Index
A
Abelson, Philip, 233 , 385 , 399 , 446 , 447 , 457 –8
Accelerator, linear. See Linac
Accelerator, particle. See Particle accelerator
Advisory Committee on Uranium (Briggs committee), 460 , 461 , 463 , 504 , 507
Aebersold, Paul, 229 , 233 , 239 , 360 , 389 –92
Allen, Alexander, 323
Allibone, T.E., 67 –8
Allison, Samuel, 20
Alvarez, Luis, 227 , 237 , 245 , 276 , 370 –2, 378 –81, 415 , 460 , 495 ;
and Felix Bloch, 421 , 426 –8;
detects fission fragments, 442 , 444 ;
and neutron detector, 417 –20;
studies of neutron magnetic moment, 421 –9
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9 , 104 , 156
American Institute of Physics, 62 , 311
American Physical Society (APS), 15 , 26 , 31 , 32 , 156
ARMCO (American Rolling Mill Company), 283 , 308 , 309
Arrowsmith (Sinclair Lewis) and ideology of American science, 34 –5
B
Bacher, R.F.:
and neutron velocity spectrometer, 420
Bartol Foundation, 22 , 86 , 98 ;
and Bartol cyclotron, 323
Beams, Jesse, 22 , 24 , 504 –5
Bennett, R.D., 17
Berlin, University of, 50
Beryllium rays, 144 –6
Beta-decay, 373 –6
Bethe, Hans, 301 , 466 –7, 469 –70
Birge, Raymond T., 20 , 208 , 258
Blackett, P.M.S., 47
Bleakney, Walker, 369
Bloch, Felix, 260 ;
decides to work with Alvarez, 421 , 425 ;
magnetic moment of neutron, 421 –9;
wins Nobel prize, 429
Bohr, Niels, 15 , 67 , 164 , 330 , 345 , 364 –5, 416 , 440 –1, 449 , 489
Boot, H.A.H, 500
Bothe, Walther, 328 , 347 , 387
Bowen, E.J., 501
Boyce, Joseph, 116
Brackett, Frederick, 20
Brasch, Arno, 50 , 52 , 57 , 205
Bretscher, Egon, 327 , 380 , 513
Briggs, Lyman J., 460 , 504 , 508 , 509
Briggs committee. See Advisory Committee on Uranium
Brobeck, William, 228 , 240 –1, 279 , 284 , 515
Brooks, S.C., 406
Brush, C.R., 68
Bush, Vannevar, 253 , 493 , 504 –5, 508 –9
C
California, University of, 8 –10, 14 , 486 –7;
Board of Research, 18 , 106 , 112 ;
closes Laboratory to foreign scientists and fires aliens, 520 –1
California Academy of Sciences, 2
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 8 , 14 –18, 51 , 166 , 180 , 205 , 242 , 522 ;
Cambridge University, 272 , 275 , 326 , 335 , 345 , 387
Campbell, William Wallace, 18 , 31
Carnegie Corporation, 16 , 110
Carnegie Foundation, 403
Carnegie-Illinois Steel, 285
Carnegie Institute of Washington, 12 , 53 , 166 , 307 –8, 441
Carnegie Institution, 62 –3, 307 , 502 , 505
Cavendish Laboratory, 47 , 65 , 147 , 159 , 162 , 179 , 236 , 243 , 325 –6, 368 –9, 370 , 387 ;
and cyclotron, 133 , 324 –7, 335 –8, 342 , 344 –5;
and deuterium/deuteron disintegration, 157 –60, 166 , 168 –9
Cavity magnetron, 500
Chadwick, James, 47 , 145 , 162 , 326 , 335
Chaikoff, L.I., 398
Chemical Foundation, 109 –10, 121 , 122 , 390
Chicago, University of, 214 , 372
Clark, Cyrus, 232
Coates, Wesley, 125
Cockcroft, John Douglas:
background and early research at Metropolitan-Vickers, 65 –71, 74 ;
and cyclotron, 326 –7, 344 , 349 ;
and proton detector, 137 –8, 159 , 169 ;
wins Nobel prize, 489
Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, 68 –9, 368 ;
