Technology and Scholarly Communication
  PREFACE

 collapse sectionINTRODUCTION:  ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, DIGITAL LIBRARIES, AND THE SCHOLARLY ENVIRONMENT
 •Introduction
 •Information Technology and the Productivity Puzzle
 collapse sectionMeasuring Demand and Supply: The Foundations for Pricing Strategies and Survival
 •Objectives to Be Accomplished
 •Costs
 •Usage and Demand
 •A Look into the Future: Questions But No Answers (Yet)

 collapse sectionPART ONE—  TECHNOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS
 collapse sectionChapter 1—  Making Technology Work for Scholarship  Investing in the Data
 •New Technology or Old?
 •Electronic Text and Data Formats
 •Standard Generalized Markup Language (Sgml)
 •Text Encoding Initiative
 •Encoded Archival Description (Ead)
 •Other Applications of SGML
 •SGML, HTML, and XML
 •SGML and New Models of Scholarship
 •Making SGML Work Effectively
 collapse sectionChapter 2—  Digital Image Quality  From Conversion to Presentation and Beyond
 collapse sectionDigital Benchmarking
 •Why Do Benchmarking?
 collapse sectionConversion Benchmarking
 •Objective Evaluation
 •Subjective Evaluation
 •Determining Scanning Resolution Requirements for Replacement Purposes
 •So How Does Conversion Benchmarking Work?
 •Conversion Benchmarking beyond Text
 collapse sectionDisplay Benchmarking
 •So How Does Display Benchmarking Work?
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionChapter 3—  The Transition to Electronic Content Licensing  The Institutional Context in 1997
 •Introduction
 •Why do Contracts or Licenses (Rather Than Copyright) Govern Electronic Content?
 •When Did This Mode of Doing Business Begin for Libraries?
 •What has happend to increase Libraries' Awareness of Licenses?
 •Some notable challenges of the library licensing Environment Today
 •Succeeding (Not Just Coping)
 •Beyond the license?

 collapse sectionPART TWO—  ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING: EMPIRICAL STUDIES
 collapse sectionChapter 4—  Information-Based Productivity
 •Productivity
 •The Scully Project
 collapse sectionAchieving Information-Based Productivity Gains
 •Productivity Gains Subject to Administrative Control
 •Productivity Gains Subject to Reader Control 
 •Productivity as an Urgent Concern of Higher Education
 •Appendix  Cost Model for the Scully Project
 collapse sectionChapter 5—  Comparing Electronic Journals to Print Journals  Are There Savings?
 •Background on the Project
 •Direct Costs of Publication
 •Indirect Costs
 •Market Differences
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionChapter 6—  Electronic Publishing in Academia  An Economic Perspective
 •Scholar
 collapse sectionPublisher
 •Publisher Costs
 •Publisher Revenue
 •Other Publishers
 •Economies of Scope
 •Rents
 collapse sectionLibrary
 •Conventional Library Costs
 collapse sectionElectronic Agent
 •Storage and Networks
 •Integration into a Database
 •Agent's Strategy
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionChapter 7—  JSTOR  The Development of a Cost-Driven, Value-Based Pricing Model
 •History
 •Defining The "Product"
 •Determining Viability
 •Defing the Costs
 •Defining Pricing
 •Conclusion
 collapse sectionChapter 8—  The Effect of Price:  Early Observations
 •Introduction
 •In the Basic Paper World
 •Altering Services
 •Electronic Pricing
 •End User Purchasing
 •Tulip (The University Licensing Program)
 collapse sectionElsevier Science Experiences with Commercial Electronic Journals
 •Elsevier Electronic Subscriptions
 •Immunology Today Online (ITO)
 •Journal of the American College of Cardiology
 •GeneCOMBIS and Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters Online
 collapse sectionExperiences of Others
 •Red Sage Experiment
 •Society CD-ROM Options
 •BioMedNet
 •Peak: The Next Experiment
 •In Conclusion
 collapse sectionChapter 9—  Electronic Publishing Is Cheaper
 •The Supra of the Infra
 •Optimum Optimism
 •The electronic Market
 •Chapter 10—  Economics Of Electronic Publishing—Cost Issues  Comments on Part Two

