Index
NOTE: c after a page number indicates material found in a marginal comment; n indicates material found in notes.
A
African-centered world histories, 296 n15
Africans, origin of, 11 , 167
Agave cactus, 322 n2
Aging
abnormalities in, 56 , 67
brevity of Hohokam mythic history, 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 11 , 38 , 298 n5
premature, 93
youthfulness of Siuuhu, 11 , 282
Ak Chin (village), 257 c
Alaska Native Language Center, 294 n10
Algae, in creation, 59
Allison, William, 1 , 12 , 14 –16, 26 –28, 111
American churches, established and tribal, 18 –24, 296 n18
Anger, origin of, 86 , 87
Animals
created by First Born, 59
created by God (New English Bible), 64 –65
created by Hohokam, 321 n18
dream visitations by, 251 c
First Born's changing of, 61
human-like, 42
mythic loss of human aspect, 42
purpose of fear in, 114 c
talking, 39
use by medicine men, 321 n20
Ants, creation of and by, 54 , 303 n5
Apaches
creation of, 41
era of, 235 –236
first people to talk, 80
friendship with the Pimas, 277
killing of, 217
killing of Kokoñip by, 235 , 236
raids by, 36
wars with, 11 , 170 –171, 276 –277
wickedness of, 112
Archaeology
pre-European interest of, 284
quantifying interest of, 5
Arrow, power of, 274
Arrowhead making, dream sign about, 82
Ashes Hill, 278 , 325 n5
Autobiography, Native American, 291 n1
Aztec mythology, 298 –99n6
B
Baboquivari Mountain, 149 , 228 , 313 n8
Baby tears, as cause of flood, 67
Bad dreams, driving away of, 244 c
Badger, stealing cactus seeds by, 107
Ball courts and games, 10 , 298 n5, 307 n7
Basket making, dream sign about, 82
Battles.
See also War
with Apaches, 11 , 170 –171, 276 –277
in Gila and Salt River valleys, 203
at "great-houses," 6 –7
Bead making, 82
Beans, Siuuhu's creation of, 84
Bear, man with the power of, 50
Beater Wind, 171 –175. See also Bitter Wind
Bierhorst, John, 17 , 294 –295n12, 296 n18
Big Mountain, 263 –264
Birth. See Parenthood, versus creation
Bitter Man, 33 –35, 37 –38, 41 , 297 n3. See also Siwañ
"Bitter Man, The" (Governor of Uturituc), 33 –36
"Bitter Man, The" (Manje's Guides), 37 –38
Bitter pumpkin, 94
Bitter Wind, 136 , 154 , 156 , 315 nn10, 11
Biveschool (bird), 103 , 104
Black Beetle, 60 –61
Black-eyed peas, creation of, 85
"Black house," 303 n9
Black Sinew Chief, 41 , 204 , 205 , 320 n12
attack on, 258 –259
conquest of, 235 –262
magic line drawn by, 261
"Black Sinew Chief, His Basket, and Kokoñip" (Thin Leather/Russell), 258 –260
Black Water, 31
Blood debt, 298 –299n6
Bluebird, 117
powers of, 103 –104
Bluebird man, 251 –252
Bluebird medicine man, 243
Blue Light, 117
Boiling ground, land of, 272 –273
Book of Mormon, 19 –22, 295 –296nn14, 15, 16
Bostwick, Todd, 292 n6
"Boy Gambler, the Man-Eagle, and the Origin of White Culture," 157 –169
Broomweed, 164 n
Brown Buzzard, 172 –173, 232 . See also Buzzard
Brown Mountain, 190
Brumble, H. David, 291 n1
Burial, origin of, 94
Bushes, creation of, 54 , 303 n5
Butterfly, 119
Buzzard
authority of, 52 c
capture of, 41 –42, 205 , 224 –227, 232 –233, 318 n2
creation of, 51 –52
Earth Doctor's hopes for, 55 , 302 n3
examination of Giant Cactus by, 107
home of, 192 , 204 –205, 318 n2
killing of Siuuhu by, 184 –186, 192 –195
loss of power of, 227
punishment of, 225 –226, 232
pursuit of, 222 –223
as sun god, 41 –42, 302 n3, 315 nn14, 15
wicked scheme of, 226 –227
Buzzard moiety, 310 n3, 320 n13
By-av-chu-luv (bird), 113 –114 song of, 118
C
Cacti
changing into corn and pumpkin, 100 –101
transforming of people into, 40
Cactus fruit, changing into pumpkin and corn, 90
Cactus thorns
chastity preserver, 302 –303n4
ear piercing with, 157
Cactus wine, 107
origin of, 125 –130
Cactus wine ceremony. See Wine ceremonies
Cadigum, 111 , 309 n3
marriage of, 114
return of the whore to, 120 –121
as tobacco substitute, 309 n3
Cadigum song, 117
Canals. See Hohokam canals
Cane, with eyes, 240 –241
Cane man, 223
Cane songs (Earth Doctor), 71 –72
Cannibalism, 56 , 67 , 166 c
"Capture of Buzzard" (Hendricks), 232
"Capture of Buzzard" (Thin Leather), 232 –233
Casa Blanca, 204 , 214 , 318 –319n4, 319 n12
as center of Hohokam resistance, 319 n4
Casa Grande
building of, 34
ceasing of rain at, 108 –109
enticing of the women of, 151 –152
relative to Casa Blanca, 320 n12
Casa Grande Ruin National Monument, 31 , 205 –206, 244
Changing Woman, 310 –311n6
Chants, 25 . See Oratory, or public speaking
Characters, in Native American myths, 283
Charity, 174 n
Chicken-hawk, capture of Noo-ee by, 232 –233
Chiefs, naming of great-houses after, 32 , 317 n8. See also Siwañ
Children.
