Galloway 1933:129. [BACK]

92. Moinson 1934. [BACK]

93. Nascher 1914: 1. [BACK]

94. Nascher 1915: 541-43. [BACK]

95. Nascher 1914: 6. [BACK]

96. See, for example, Walker 1985. [BACK]

97. See, for example, Martin 1987. [BACK]

98. Nascher 1914: 16-17.

99. Ibid.: 18-19. [BACK]

98. Nascher 1914: 16-17.

99. Ibid.: 18-19. [BACK]

100. Nascher 1915:541-44. [BACK]

101. See Amaducci, Rocca, and Schoenberg 1986, Beach 1987, Berrios 1990, Berrios and Freeman (eds.) 1991. [BACK]

102. Berrios 1990: 363.

103. Ibid.: 362. [BACK]

102. Berrios 1990: 363.

103. Ibid.: 362. [BACK]

104. Alzheimer 1907. [BACK]

105. Berrios 1990: 359-63. [BACK]

106. I am less certain than Berrios appears to be as to whether the Alzheimer of the 1907 paper is as much a part of this consensus as Berrios seems to suggest. Alzheimer repeatedly stresses, in that paper, the failure of existing classifications to capture the peculiarities of the case in question. [BACK]

107. Wolfenstein 1955, FitzGerald 1986. [BACK]

108. Egan 1992. [BACK]

109. Chui 1989. [BACK]

110. Shakespeare 1974: II: iv: 204. [BACK]

111. Fuller 1912: 452-53, 453-54.

112. Ibid.: 541-43. [BACK]

111. Fuller 1912: 452-53, 453-54.

112. Ibid.: 541-43. [BACK]

113. Ramaseshan and Martin (eds.) 1992. [BACK]

114. See, for example, the cover of Berrios and Freeman (eds.) 1991. [BACK]

1. "Study Suggests . . ." 1996. [BACK]

2. Herrnstein and Murray 1994. [BACK]

3. Daly 1996. [BACK]


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