in Tokyo, 317 ;
Coffin, Charles A., 25
Columbia University, 272 , 293 , 304 –5, 309 , 344 , 389 , 410 , 441 , 444 , 453
Compton, Arthur H., 40 , 214 , 254 , 400 , 402 , 412 , 472 , 509 , 523
Compton, Karl T., 32 , 40 , 61 ;
on cyclotrons, 316 , 400 , 479 , 493 –4, 504 , 511
Conant, James B., 208 , 493 , 509 , 523
Conference on Applied Nuclear Physics, 311
Cooksey, Donald, 44 , 136 , 222 , 227 , 237 , 239 , 247 , 311 , 319 , 504 , 520 ;
and vacuum chamber, 272 –4
Copenhagen, University of, 264 ;
Cornell University, 262 , 301 –2;
cyclotrons at, 263 , 290 , 298 , 302 , 323 , 420
Cottrell, Frederick G., 103 –5;
as Lawrence's patron, 107 –8, 110
Crane, Richard, 162 , 166 , 194
Crocker, William H., 122 , 391
Crocker Radiation Laboratory, 210 , 391 –2
Curie, Irene, 332 , 354 , 431 , 433 –4
commercial development of, 197 –9;
and the "cyclotron equation," 72 ;
different versions of, 81 –2, 84 , 93 , 300 –1;
defocusing effect of relativity in (McMillan's calculation), 468 ;
diffusion in, 262 –6, 298 –310, 317 –52;
Federal Telegraph's role in development of, 108 , 114 ;
4-inch, 93 ;
Joliot and, 133 , 164 , 340 –1, 342 , 346 –7;
relativistic limits on maximum energy of, 466 –71;
medical uses of, 134 , 197 –8, 305 –6, 336 –7;
184-inch, 210 , 473 –4, 478 –9, 481 –3, 488 , 513 –4, 520 ;
operation and maintenance, 241 , 309 , 313 , 323 , 359 , 428 ;
roles of PG&E and G.E. in development of, 115 –6;
parts and supplies in early development of, 114 ;
60-inch, 240 , 269 , 281 –6, 289 , 291 –7, 307 , 314 , 465 ;
37-inch, 238 , 240 , 276 –82, 515 ;
27-inch, 130 , 133 , 240 , 242 , 269 –71, 272 –6;
at universities, 134 , 263 , 298 , 300 , 302 –8, 323 , 313 , 428 , 510 , 511 ;
vs. Van de Graaff, 324 ;
wartime applications of, 510 , 511 .
See also Lawrence, Ernest O.: and cyclotron; Radiation Laboratory: cyclotrons at
D
Dancoff, Sydney, 257 –8
Darrow, Karl, 311
De Forest, Lee:
invents vacuum tube oscillator, 10
Dempster, Arthur, 472
Deuteron:
early research at Radiation Laborary on, 153 –6, 175 ;
disintegration, 157 , 164 , 166 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 422
Dickel, Gerhard, 449
Disintegration, nuclear. See Nuclear disintegration
DuBridge, Lee, 384 , 479 , 486
Dupont, T. Coleman, 104
E
Einstein, Albert, 15 , 41 , 79
Electrostatic generator. See Van de Graaff
Emo Capodalista, Lorenzo, 233
Erf, Lowell, 402
Evans, Robley, 400
Exner, Frank M., 121 , 125 , 227
F
Feather, Norman, 380 –1
Federal Telegraph Company, 10 , 99 , 108 , 114 , 128 –30, 214
Fermi, Enrico: 184 , 185 , 199 , 204 , 353 –4, 441 ;
searches for fission neutrons, 445 , 452 ;
theories of beta-decay and k-capture, 374 ;
wins Nobel prize, 430
Fission, 211 , 432 , 436 –41, 444 , 451 –2, 454
Fleming, A.P.M., 336
Flugge, Siegfried, 451 –2
Forschungsinstitut Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gessellschaft, 93
Four-inch cyclotron. See cyclotron, 4-inch
Frisch, Otto R., 171 , 264 , 421 , 424 , 437 –8, 439 n43, 440 , 447 , 449 , 506