 collapse sectionPART THREE—  USE OF ELECTRONIC JOURNALS AND BOOKS: EMPIRICAL STUDIES
 collapse sectionChapter 11—  Analysis of JSTOR  The Impact on Scholarly Practice of Access to On-line Journal Archives
 •The Jstor System
 •Journal Use in the Social Sciences
 •Goals of this Study
 collapse sectionMethod
 •Participants
 •Design and Procedure
 collapse sectionResults
 •Information Searching
 •Who Used JSTOR
 •Journal Use
 •Internet Use
 •The Relationship of Journal and Internet Use to JSTOR Use
 collapse sectionDiscussion
 •Summary of Findings
 •Limitations of the Study
 •Implications for the JSTOR Experiment
 •References
 collapse sectionChapter 12—  Patterns of Use for the Bryn Mawr Reviews
 •Historical Background
 collapse sectionData
 •Gopher Reports
 •Subscriptions
 •Subscriber Surveys
 •Conclusions
 collapse sectionChapter 13—  The Crosscurrents of Technology Transfer  The Czech and Slovak Library Information Network
 •Introduction
 •The Caslin Projects
 •Crosscurrents
 •Concluding Remarks
 collapse sectionChapter 14—  Consortial Access versus Ownership
 •Introduction
 •Overview of Pricing Relevant to Electronic Journals
 •Access Versus Ownership Strategy
 collapse sectionPreliminary Analysis of Financial Impact
 •Financial Analysis
 •Econometric Analysis
 •Conclusion
 •Chapter 15—  The Use of Electronic Scholarly Journals  Models of Analysis and Data Drawn from the Project MUSE Experience at Johns Hopkins University
 collapse sectionChapter 16—  A New Consortial Model for Building Digital Libraries
 •A Digital Delivery System
 •Rights Management System
 •A New Consortial Model
 •A Payments System For The Consortium
 •Data Collection
 •Publishers And Digital Libraries
 •Conclusions
 •References
 •Appendix A Consortial Standards
 •TIFF
 •Adobe PDF
 •SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)
 collapse sectionAppendix B Equipment Standards for End Users
 •Minimum Equipment Required
 •Recommended Configuration of Equipment
 collapse sectionAppendix C  Additional Hardware Specifications
 •Storage for Digital Copies
 •Campuswide Networks
 •Appendix D System Transactions as Initiated by an End User
 collapse sectionAppendix E  Scanning and Work Flow
 •Article Scanning, PDF Conversion, and Image Quality Control
 •Scan-and-Store Process Resources
 •Scan-and-Store Process: Scanner Operator
 •Scan-and-Store Process: Acrobat Conversion Workstation
 •Scan-and-Store Process: Scanning Supervisor
 •Notification to and Viewing by User of Availability of Scanned Article
 •Appendix F  Technical Justification for a Digitization Standard for the Consortium
 collapse sectionChapter 17—  On-line Books at Columbia  Early Findings on Use, Satisfaction, and Effect
 •Introduction
 •Conceptual Framework
 collapse sectionThe On-line Books Collection
 •Design of the On-line Books Collection
 •Methodology for Studying Use of and Reactions to Various Book Formats
 collapse sectionUse of Books in On-line Collection
 •Reference Books
 •Nonreference Books
 •Location of Use of On-line Books
 •Scholars' Access to On-line Resources
 •Scholars' Choice among Book Formats
 •Scholars' Reactions to Book Formats and Characteristics
 •Conclusions
 collapse sectionChapter 18—  The Library and the University Press  Two Views of Costs and Problems in Scholarly Publishing
 •Introduction
 collapse sectionLibrary Costs
 •Library Materials: Print
 •Library Materials: Electronic
 •Operations Costs in Libraries
 •Capital Costs
 collapse sectionThe Economics of Electronic Publishing: A View from the University of California Press
 •Electronic Pricing Models
 •Electronic Costs
 •Income for Electronic Product
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionPART FOUR—  VISIONS OF THE FUTURE
 collapse sectionChapter 19—  Licensing, Copyright, and Fair Use  The Thesauron Project (Toward an ASCAP for Academics)
 collapse sectionDefining the thesauron universe
 •What Kinds of Works Will the Thesauron Depository Include?
 •Whose Works Will Be Included in the Thesauron Depository?
 collapse sectionDeposit
 •Entry of Works
 •Exit of Works
 •Terms and Conditions
 collapse sectionAccess
 •What Users May Access the Thesauron Depository?
 •Conditions on Use
 •How Will Users Know Thesauron's Holdings?
 •How Will Users Access Material from the Thesauron Depository?
 collapse sectionAuthenticity
 •Delivery from the Thesauron Depository
 •Subsequent Generations of Documents Originally Obtained from the Depository
 collapse sectionTracking
 •Identification of Uses
 •Reporting
 •Billing
 •Other potential applications of thesauron
 collapse sectionCosts of implementation and maintenance
 •Initial Setup
 •Maintenance
 •Paying for Thesauron
 collapse sectionAppendix A The Thesauron Project: Annotated Bibliography of On-line Sources
 collapse sectionDefining the Thesauron Universe
 •What Kinds of Works Will the Thesauron Depository Include?
 •Whose Works Will Be Included in the Thesauron Depository?
 collapse sectionDeposit
 •Entry of Works
 •Terms and Conditions
 collapse sectionAccess
 •What Users May Access the Thesauron Depository?
 •Conditions on Use
 •How Would Users Access Material from the Thesauron Depository?
 collapse sectionAuthenticity
 •Delivery from the Thesauron Depository
 •Subsequent Generations of Documents Originally Obtained from the Depositor
 collapse sectionTracking
 •Reporting
 •Billing
 •Chapter 20—  Technical Standards and Medieval Manuscripts
 collapse sectionChapter 21—  Digital Libraries  A Unifying or Distributing Force?
 •Introduction
 •The Web
 •On-Line Journals and the Web
 •Risks of the Web
 •University Publishing
 •Information Location
 •New Creativity
 •Conclusion
 •References
 collapse sectionChapter 22—  Digital Documents and the Future of the Academic Community
 •The System of Scholarly Communication
 •Digital Documents and Academic Productivity
 •Digital Documents and Academic Community
 collapse sectionChapter 23—  The Economics of Electronic Journals
 •Introduction
 •Costs of Print Journals
 •Costs of "Free" Electronic Journals
 •The Perverse Incentives in Scholarly Publishing
 •The Future
 •References
 •Chapter 24—  Cost and Value in Electronic Publishing
 collapse sectionChapter 25—  The Future of Electronic Journals
 collapse sectionDemand and Supply
 •Supply of Scholarly Communication
 •Demand for Scholarly Communication
 •The Production of Academic Journals
 •Other Costs
 •Reengineering Journal Production
 •Impact of Reengineering
 collapse sectionElectronic Distribution
 •Chickens and Eggs
 collapse sectionWhen Everything is Electronic
 •Document Structure
 collapse sectionFiltering Costs
 •Dimensions of Filtering
 •A Model for Electronic Publication
 •Appendix A Cost of a Small Math Journal
 •References