See also Parenthood
killing by the monster female child, 143 –144, 148 –149
rearing of, 157
Christianity
folk, among Pima-Papago, 22
influence on Smith-Allison text, 16 –24
Chupa (crazy like a woman), 89 . See also Whore
Churchness, Native American formations on, 22 –24
Civano subphase, 292 –293n7
Clans. See Moieties; Sibs
Classic period, 10 , 292 –293n7
Clawed monster baby, 138 , 142 –146, 148 –149
Cliff symbolism, 89 c
"Cliff that smells like blood," 170 . See also Raw, Rock
Cloth, nom kam , 224
Cloth making, dream sign about, 82
Clouds, as rain carriers, 82 –83c
Codex Chimalpopoca, 294 n10
Colonial period, 10 , 292 –293n7
Commandments
biblical first, as applied to Smith-Allison, 20 , 295 –296n14
breaking of, 114
about marriage, 94
about parental duties, 122 , 157
"Conquest, The" (Hendricks), 230 –231
Conquest, varieties of Pima narrative of, 6 –7, 203 –206, 318 nn1, 3
Corn
according to Thin Leather, 77
cheating of Tobacco by, 86
marriage to human woman, 76
marriage to Tobacco, 102 –106
mythology of, 76
quarrel with Tobacco, 95
rain of, 91 , 102
return of, 99 –107
speeches by, 103 –106
travels with Pumpkin, 96
"Corn and Tobacco Leave," 85 –88
Corn and Tobacco myth, 42 –43
Corn and Tobacco stories, 75 –110
Corn man, 85 , 307 n7
birth and death of the child of, 92
falling in love by, 89 –90
preparations for the return of, 91
"Corn Returns," 88 –94
Corn seeds
Siuuhu's creation of, 82
as symbol of marriage, 83
Corn songs, 86 –87, 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 305 –307n4
Corn worm, 90
transformation into a baby, 92
Cotton
dream signs about, 81 –82
planting by Siuuhu, 81
song, 81 , 305 n3
Coyote (Toehahvs, Ban), 39 , 49
creation of people by, 79
as a flood survivor, 67
pursuit of Badger by, 107
return of the flute of, 74
return of the house of, 73
search for Dog-Pumpkin Baby by, 106 –107
as Siwani's helper, 228
water in the tracks of, 70 –71
Coyote moiety, 310 n3, 320 n13
Crazy water, 129
Creation. See Parenthood, versus creation
"Creation" (Dolores), 58 –62
Crooked Mountain, 231
Crop songs. See Corn songs; Farming myths and songs
Cruelty, absence of, 85
Curing
as sacrament, 22
songs for, 175
Cushing, Frank H., 9
D
Dancing, method of, 49 c, 321 –322n21
Dancing ground, 62
Dark great-house, 303 –304n21
Darkness
creation of, 50 –51
god of, 259
Dating techniques, 9
Dawn, creation of, 47 –48
Dead, dreams of, 244 c
Death
origin of, 92 , 263 , 323 n9, 325 n1
return to earth after, 92 c
as suggested by Black Beetle, 60 –61
Deaver, William, 318 n3
Deer
creation of, 48
hunting of, 157 –158
Densmore, Ruth, 153
DeSautel, M., 12
Desert People, 229 , 309 –310n2. See also Papago territorial group; Pima-Papago
"Destruction through Sex," 69 –74
Devil, 183 c
Dice sticks, 154 , 158 c
Dirty action, perceived by Allison, 118 c
Disobedience, as original sin, 179 –200, 316 –317n3
Divining quartz crystal, 97
Doctor's Square Stone, 97
Doctor's Stone of Light, 97
Doctrine and Covenants , 21
Dog, speaking in flood, 73 , 303 n8
Dog-Pumpkin Baby, 102 , 106
Dolores, Juan, 45 , 58 , 204 , 304 n1
Down-feather Running, 206
Dreams
animal visitations during, 251 c
myth revelations in, 292 n5
Dream signs, 81 –82. See also Bad dreams
Dream travel, 292 n5
"Drinker, The" (Governor of Uturituc), 39 –43
Drink-it-all-up, 135 , 138 , 139 , 298 –299n6. See also Siuuhu
"Drunkard's songs," 128 –129
Drunkenness, 123 –124, 129 n, 182
Dryness. See Wetness and dryness as mythological themes
Duajida songs, 316 n20
Ducks, creation of, 79
Dust devils, 132 c
Dying god motif, 16 –17
E
Eagle
capture of Noo-ee by, 232 –233
death of, 166 –167
killing by Siuuhu, 154 , 155
killing of, 149
people with the power of, 223
transformation of a young man into, 153 , 160 , 312 n2
warrior purification and, 313 n1
Eagle Mountain, 108
Earth
circularity of, 305 n2
connection to the heavens, 47
creation of, 11 , 45
creation of (Dolores), 58 –62
creation of (New English Bible), 63
creation of (Thin Leather), 53 –58
Jeoss's creation of, 46
plasma, 303 n5
spinning of, 80 , 161 , 305 n2
Earth Doctor, 45 , 46
as an aid to Siuuhu, 208
cane songs of, 71 –72
contrasted with God, 302 n2
creation by, 55 , 68
creation of Buzzard by, 51 –52
creation of oil by, 80
creation of underworld people by, 317 n6
difference from God, 302 n2
as the first person, 53
as a flood survivor, 67 , 72
as a purifier, 156
role in original people's escape, 75
rule for women of, 53
shrinking of the ocean by, 212
spitting of sickness by, 79
Earth Medicine Man, 45 n. See also Earth Doctor
Earth Medicine Man songs, 59 , 299 –301nn3, 4
Earthquake Doctor, 261
Earth Shaman, 45 n. See Earth Doctor
Earth surface chiefs, 227
Ee-ee-toy, 58 , 135 .
See also Siuuhu
killing of, 190 –195
scalping of Noo-ee by, 232 –233
Ejaculation god, 77
El Bebedor, 38 , 298 –299n6. See also Siuuhu
Elder Brother, 58 .