Fuller, Leonard, 10 , 108 , 124 , 130
G
Gabor, Denis, 81
Gamow, George, 67 , 139 , 169 , 380
Gardner Electric Company, 285
General Electric, 32 , 51 , 53 , 56 , 63 , 75 , 119 –20, 483
Gentner, Wolfgang, 340 , 347 –8, 349 , 387 , 520
Gibbs, R.C., 262 –3
Goldhaber, Maurice, 174
Green, G.K., 442
Greenberg, David, 406
Greinacher, Heinrich, 70
Griggs, Helen, 211 –13, 228 , 517
Guyon, E.H., 24
H
Hahn, Otto, 380 , 430 –1, 433 –6, 439 , 447
Halford, Ralph, 386
Hamilton, Joseph, 229 , 360 , 387 , 396
Hansen, William, 497 –8
Harvard University, 208 , 295 , 311 , 323 , 511
Heisenberg, Werner, 164
Helium-3, 368 –73
Henderson, Malcolm, 227 , 263 , 444
Hevesy, George von, See Von Hevesy, Georg
High-voltage research, 14 , 16 , 50 , 51
Hoover Committee on Recent Social Trends, 31
Hughes, A.L., 510
Hull, A.W., 29
Hutchins, Robert M., 31
I
Illinois, University of, 258 , 420 ;
Induced radioactivity, 177 –8
Institute for Physical and Chemical Research (Tokyo):
and cyclotron, 317 –19
Institute of Theoretical Physics (Copenhagen), 67
Irvine, John, 457
Ising, Gustav, 76 –7
Isomeric decay, 380 –6
Isotope separation, 453 –4, 504 –5, 516
produced by cyclotrons at Rochester, 303 , 387
Isotron, 516 –7
J
Jewett, Frank, 31 , 40 , 473 , 481 , 493
Joliot, Frederic, 26 , 177 , 332 –4, 346 , 453 –4;
and cyclotron, 340 –1, 342 , 346 –7;
and fission research, 443 , 445 ;
wins Nobel prize, 179
Johns Hopkins University, 53 , 441 , 503
Johnson, Thomas, 86
K
K-capture, 373 ;
Laboratory seeks evidence of, 375 –80
Kamen, Martin, 238 , 251 , 280 , 355 , 412 , 484 ;
studies photosynthesis, 408 –14
Kapitza, Peter, 335
Kellogg Radiation Laboratory. See California Institute of Technology
Kennedy, Joseph, 443 , 447 , 449 , 451 , 463 , 512 ;
elucidates isomeric day in tellurium, 383 –4
Kerst, Donald, 75
Kinsey, Bernard, 229 , 324 , 232 , 341 –2
Klystron, 497 –8
Kodak, 413 –4
Konopinski, E.J.:
theory of beta decay, 374
Krasny-Ergen, Wilhelm, 450 , 454 –5
Krogh, August, 330
Kurie, Franz, 229 , 233 , 238 , 279 , 354 ;
develops cloud chamber for Laboratory, 136 , 176 ;
studies neutron activation, 182 –3
L
Laslett, L. Jackson, 233 , 238 , 264 , 343
Latimer, Wendell, 181
Lauritsen, Charles Christian, 15 , 63 , 150 , 166 , 194 ;
and discharge tube, 52 , 54 –6
Lawrence, Ernest Orlando:
and Arthur Compton, 402 , 472 ;
and cyclotron, 82 , 86 , 87 , 98 –101, 113 , 115 , 130 –3, 162 , 164 , 195 , 208 , 214 , 265 , 271 , 311 , 319 –20, 366 , 445 , 467 , 470 , 472 , 474 –6, 478 , 480 , 482 , 483 , 510 , 514 –5, 516 ;
and deuterium/deuteron research, 154 , 155 , 157 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 180 , 185 , 187 , 270 ;
early research at University of California, 24 ;
engagement and marriage to Molly Blumer, 113 , 130 ;
fund-raising efforts, 27 , 102 , 108 , 119 , 187 , 123 , 214 , 215 , 253 , 474 , 476 , 480 , 482 , 483 ;
and medical application of research, 190 –1, 209 , 215 , 337 , 389 , 390 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 400 –1, 403 ;