 collapse sectionNotes
 •PREFACE
 •INTRODUCTION: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, DIGITAL LIBRARIES, AND THE SCHOLARLY ENVIRONMENT
 •Chapter 1— Making Technology Work for Scholarship Investing in the Data
 •Chapter 2— Digital Image Quality From Conversion to Presentation and Beyond
 •Chapter 3— The Transition to Electronic Content Licensing The Institutional Context in 1997
 •Chapter 4— Information-Based Productivity
 •Chapter 6— Electronic Publishing in Academia An Economic Perspective
 •Chapter 7— JSTOR The Development of a Cost-Driven, Value-Based Pricing Model
 •Chapter 9— Electronic Publishing Is Cheaper
 •Chapter 11— Analysis of JSTOR The Impact on Scholarly Practice of Access to On-line Journal Archives
 •Chapter 12— Patterns of Use for the Bryn Mawr Reviews
 •Chapter 13— The Crosscurrents of Technology Transfer The Czech and Slovak Library Information Network
 •Chapter 14— Consortial Access versus Ownership
 •Chapter 17— On-line Books at Columbia Early Findings on Use, Satisfaction, and Effect
 •Chapter 18— The Library and the University Press Two Views of Costs and Problems in Scholarly Publishing
 •Chapter 19— Licensing, Copyright, and Fair Use The Thesauron Project (Toward an ASCAP for Academics)
 •Chapter 22— Digital Documents and the Future of the Academic Community
 •Chapter 25— The Future of Electronic Journals
  SUMMARY COMMENTS
  SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
  CONTRIBUTORS
 collapse sectionINDEX
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •V
 •W
 •X
 •Y
 •Z
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