See also Siuuhu
killing of Ha-ak by, 149
naming of mountains by, 230 –231
purification of, 176 –177
tempting of girls by, 190
Emergence, place of, 322 n23, 325 n5
Emigration theories, 9
Empiricism, about oral histories, 2 , 7 –9
"Ending: Big Mountain," 263 –264
"Ending: Defeat at the Ocean People," 269 –272
"Ending: First Grave," 264 –267
"Ending: Raven and Geehoduk," 267 –268
"Ending: Stop the War, Split the Water, Depart the God," 272 –278
"Ending: Turkey Man," 268 –269
Estrella subphase, 292 –293n7
Europe, in Smith-Allison text, 319 nn9, 10
Evers, Larry, 307 n6
Evil, selfishness as, 252 c. See also Wickedness
Evil spirit, in woman, 53
F
Farming myths and songs, 42 –43, 75 –77, 111 , 190 , 305 n4, 305 –307n6, 308 nn10, 12
Fasting, for purification, 174
Father of Tobacco, 98 , 99 , 101
Feather Braided Chief, 154 –156
"Feather Braided Chief and the Gambler," 124
Feather-corn gruel, 155 , 160
Feeler Mountain. See Ta:tkam Mountain
Fenton, William, 296 n18
Fewkes, J. W., 9 , 291 n3, 296 n18
Fighting weapons, 208
Fire, creation by man-gods, 53
First Born, 58 –62, 302 n9. See also Earth Doctor
"First Creation," 46 –53
"First Creation" (Thin Leather), 53 –58
First creation, fate of, 75
First day, events of, 49
Fish, creation of, 79
Flat-headed corn, 89
"Floating gap," as feature of oral histories, 3 , 5
Flood, 67 –74
as caused by baby tears, 67
cause of, 303 n4
destruction by, 72
myth of, 139
rebirth of gods after, 67 –68
Flood water, turning into ocean, 73 c
Flute Lure myth, 312 n6, 319 n7
Fog
creation of, 223
god of, 259
role in irrigation, 136
Folktale, The (Thompson), 17
Font, Pedro, 31
Font text, 31 –43
"The Bitter Man" (Governor of Uturituc), 33 –36
"The Bitter Man" (Manje's Guides), 37 –38
"The Drinker" (Governor of Uturituc), 39 –43
Fontana, Bernard, 304 n1
Food, creation of, 48
Four, significance of the number, 84 c
Frog, 322 n23
Frog Mountain, 231 , 322 n23
Fruit picking, dream sign about, 82
Future, Siuuhu's predictions about, 93
G
Gambler, 154 –156, 175 –176
transformation into an Eagle, 146 , 155
Garcia, Sivariano, 153
Gender marking, lack of in pronouns, 313 –314n2
Genesis, 45 –65
in the New English Bible, 62 –65
Giant (Saguaro) Cactus, 106
scattering of, 107
Gila Bend, 257 c, 318 n1
Gila Butte subphase, 292 –293n7
Gila Crossing, 151
Gila Pueblo, 13
Gila River, 86 , 100 , 204 –205
Gila Valley, battles in, 203
Gins, game of, 85 –86, 95 , 156 , 159 , 307 n7
Gladwin, Harold, 10 –11
God, Christian, 20 , 45 , 46 , 62 –65, 181 –182, 299 n2, 302 n2
Gods
disobedience to, 179 –180
and marriage, 43 , 67 , 76 –77, 111 , 180 –181, 282 , 318 n2
rebirth after the flood, 67 –68
Golden Woman, The , 12
Gold hatband, 51
"Good air," 93 c
Gopher, sabotage of the Hohokam by, 241 c
Gopher boys, 227 –228
Grammar of Papago, A (Zepeda), 29
Granite Reef Dam, 124 , 125 , 126
Grass, as food, 49
Gravel Great-house, 32
Greasewood bush, creation of, 54
"Greasy earth" (perspiration), 54
Greasy mountain, 205 . See also Muhadag Mountain
"Great Doctor's End" (Thin Leather/Lloyd), 260 –262
Great flood, destruction of people by, 53 . See also Flood
Great-houses, 6 .
See also Wa'aki
end of, 8 –9, 36 , 324 –325n13
in the Font text, 31
meaning of, to Pimas and archaeologists, 6 , 32 , 297 n1, 313 n11, 315 n13
naming of, 32
pot as, 303 –304n9
Snaketown excavations and, 10
warfare during the time of, 8 –9
Green Girl, 311 n6
Green hawk, creation of, 312 n4
Green tobacco, 85
Green wind, 322 n4
Gregorio, Juan, 317 n5
Greyness, early onset of, 56 , 67
Group accounts, 3 , 5
Guadalupe, 251 –252
H
Hair, transformation into a snake, 243 , 261
Handsome Lake, 296 n18
Hat Mountain, 240
Haury, Emil, 10 –11, 13
Hawk
people with the power of, 223
as solar, 42 , 312 n4
turning of a child into, 268 –269
Hayden, Julian, 1 , 10
on the creation narrative text, 12 –15
on Hohokam history, 293 n8, 310 n3, 320 n14, 324 –325n13
Head Mountain, 231
Heatmaker, 259
Heaven, creation of, 63
Hendricks, Mattias, conquest narrative by, 203 , 230 –231, 263
Herbs, for curing spider bite, 152
Her-va-chut (Bluebird), 117 , 118 –119
powers of, 103 –104
Herzog, George, 305 –307n6
Hikovik (woodpecker), 72 , 98
Hohokam, 1 , 209 c
archaeology, history of, 9 –11
ballgames, 10 , 298 n5, 307 n7
canals, 10 , 35 –36, 123 –125, 130 –136, 311 n8, 324 –325n13
chiefs, 15 , 155 . See also Siwañ
civilization of, end of, 1 –2, 3 –4, 8 –9, 75 , 207 , 282 , 293 n8
conquest, narratives of, 203 –233, 318 –319nn1, 3, 4
dissociation from the Drinker, 41
interrogation of Siuuhu by, 179 , 181 –182
meaning of the term, 1
platform mounds, 292 n6, 318 n3. See also Great-houses
pre-great-house, 8
relationship to plants, 76
village life, archeological periods of, 10 , 292 –293n7
Hohokam Chronicles, 179 , 282
beginning of, 78
songs and war orations of, 25
"Hohokam Chronicles, The," 11
Ho'ok , 138 , 140 , 144 .