and Nobel prize, 84 , 351 –2, 475 , 485 –9;
and Oppenheimer, 174 , 254 –6;
and patents, 111 , 113 , 192 –6;
and radioactivity research, 173 , 181 , 186 , 188 –91, 198 , 270 , 410 ;
recruitment of, 21 –3, 99 , 208 –10;
recruitment of associates by, 25 , 226 , 258 , 494 , 501 , 520 ;
relations with the University, 99 , 114 , 208 ;
and Segrè, 366 –7;
and Sloan tube, 119 , 123 , 125 –6;
work methods and relations with staff, 89 , 226 –7, 233 –4, 241 –2, 252 ;
wartime work, 522 –3
Lawrence, Gunda, 392
Lawrence, John H.:
medical research at Laboratory, 229 , 233 , 238 , 272 , 279 , 287 , 357 –9, 389 , 390 , 399 –403
Le Conte Hall, 19
Lehmann, Eric, 228
Leuschner, Armin O., 18 , 98 , 107
Lewis, E. Percival, 19
Lewis, Gilbert Newton, 10 , 24 , 98 , 142 , 181 –2, 259
Lick Observatory, 19
Lindemann, F.A., 327 –8
Liverpool University:
and cyclotron, 335 , 337 –8, 342 , 345
Livingood, John J. (Jack), 227 , 229 , 238 , 245 , 355 –6, 379 , 382 –4, 396 , 447
Livingston, M. Stanley: 89 ,
as graduate student at University of California, 226 ;
at Cornell, 262 –3;
and cyclotron, 93 –6, 101 , 122 , 130 –1, 166 , 263 , 266 , 289 –91, 311 –3, 486 , 494
Livingston-Sloan oscillator, 274 –5
Loeb, Leonard B., 20 –3, 106 , 258
Loomis, Alfred L., 205 , 477 , 483 , 494 , 497
Loveridge, Laurence, 28
Lyman, Ernest, 233 , 354 , 376
M
McMillan, Edwin M., 227 , 238 , 355 , 361 –2, 372 , 382 , 415 –6, 468 –9, 495 ;
early research at Laboratory, 173 –4, 176 , 183 –4;
searches for transuranium elements, 456 –60, 468 –9, 495
Macy Foundation, 187 , 219 , 356
Magnetic resonance accelerator, 85 , 86 . See also Cyclotron
Mann, Wilfred, 233 , 238 , 242
Markle Foundation, 221 , 238 , 267 , 483
Marshall, Lauriston, 267 , 495 , 497
Massachusetts General Hospital, 398
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 29 , 36 , 62 , 113 , 263 , 267 , 268 n162, 293 , 311 –3, 511 ;
MIT's Radiation Laboratory, 493 –6, 501 , 503
Mayo Clinic, 404
Mayo Foundation, 395
Meitner, Lise, 250 , 380 , 430 –1, 433 –9, 447 , 456
Merriam, John C., 18
Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company, 49 , 67 –70, 336
Michigan, University of, 127 , 267 –8, 305
Millikan, Robert A., 9 , 11 , 16 –17, 31 , 40
Moller, Christian, 373
Mond Laboratory (USSR), 335
Morrison, Phillip, 411
Mount Wilson Observatory, 8 , 9
Mudd, Seeley G., 17
Murphy, James, 402
N
Nagaoka, Hantaro, 318
Nahmias, Maurice, 240 , 248 , 251 , 342 , 351 , 415
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 89 , 481 , 507 , 509
National Advisory Cancer Council, 38 –9, 214 , 268 , 311 , 393 –4, 402
National Cancer Institute, 214
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 493 –4, 497 , 501 –4, 507 –9, 511 –3, 523
National Research Council (NRC), 8 –9, 12 –14, 104
Naval Research Laboratory, 501 , 505
Nelson, Eldred, 259
Neutron:
discovery of, 144 –7;
magnetic moment of, 421 –9;
Nichols, R.C., 110
Nier, Alfred O., 450 , 453 –4, 515
Nobel committee, 489 –92
Nordau, Max, 29
Noyes, A.A., 9
Nuclear disintegration, 46 –7
