1. Peter F. Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity (New York: Harper and Row, 1978). [BACK]

2. Walter Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), xii. [BACK]

3. Erik Brynjolfsson, "The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology: Review and Assessment," Communications of the ACM (December, 1993),36(12)67-77. [BACK]

4. See, for example, William F. Massy and Robert Zemsky, "Using Information Technology to Enhance Academic Productivity," a White Paper for the EDUCOM National Learning Infrastructure Initiative (NLII), 1995. [BACK]

5. Anthony M. Cummings, Marcia L. Witte, William G. Bowen, Laura O. Lazarus, and Richard H. Ekman, University Libraries and Scholarly Communication. (Washington D.C.: The Association of Research Libraries, 1992). [BACK]

6. See Stanley Chodorow and Peter Lyman, "The Responsibilities of Universities in the New Information Environment," in The Mirage of Continuity, ed. Brian L. Hawkins and Patricia Battin (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1998), 61-78. [BACK]

7. See Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (London: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 56. [BACK]

8. Geoffrey Nunberg, "The Places of Books in the Age of Electronic Reproduction," in Future Libraries, ed. R. Howard Bloch and Carla Hesse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 21-22. [BACK]

9. The term "user" is applied to the consumption of digital documents the way the term "reader" has been applied to the consumption of printed works. "User" is a semantic strategy for pointing out that engagement with a technology mediates between the reader and the text, allowing for the direct control over content and format that Nunberg describes. [BACK]

10. See, for example, the report on a workshop held at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences in January 1995: M. Stuart Lynn and Ralph H. Sprague Jr., eds., Documents in the Digital Culture: Shaping the Future (Honolulu, Hawaii: A HICSS Monograph, 1995). [BACK]

11. On knowledge management, see, for example, Thomas H. Davenport, Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa, and Michael C. Beers, "Improving Knowledge Work Processes," Shan Management Review (Summer 1996), 53-65. [BACK]

12. The term "Cyberia" reflects the anthropologist's approach to analyzing the Internet as a site for culture and community and is best summarized by Arturo Escobar, "Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberculture," Current Anthropology (June 1994), 35(4)211-231. [BACK]

13. John Seeley Brown and Paul Duguid, "The Social Life of Documents," Release 1.0:Esther Dyson's Monthly Report (New York: Edventure Holdings Inc., October 11, 1995), 7. [BACK]

14. John Hagel III and Arthur G. Armstrong, net.gain: expanding markets through virtual communities (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1997), 5. [BACK]

15. Brown and Duguid, 5. This argument is derived from Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities. [BACK]

16. The concept of virtual community was introduced by Howard Reingold, writing about the social relationships and sense of community that inter-relay chat, MOO, and MUD technology sustained. The term "community" is used provisionally, because the participants use it to describe their experience, not because virtual community has any necessary resemblance to more traditional meanings of the word. [BACK]

17. Note that Latour chose the genre of the novel to discuss this phenomenon. Bruno Latour, Aramis, or The Love of Technology, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996). [BACK]

18. See, for example, Robert D. Putnam, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect (Winter 1996), 24(34-48). In the same issue, see also Sherry Turkle, "Virtuality and Its Discontents: Searching for Community in Cyberspace." [BACK]