See also Witch
myth of, 312 n6
songs, of killing, 313 n7
"Ho'ok, 'Witch'," 141 –146
Horned toad people, 265
"How a Chief from Another 'Great House' Enticed the Women from Casa Grande" (Thin Leather), 151 –152
"How Morning Green Lost His Power Over the Winds and the Rain Gods" (Thin Leather), 108 –110
"How Nooee Killed Ee-ee-toy" (Thin Leather), 190 –195
Huamanui, 141 , 252 , 253 . See also Buzzard
Humans
creation of (New English Bible), 64 –65
creation of (Thin Leather), 55
ground as a guide for, 52 c
necessity of work for, 78
perfection of, 52 c, 56
Hummingbird, pursuit of Wind-man, 108 –109
Hunting, dream sign about, 82
dangerousness of, in Apsche period, 235 –236
for marriage feast food, 115 –116
I
I'itoi, 62 .
See also Siuuhu
army gathering by, 204
conquest of Siwani by, 227
etymology, 298 –299n6
Siwani's killing of, 197 –199
travels of, 200 –201
"I'itoi Is Killed" (Dolores), 196 –202
"Interlude: Arrows from the South," 253 –254
"Interlude: Water Plume and Himmult," 237 –239
Interrogation, of god by people, 179 , 181 –183
Iroquois religion and government, 296 n18
Irrigation
first teaching of, 133
mythologically less interesting to Pimas than rain, 35 –36, 42 –43
origin of, 35 , 124 , 130 –134
Siuuhu's role in, 130
Israel-centered histories, 20 , 296 n15
Israelites, 19
J
Jackrabbit, creation of, 48
Jackrabbit Eaters, 220 , 321 –322n17
Jackrabbit song, 49
Jackson, Barney, 14
Jealousy, origin of, 227
Jeoss. See God, Christian
Jewed Ma:kai, 45 . See also Earth Doctor
Jimsonweed, 144 n, 145
Juhwertamahkai.
See also Earth Doctor
creation by, 55
destruction of people by, 56 –57
song of creation by, 54
K
Kickball, impregnation via, 137 , 138 , 141 –142, 148
Killing
by man-eagle, 161 –162
mythical, 153 –154
of Siuuhu as Jesus figure, 16 –18, 179
as wrong, 158
Kingfisher bird, 103
Komalk Hok (Thin Buckskin), 53 –54c. See also Thin Leather
Komatke mountains, 120 , 264 , 267
Kroeber, Alfred, 292 n5
L
Learning, necessity of, 50 c
Legends and Lore (Saxton and Saxton), 305 n6
Light
creation of, by First Born, 59 –60
creation of, by God (New English Bible), 62 –63
creation of, by Jeoss, 46 , 301 n6
Lightmaker, 259
Lightning, 154 , 159 , 160
medicine man's use of, 215
Literalism
in myth character, 154 , 157 –158
about oral histories, 2
Literature
and contemplation, 24
genres of, Pima-Papago and memory based in general, 24 –26
periods of, Native American, 263
Lizard, transformation into turquoise, 138
Lloyd, J. W., 291 n3
Lopez, Frank, 304 n1
Los Muertos, 9 –10, 310 n5
Love, righteous versus unrighteous, 182 –183
Love of woman, spirit form of, 210 –211c
"Lower Pimas," 297 n2
Lying, origin of, 112 –113
M
Magic songs
enticing women with, 151 –152
role in irrigation, 133
Malva (plant), 49 n
Man.
See also Humans
creation of (New English Bible), 64 –65
Man
Meoss's creation of, 46
likeness to gods, 78
Man-eagle, 160 –161
feathers from, 255
Man-god
characteristics of, 45
creation by, 53 , 311 –312n1
murder and revival of, 7 , 16
woman's tenderness to, 156
Manje, Juan, 33 , 36 , 236
Man-over-nature myth, 124
Many Rattlesnakes (village), 322 n22
Many wells, 277
Maricopa Indians, 81 , 305 n3, 322 n23
Marital infidelity, 114 –116, 151 –152
Marriage
of Cadigum, 114
and gods, 43 , 67 , 76 –77, 111 , 180 –181, 282 , 318 n2
paradise persons and, 42 –43, 76 –77
regularization of, 308 –309n13
relation to origin of farm crops, 76 –77
significance of stories about, 77
Siuuhu's commandments about, 94
as symbolized by corn and pumpkin seeds, 83 c
Marty, Martin, 18
Mat making, dream sign about, 82
Mattina, Anthony, 12
Medicine, Hummingbird's, 109
Medicine man songs, 216 –217
Medicine man's stone, 213
Medicine men
bringing rain by, 115 c
Coyote having the power of, 70 –71
diminishment of power of, 187 c
divination, 321 n19
drinking cactus wine by, 128
flood's overpowering of, 72 –73
kinds of, 170 c, 171
making plumes by, 217
owning Siuuhu's powers by, 129 c
power of, 79 –80
role in irrigation, 131 –132
use of lightning and thunder, 215
use of owls, 321 n20
Medicine songs, 175
Medicine woman, 125
making wind trouble by, 219
role in irrigation, 133
Meet the Sun, 147
Men.