O
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 509 , 511 , 520
Oldenburg, Otto, 379
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 20 , 87 , 173 , 183 , 362 , 364 –5, 509 ;
background of, 254 –5;
and relationship with Lawrence and Laboratory staff, 256 –8
Oppenheimer-Phillips reaction, 173 , 362 –3
Oxford University, 60 , 75 , 327
P
Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), 115 –6
Particle accelerator, 49 –51, 53 , 59 , 77 , 80 , 89 , 91 , 116 , 127 , 132 , 147 , 150 , 162 , 196 ;
Cockcroft and Walton's, 68 –9;
Lauritsen's discharge tube, 52 –4;
Van de Graaff's elec-
trostatic generator, 60 –3;
Wideroe's version of, 77 –8
Patents, 104 –6, 110 , 112 , 123 , 192 –3, 195 –6, 199
Peierls, Rudolph, 506
Pelton, Lester Allen, 5 –6
Philips of Eindhoven, 325 –7
Photosynthesis, 408 –13
Plutonium, 412 , 461 –2, 512 –3
Poillon, Howard A., 104 , 123 , 195 , 197 , 217 , 391 , 395 , 404 , 482
Pollard, Ernest, 411
Posin, Daniel, 232
Poulsen, Vladimir, 10
Poulsen magnet, 266 , 269 , 318
Princeton University, 36 , 60 , 263 , 264 , 302 , 322 , 323 , 369 , 516
Proton, 422
Purdue University, 290 –1, 309
R
Rabi, Isadore I., 251 , 423 –4
Radiation Laboratory, 1 , 116 , 119 , 153 , 173 , 287 , 349 –50, 465 ;
associates and staff, 175 –6, 180 , 207 –8, 211 , 213 , 222 –4, 227 –9, 232 –9, 241 –51, 254 –5, 259 –61, 286 , 360 , 415 –6, 520 ;
cyclotrons at, 114 , 313 , 235 –40, 263 –8, 269 –316 (chap. 6), 349 ;
federal, state, and foundation support for, 98 , 114 , 118 , 187 , 207 , 209 , 211 –21, 225 , 228 , 404 , 470 –7, 484 ;
health hazards at, 161 –2, 244 –6, 287 , 356 –9, 412 ;
life at, 242 –8;
medical program and research at, 188 –9, 208 , 215 , 229 , 236 , 356 –7, 359 –60, 389 –401, 403 , 404 , 465 ;
and relations with University, 207 , 212 , 259 , 391 –2;
social attitudes at, 248 –52;
wartime effort of, 517 , 520 , 522 ;
work regime at (cyclotron) 235 –40, 354 –5
Radioactive decay, 45
Radioactive tracers, 405 –17
Radiochemistry, 353 –6, 360 –89
Radio engineering, 92 , 127 , 324
Radioiodine, 396 –8
Radioiron, 191
Radiological safety, 357 –8
Radiomedicine, 398 , 400 , 403 –4
Radiophosphorus, 191 , 194 , 398 –9, 401 , 403 –4
Radiosodium, 188 –90, 193 –4, 305 , 395 –6
Ramsauer, Carl, 112
Randall, H.M., 305
Randall, J.T., 500
Rasetti, Franco, 187
Raytheon Corporation, 113
Research Corporation, 27 –8, 63 , 65 , 103 –4, 106 –10, 197 –8, 356 , 497 , 515 ;
and cyclotrons, 267 , 311 , 483 ;
develops Sloan X-ray tube, 121 –3;
and patent policies, 106 –7, 109 –10, 192 –3, 196 –7, 497 , 517
Resonance absorption, 417
Resonance acceleration, 71 –86, 95 , 109
Resonant excitation, 151
Revere Copper and Brass Company, 285 , 319
Richardson, J.R., 233 , 354 , 376
Richtmeyer, F.K., 41
Roberts, Richard, 308
Rochester, University of, 303 –4, 311 , 387 , 404 , 407
Rockefeller Foundation, 13 , 27 –8, 110 , 189 , 267 , 304 , 311 , 329 –34, 342 , 343 , 345 , 473 ;
and Laboratory, 207 , 220 –1, 343 , 373 , 476 , 481 –2
Rogowski, Walter, 74