See also Humans; Man as "creator gods," 137
fashioning from mud, 39
Menstral clock, male admiration for, 140
Mercury Series (Canadian Ethnology Service), 294 n10
Mescal, 237 , 322 n2
Mescal painted chief, 236 –237
Mesoamerica, 293 –294n10, 294 –295n12, 307 n7. See also Aztecs
Mexicans, or Spaniards, 80
Milky Way, creation of, 50
Mirage, god of, 259
Mirage Doctor, 262
Moah-haht-tack, Moehahdheck, Mo-ho-dak, 54 , 143 , 145 , 190 , 191 , 205 . See also Muhadag Mountain
Moieties (descent groups), 310 n3, 320 nn13, 14, 325 n15
Mojave Indians, 96 , 120 , 142 , 292 n5, 299 n7, 312 n6
Molina, Felipe, 307 n6
Momaday, N. Scott, 291 n1
Monster-witch, execution of, 138 . See also Ho'ok
Moon
creation by First Born, 60
creation of, 49
creation of (New English Bible), 63 –64
creation of (Thin Leather), 55
as mother of coyote, 57 –58
Morality, Allison's interest in, 111
Mormonism, 19 –21, 295 –296nn14, 15, 16
Morning, creation of, 48
Morning Green Chief, 108 –110, 138 –140, 146 –148, 205 , 312 n6
defeat of, 206
enticing of the women of, 151 –152
powerful medicine of, 152
Morning Green Chief Great-house, 32
Motz, Fisher, 14
Mounds of Sand (place), 114
Mountain of the Foam (Sierra de la Espuma), 39
Mountains
creation of, 55
medicine in, 172 –173
Mount Lemon, 322 n23
Muhadag Mountain, 205 , 313 n8
Musk melon, Siuuhu's creation of, 94
Myth
concentration on individuals, 4
versus history, 2 –6, 281 , 283 , 307 n7
Mesoamerican and North American in general, 283 , 294 –295n12
mystical episodes, 8 –9
unique instance of three-generation story, 235
Mythology, 281 –284
as corpus of one person's tales, 282 , 304 n1
as terminated era of Native American literature, 283
variations in, 7
N
Names, The (Momaday), 291 n1
Nasia, Nassya, Natci, 152 , 152 n, 210 –211c, 273 , 319 nn6, 8, 325 n4
Native American ("Peyote") church, 18 –24
Native-language mythological texts, 294 n10. See also Translation
Native Pima church, 19
Native sacramental tradition, 22
Naughty children, origin of, 157
Navajo Community College Press, 294 n10
Navajo country, sojourn of Corn at, 86
Nawicu, 163 , 314 n6
New creation stories, 75 –110
Nibley, Hugh, 296 n16
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 179 , 180 , 316 –317n3
Noda, Nodag , 115 , 118 , 128
Noda's song, 116
Nodigum schrodek (crazy water), 129
Nooee.
See also Buzzard
death of, 232 –233
as the first person, 55
killing of Ee-ee-toy by, 192 –195
Nooee Vahahkkee, 192
North Star, 168
Nose rings, 193 –194
Nui, 51 –52. See also Buzzard
Ñu:wi, 52 n, 55 . See also Buzzard
O
Oba, Obniu, Opa (people), 40 , 41 , 81 , 299 n1, 305 n3
Ocean crossing, 319 n9
Ocean people, 269 –272
Ocotillo foundation house, 250 –251
Oil, creation by Earth Doctor, 80
Old creation, death of the people in, 75
Old Man mountains, 120
Old woman, as Siuuhu's purifier, 156
"Old Woman's Death" (Hendricks), 278 –280
Ollas, 177
"On Emergence from the Netherworld," 319 –320n11
"Ones-made-big," 204
Oral history, 2 –6
Oral tradition, temporal zones of, 3 , 5 , 291 n1, 292 n5
Oral Tradition as History (Vansina), 2
Oratory, or public speaking, 25 , 155 –156, 309 n1, 315 –316nn16, 17, 317 n5
Origin accounts, 3
Original sin, 180 , 316 –317n3
Origin myths, 35
"Origin of Cactus Wine," 125 –130
"Origin of Irrigation," 124 , 130 –132
"Origin of Irrigation," (Thin Leather), 133 –134
"Origin of the Purification Ceremony and the Strengthening of Medicine Men," 169 –171
Oriole, blue, 221
Owl
creation of, 223
frightening of Hohokam by, 240 c
stealing of nests by, 265
used by medicine men, 321 n20
P
Papago country, 134
Papago Indian Religion (Under-hill), 305 n6
Papago Music (Densmore), 307 n6
Papago territorial group, 4
Paradise
as spirit destination, 93 c
stories of loss of, 42 –43, 316 n1
Parental duties, commandment concerning, 122 , 157
Parenthood
versus creation, 45 , 68 , 75 –77, 111 –112, 137 –141, 181 –182, 311 –312nn1, 2, 3. See also Sexual relations
language of, 69 –70, 70 c, 130 , 215 , 302 –303n4, 308 –309n12
Parents
obedience to, 114
responsibilities of, 115 c
Parrots
creation from Ha-ak's blood, 149 –150
creation of from sky-fallen lizard, 138 , 139 , 147
Patolli (game), 307 n7
Peace, period of, 134
Peacock tail hats, 218
Pearl of Great Price, The , 21
People.
See also Humans; Man
creation of first, 54 –55
formation from clay, 78 –79
petrified, 303 n8
Personal accounts, 3
Peyote Meeting, 23
Peyote Religion, The (Stewart), 23 , 24
Philandering, crime of, 67 , 68
Picacho, 147
"Pima Creation Myth" (Hayden), 26
"Pima Creation Myth" (Russell), 26
Pima language
first writing of, 33
orthography and pronunciation of, 28 –29
Pima mythology, physicality of, 68
Pima-Papago
creation of, 41
identification of, 291 n2
levels of text among, 25
literature of, 24 –26
riverine versus desert adaptations of, 309 –310n2
sacraments among, 18
Pima-Papago mythology physicality of, 68
relationship to history, 281
single narrators of, 282
Pimas
fighting among, 112 c
first ancestor of, 47
as first to plant, 81
relationship to Hohokam, 1 –2, 10
Upper and Lower, 297 n2
Pima territorial group, 4
Pima-to-Pima conquest, 37
Pinion feathers, 105
Pinole, drinking of, 160
Pioneer period, 10 , 292 –293n7
Planting
by ancient Pimas, 81
care in, 127 c
Plant-persons, 76
Plants
creation by First Born, 59
creation of (New English Bible), 63
Plate-licker, 248 , 248 n
"Platform mounds," 292 n6
Population, increase in, 56
Popul Vuh (mythology), 294 n10
Poso Verde, 149 , 313 n8
Post-Hohokam era, beginning of, 236
Postkilling purification, 174
Power.
See also Wetness and dryness
of blue deer, 254
of Buzzard, 41 –42, 204 , 315 nn13, 14, 15, 318 n2
of Siuuhu, 41 –42, 298 –299n6
of siwañs, 41 –42, 205 , 322 n4
symbolism of, 31
Pregnancy, shortening of, 67 , 69
Pre-Hohokam period, 282
Pride
consequences of, 114 c
origin of, 112
Procreation. See Parenthood; Sexual relations
Proof, and myth, 8
Prose, 25
and memorization, 24 –25
narrative versus commentary, 28
Prostitute. See Whore
Protestantism, 16 , 19
Protest song poetry, 309 n4
Puberty ceremonies, 180 , 196 , 316 n2, 321 –322n21
Puberty song, 197 , 198
Pueblo Grande (ancient place and ruin), 15 , 125 , 252 , 253
Pueblo Indian farming songs, 307 n6
Pumpkin
planting of, 104
raining of, 91 , 102
return of, 99 –100
Pumpkin seeds, as a symbol of marriage, 83
Purification
postkilling, 153 –154, 170 –171
speeches, 18 , 156
Q
Quails, 78
Quartz crystal, for divining, 97
Quisto, Louis, 14
R
Rain.
See also Wetness and dryness
cactus wine ritual for, 123
versus irrigation as mythological theme, 35 –36, 297 –298n4, 309 –310n2
Morning Green Chief as the master of, 139
relationship to Tobacco, 97 –98
Rainbow
Black Sinew Chief as, 259
meaning of, 74
origin of green in, 146
Rainbow Doctor, 262
"Rainhouses," 297 n1
Rain-man, 108 –109
Rain songs, 306 n6
Rattlesnake, 61
killing by, 242
Rattlesnake House, 229
battle at, 204
Rattlesnake's Teeth (place), 61 , 302 n8
Raven
creation of, 242 –243
fight with geeho-duk , 267
Raven Mountain, 230
Raw, Rock, 314 n5
Rebirth, of gods, 67 –68, 303 n8
Red Mountain, 131
Reed flute, 71
Religious tradition, sacraments in, 17 –18
Resurrection, 16 –17, 179 –181, 186 –188, 199 –200
Retelling accuracy, Pima-Papago concern for, 25 –26
Revelations, 20 –21, 292 n5
River, red, 274
River People, 229 , 309 n2. See also Pimas
Roadrunner, 78
"Rock Raw," 314 n5
Rope, made from Morning Green's daughter's hair, 109
Rosesucker (hummingbird), 39
Russell, Frank, 26 , 291 n3
S
Sacaton subphase, 151 , 292 –293n7
Sacaton Valley, 230
Sacraments, 17 –18, 21 –24
Sacrifice, human, 298 n6
Saguaro wine, origin of, 123 –124
Salado concept, 10 , 293 n8
Salt River, 124 , 125
Salt River country, irrigation at, 134
Salt River Valley
abandonment of, 324 –325n13
battles in, 203
Hohokam canals in, 126 , 324 –325n13
San Bernardino Mountains, 108
Santa Cruz subphase, 292 –293n7
San Tan Mountains, 114 , 141
Saxton, Dean and Lucille, 45 , 304 n1
Scalp dance, 232
Scalping, 322 n24
"Scraping stick" songs, 306 n6, 307 n6
Scripture, 19 –21, 167
Seawater eruption myth, 310 n4
"Second Creation," 78 –85
Sedentary period, 10 , 292 –293n7
Seed song, 81
S-e'ehe, etymology and alternative names, 298 –299. See also Siuuhu
Seeurhuh, 58 . See also Siuuhu
Seeven, 233 . See also Siwañ
Selfishness, evil of, 252 c
Sexual relations
abnormal, 67 , 68 , 137 –138, 302 n1, 311 –312nn1, 2
as cause of the flood, 67 –74
Shaking earth song, 51
Shaw, Anna Moore, 304 n1
Shining rocks, 240 , 241
"Short Conquest" (Dolores), 227 –229
Sial Tcu-utak Sivañ, 146 –148. See also Morning Green Chief
Siba, 32 , 36 , 37 –38, 41 , 205 . See also Bitter Man; Siwañ
Sibs, 310 n3, 320 nn13, 14, 325 n15
Sickness.
See also Medicine men
curing of, 18
as means of death, 79
Sierra de la Espuma, 39
Siivan i Vahki, 247 –249
Sin.