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 32 , 33 , 217 –8, 493
Rotblat, Joseph, 513
Ruben, Samuel, 259 , 405 –6, 484 ;
and studies on photosynthesis, 408 –13
Rutherford, Ernest, 41 , 46 , 49 , 326 , 336 , 521 ;
discovers nuclear disintegration, 46 –7;
and deuterium research, 158 –9, 161 , 168
S
Sagane, Ryokichi, 227 , 318 –9, 520
Salisbury, Winfield, 229 , 287 , 291 , 295 , 514
Sargent, B.W., 376
Savitch, Paul, 433 –4
Schiff, Leonard, 470
Schoenheimer, Rudolf, 410
Science and industry, 104 , 111
Seaborg, Glenn T., 228 , 259 , 355 , 382 –5, 396 , 443 , 447 , 449 , 450 –1, 459 , 461 , 463 , 512 , 517
Segrè, Emilio, 229 , 355 , 365 –8, 384 –7, 457 , 462 , 512 , 521 –2
Simmons, S.J., 233
Sixty-inch cyclotron. See Cyclotron. 60-inch
Slater, John, 113
Sloan, David, 25 , 89 –91, 118 –20, 226 , 232 , 292 , 295 , 495 –7, 501
Sloan tube, 118 –9, 120 –6, 389
Smith, Henry, 516
Snell, Arthur, 229 , 238 , 287 , 381 , 386
Soley, Myron, 396 –7
Solvay conference of 1933, 162
Southern California Edison, 14 , 17 , 51
Sperry Corporation, 499
Sproul, Robert Gordon, 98 , 106 –7, 113 , 116 , 208 , 210 , 391
Stanford University, 260 , 306 , 409 , 420 , 425 , 428 , 497
Stone, R.S., 391 –2
Stout, Perry, 407
Strauss, Lewis, 204 –5
Szilard, Leo, 75 , 79 , 81 , 199 –200, 202 , 204 , 445 , 504
T
Teller, Edward, 504
Tesla coil, 53 , 59 , 67 , 87 , 117
Texas, University of, 210 , 471 , 473
Thibaud, Jean, 79 –80
Thirty-seven-inch cyclotron. See Cyclotron, 37-inch
Thomas, L.H., 470
Thomson, Elihu, 103
Thomson, G.P., 417 –8
Thornton, Robert, 227 , 229 , 239 , 263 , 305 , 362
Thyroid, 396 –8
Tracers, radioactive. See Radioactive tracers
Transuranic research, 430 –6, 448 , 456 –60
Tritium, 368 –73
Tuck, James, 75
Tuve, Merle, 21 , 53 , 59 –60, 63 –4, 75 , 87 , 149 –51, 166 , 172 –3, 289 , 307 –8, 314 , 368 –9, 407 , 503 –6
Twenty-seven-inch cyclotron. See Cyclotron, 27-inch
U
Uhlenbeck, G.E., 374
Underwater Sound Lab, 501 –2
Urey, Harold C., 35 , 112 , 141 –3, 311 , 325 , 413 , 450
Utrecht, University of, 417 –8
V
Van Ardenne, Manfred, 347 , 348
Van de Graaff, Robert J., 60 , 61 –5
Van de Graaff (electrostatic generator), 60 –4, 150 , 314 , 324 –5, 328 –9, 332
Van Voorhis, Stanley, 229 , 233
Varian, Russell, 498 –9
Varian, Sigurd, 498 –9
Von Freisen, Sten, 349
Von Hevesy, Georg, 329 –30, 407 –8
Von Weizsacker, C.F., 380
W
Wahl, Arthur, 459 , 461 , 463 , 512
Walke, Harold, 238 , 245 , 342 , 378
Walton, Ernest, 67 –8, 74 , 489
Washington University, 309 , 510
Weaver, Warren, 220 , 329 , 473 , 475 –7, 481 , 488
White, Milton, 232 , 257 , 263
Wideroe, Rolf, 72 –4, 76 –9, 83 –4, 495
Wigner, Eugene, 504
Wilson, Robert, 35 , 239 , 278 , 468 , 516 –7
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), 105
Wood, R.W., 493
Woolridge, Dean, 233
Works Project Administration, 216 , 217
Wynn-Williams, 158
X
X rays, 15 , 54 , 57 –8, 71 , 117 –26
Y
Yale University, 22 , 251 , 306 , 309 , 411
Yasaki, Tameichi, 318
Z
Zinn, Walter, 445
Zirkle, Raymond E., 389 –90