See also Wickedness
disobedience as the greatest, 180 , 316 –317n3
male childbearing as, 70
teaching of, 119 –120c
Since Cumorah (Nibley), 296 n16
Singing, method of, 49 c
Singing and dancing ground, 62
Siuuhu (=E1 Bebedor, The Drinker, Drink-it-all-up, Ee-ee-toy, Elder Brother, I'itoi, S-e'ehe, Seeurhuk, and Soho), 11 , 68
building a house by, 70 , 71
childrearing rule of, 87
command over cactus growing, 130
conferring powers by, 125 –127
corn songs by, 82 –84
cotton songs by, 81 –82
creation of, 46 –47
creation of people by, 79
creation of plants by, 76
creation song of, 80
death and resurrection of, 156 , 179 –201
departure from human affairs, 282
in Font text, 31
as flood survivor, 67
home of, 205
initiation into warriorhood, 155
killing and purification by, 154
killing by Buzzard, 41 –42
killing evil witch by, 144 –146
killing whale by, 323 n7
morality and, 123 –124, 295 n13
parting waters by, 275
prophecies, 93 –94, 166
reasons for the murder of, 321 –322n21
relationship to curing, 18
resemblances to Jesus, versus to Jehovah, 179
resurrection of, 186 –187
role in irrigation, 130
role in death of Corn Man's child, 92
as senior god, 68 , 74
solar properties of, 41 –42, 298 –299nn6, 317 n7
spreading of sickness by, 79
striking of water by, 212
transformation into child, 189
various names for, 298 –299n6
withering farm crops by, 190
"Siuuhu's Death and Resurrection," 181 –186
"Siuuhu's Journey Back," 207 –211
"Siuuhu's Journey Out," 186 –189
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Apaches," 216 –218
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Buzzard," 220 –227
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Casa Grande Ruin," 244 –245
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Downstream," 249
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Guadalupe and Pueblo Grande," 251 –253
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Hat Mountain Pause," 239 –243
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Jackrabbit Eaters," 218 –220
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Mescal Painted Chief," 236 –237
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Ocotillo Foundation House," 250 –251
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Omens at Mesquite Vahki," 212 –215
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Siivan i Vahki," 247 –249
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Sivern, His Box, and the Handsome Young Boy," 254 –258
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Sofch Kah and the Water Crossing," 211 –212
"Siuuhu's Revenge: Yellow Soft Feather Plume," 246 –247
Sivain, 214 , 223 , 320 n12. See also Siwañ
Sivain i vah ki, 242 . See also Siwañ Wa'aki
Sivern, 254 –257. See also Siwañ
Sivern's song, 256
Siwa, 32
Siwañ (=Seeven, Sivain, Sivern, Siwani), 204 , 297 n3
conquest of, 235 –262
etymology and usage, 32 –33, 297 n3
Siwani, 181 , 196 –200.
See also Siwañ
Coyote's helping of, 228
defeat of, 229
Siwañ Wa'aki, battle for, 325 n1
Skeleton, turning of Turkey man into, 268
Skin scales, creation from, 54 –55, 68
Sky, falling of, 56 –57
Smith, Joseph, 19
revelations to, 20 –21
Smith, Juan, 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 –16, 46
Smith, William Allison, 14
Smith-Allison text, 11 –16, 281 –284, 291 n1, 293 –294n10
biblical qualities of, 16
cadence of, 12
chiefs and place names in, 203
conquest in, 6 , 204 –207
Corn and Tobacco stories in, 77
format of, 29
gods in, 20
killing in, 153
reach into the present of, 283 –284
as single text, 281 –282
Siuuhu's death in, 179 –181
Smoking, as abnormality of aging, 56 , 67
Snake, fashioning from hair, 243 , 261
Snaketown, 1 , 204 , 249 , 250 , 292 n7, 322 nn1, 22
archaeological interpreters of, 10 –11
excavation of, 9 –11
Hayden on, 13 –15
Sofch kah people, 211
Soft feather running, 245
Soho, 292 n7. See also Siuuhu
Song of creation (Juhwerta Mahkai), 54 , 249 –250n2, 250 –251n4
Songs, 25 . See also Corn songs; Farming myths and songs; Magic songs; Translation
Eagle killing, 314 –315nn7, 8
of First Born, 60 , 61
about heroes, 5
"turning of," 300 n3
types of, 299 –300n2, 305 –307n6, 309 n4, 314 n3, 315 nn18, 19, 20
witch killing, 312 –313n7
South Mountain, 143 , 205
Sparrow, black-throated, 113 n
Speckled beans, 84
Spider bite, herb for curing, 152
Spirit, destination after death, 92 –93c
Squawberries, 214 , 226
Starmaking songs, 300 –301n4
Stars, creation of, 50 , 64
Stewart, Omer, 23 , 24
Stone, getting fire from, 53
Storm-cloud, as servant of Bitter Man, 33 , 34
"Story of Corn and Tobacco" (Thin Leather), 94 –107
"Story of Ho'ok" (Thin Leather), 146 –150
"Story of the Gambler" (Siviriano Garcia), 171 –178
"Straight dancing," 226 c
"Straight song," 321 n21
Strong wind, power of, 255
Summer Institute of Linguistics, 294 n10
Sun.
See also Wetness and dryness as mythological themes
burning of men by, 40
Buzzard and, 41 –42, 302 n2, 315 nn14, 15
creation by First Born, 60
creation of, 48
creation of (New English Bible), 63 –64
creation of (Thin Leather), 55
exchanging places with Nooee, 194
hawk and, 312 n4
as male, 57
as water drier, therefore drinker, 317 n7
Sun Meeter, 138 –139, 312 n6
Sun myths, 295 n12
Sun rays, formation into Rattlesnake teeth, 61
Sun Striking Mountain, 57
Superstition Mountain, 72 –73, 100 , 308 n9
cholla gathering at, 88 –89
Sweetwater subphase, 292 –293n7
Sy-Juukum , 170 c, 171 , 187
Ta atukam, 147 . See also Ta:tkam Mountain
Tahtkum Mountain, 100 . See also Ta:tkam Mountain
Tales
defined, 295 n12
of origin, 3
Talking timber, 188
"Tall fellow medicine man," 155 , 160
Tape-recorder-based myths, 294 n10
Tate, Henry, 294 n10
Ta:tkam Mountain, 308 nn9, 10, 312 n6
Taw-quah-dahm-awks, role in irrigation, 135 –136
"Tawquahdahmawks and Her Canal" (Thin Leather), 134 –136
Teague, Lynne, 318 n3
Termites, creation of, 59
Thin Buckskin, Thin Leather, 6 , 26 , 28 , 45 , 53 –54c
chiefs and place names in the narrative of, 203
on conquest, 204 –207
corn myth speeches of, 309 n1
creation account by, 53 –58
mythologies recorded from, 291 n3
naming of great-houses by, 32
on origin of canals, 124
on Siuuhu's death, 180 , 181
world destruction according to, 67
Thomas, Joe, 46 , 62
Thompson, Stith, 17
Thunder
medicine man's use of, 215
song of, 271
Thunder man, 253 , 274 –275
Tis-win, 107
Tobacco
cheating of Corn by, 86
creation of, 85
female origin of, 140
marriage to Corn, 102 –106
mythology of, 76
old woman as origin of, 155 –156, 280
origin of, 94 –95
proper use of, 308 –309n13
quarrel with Corn, 95
relationship to rain, 96 , 97 –98
smokeless substitute for, 309 n3
smoking of, 98 –99
Thin Leather on, 77
travels of, 95 –96
use in killing the witch, 144 –146
from woman's grave, 140 , 150
Tobacco man, 85 , 86 , 97 –98, 307 n7
Tobacco seed, planting of, 87 , 97 –98
Tobacco song, 86
Tohono O'odham territorial group, 4 , 313 nn9, 10
Tooker, Elizabeth, 296 n18
Translation.
See also Native-language mythological texts
accuracy in, of songs, 27 –28, 297 n19, 300 –301n4
reliability in, 292 n4
style in, 12 , 311 –312n11
Tree bark, as a gift from Siuuhu, 81
Tree cutting, as a symbol of wickedness, 276 c
Tribal narratives, tiers of, 2 –3
Tribal narrators, 2
Tribes, as churches, 23
Tsimshian Raven cycle, 294 n10
Turkey man, 268
Turkeyneck Mountain, 231
Turkey Old-man people, destruction of, 269
Turquoise
origin of, 138 , 146
parrot's eating of, 147
as solidified water, 139
Two Tanks, 114 , 160
Two-Whirlwinds, 260
U
Underhill, Ruth, 297 n3, 305 –307n6
Underworld, 318 n1, 320 –321n11
opening the doors of, 228
Upper people, 209 , 213
"Upper Pimas," 297 n2
Uturituc (Black Water), 31
V
Vahahkkees (great-houses), 134 . See also Great-houses
Vahki, 213 , 292 n7. See also Great-houses
Valleys, creation of, 57
Vansina, Jan, 2 , 291 n1, 292 n5
Vanyiko, Thomas, 317 n5
Vatcum Mountain, 89 , 308 n10
Vavages, Juan, 13
W
Wa'aki (great-house), etymology of, 297 n1. See also Great-houses
Walking baskets, 208
Wampum Eater, 135
War.
See also Battles
definition of, 153
change in quality of, 235 –236
ending of, 272 –278
and end of the great-houses, 36 , 37
in the time of the great-houses, 8 –9
War ceremonies, origin of, 153
War purifications, 156 , 170 –171, 174 , 316 n18
Warriors, purification of, 18 , 174 n
War sacraments, 18
Water
for burning of the world, 93
crazy, 129
Water holes, camping at, 208
Watermelons, Siuuhu's creation of, 94
Water Plume, 237 –239
Way to Rainy Mountain, The (Momaday), 291 n1
Wetness and dryness as mythological themes, 38 , 41 –43, 139 –140, 204 –206, 246 n, 312 nn4, 5, 6, 315 nn13, 14, 15, 317 n7, 320 n16
Whale
creation of, 244
myth of the killing of, 323 n7
Whippoorwill, 321 n18
White beans, Siuuhu's creation of, 84
White Eater Old-woman, 211 c, 273 , 310 –311n6, 315 n10, 319 nn7, 8, 325 n4
White Feather, 133
White people
history of, 20
origin of, 19 , 155 , 168 –169
Siuuhu on, 207
White Shell Woman, 310 –311n6
White Thin Mountain, 89 , 100
Whore, 77 , 89 n, 111
"Whore, The," 112 –122
Wickedness
god's punishment of, 69 –74
sin of teaching, 119 –120c
after Siuuhu's death, 186
spread of, 53
Wi:gita ceremonies, 163 n, 314 n6, 322 –323nn7, 8
Wilcox, David, 298 n5
Wilson, Edmund, 296 n18
Wind
destruction by, 53
in Pima-Papago myth, 76
as the servant of Bitter Man, 33 , 34
Thin Leather's version of, 77
Wind-man, 108 –109
"Wind trouble," 219
Wine, origin of, 123 –130
Wine ceremonies ("Wine Drinks"), 123 , 297 n3, 305 –307n6, 309 n1, 310 n2
Wing-feather Running, 206
Wise men, 92
Witch, 138 , 140 , 144 , 144 n
Witch story, 141 –146
Women
creation of, 47
creation of (New English Bible), 64 –65
evil spirit in, 53
external creation by, 312 n2
first sin committed by, 122
footlooseness of, 77 , 111 , 122 c
game played by, 146
stealing of, 141
weakness of, 52 c
Woodpecker, 72 , 98
Wooshkam, Wooshkum, 209 c, 210
divisions of, 215
making blue oriole by, 221
splitting into four contingents, 222
wicked ways of, 276 c
World burning, signs of, 93 –94
World destruction, as caused by sexual relations, 67 –74
Worship, defined, 295 –296n14
Wright, Harold Bell, 304 n1
Wuaga ceremony, 321 n21
Y
Yaqui deer songs, 307 n6
Yaqui Indians, 80 , 251
Years, not counted in Pima myths, 5 –6, 11
Yellow Buzzard, 116 , 141 , 142 , 184 n, 252 , 312 n6, 315 n12
Yellow Gopher, 213
Yellow Soft Feather Plume, 246 , 246 n
Yellowstone Park, 325 n3
Yuma Indians, 81
Yuman tribes, man-god figure among, 16
Z
Zepeda, Ofelia, 29
Zuni language, having term similar to "siwañ," 297 n3