1. But see J. R. Hale, England and the Italian Renaissance: The Growth of Interest in Its History and Art (London, 1954), which does recognize that before the eighteenth century Venice was the primary source of European impressions of the Italian Renaissance. See also Zera S. Fink, The Classical Republicans: An Essay in the Recovery of a Pattern of Thought in Seventeenth-Century England , 2nd ed. (Evanston, 1962). [BACK]

2. For fuller treatment of the Venetian political tradition, see my Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter-Reformation (Berkeley, 1968). [BACK]

3. Della perfezione della vita politica , in his Opere politiche , ed. C. Monzani (Florence, 1852) I, 33-405. [BACK]

4. Ibid., 41-57, 214-216. [BACK]

5. In his Discorsi politici , in Opere politiche , II, 1-371. [BACK]

6. Sopra la forza e validità della scommunica , in Istoria dell' Interdetto e altri scritti , ed. Giovanni Gambarin (Bari, 1940) II, 40. [BACK]

7. Istoria del Concilio Tridentino , ed. Giovanni Gambarin (Bari, 1935) II, 250. [BACK]

8. De magistratibus et republica venetorum (Venice, 1543). [BACK]

9. I cite from the edition of J. G. Graevius, Thesaurus antiquitatum et historiarum Italiae (Leyden, 1722) V, col. 58. [BACK]

10. Ibid., cols. 7-8. [BACK]

11. Ibid., col. 4. [BACK]

12. Ibid., cols. 56-57. [BACK]

13. In his relazione of 1595 after his Roman embassy, Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato , ed. Eugenio Albèri (Florence, 1839-1863), II, iv, 355-448. [BACK]

14. In his Historia vinetiana (Venice, 1605). [BACK]

15. In his Discorsi , cited above. [BACK]

16. Vita politica , 254-256. [BACK]

17. Istoria delle guerre civili di Francia (Milan, 1807) I, 7-13. [BACK]

18. Concilio Tridentino , I, 236. [BACK]

19. Bellarmine's charge appeared in his Risposta a un libretto intitolato Risposta di un dottore di Theologia (Rome, 1606). It was directed against Giovanni Marsilio, who replied in his Difesa a favore della risposta dell' otto propositioni (Venice, 1606). Both works are included in Raccolta degli scritti usciti . . . nella cause del P. Paolo V. co' signori venetiani (Chur, 1607) I, 166-167 and 243 for these passages. [BACK]

20. Concilio Tridentino , II, 437. [BACK]

21. Guerre civili di Francia , I, 3-5. [BACK]

22. Concilio Tridentino , I, 187. [BACK]

23. Ibid., I, 4-5. [BACK]

24. Letter to Jérôme Groslot de l'Isle, 28 Feb. 1612, in his Lettere ai Protestanti , ed. Manlio D. Busnelli (Bari, 1931) I, 219. [BACK]

25. For a vision of Sarpi as reformer, see Pierre F. Le Courayer, Défense de la nouvelle traduction de l'histoire du Concile de Trente (Amsterdam, 1742) 38. [BACK]

26. The French translation was by Jehan Charrier (Paris, 1544), the English by Sir Lewes Lewkenor (London, 1599). [BACK]

27. Gabriel Naudé, Bibliographia politica (Frankfurt, 1673) III. [BACK]

28. For these translations see Carlo Curcio, Dal Rinascimento alla Controriforma (Rome, 1934) 211, n. The translation of the history (London, 1658) was the work of Henry, Earl of Monmouth. [BACK]

29. Bibliographia politica , 33. [BACK]

30. Curcio, 211. [BACK]

31. By Charles Cotterell and William Aylesbury (1647) and Ellis Farnesworth (1758). [BACK]

32. The French translation (1644) was by I. Baudoin, the Spanish (1675) by P. Basilio Varen de Soto, and the Latin (1735) by François Cornazanus. [BACK]

33. Henry St. John, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke, Letters on the Study and Use of History (London [1st ed., 1752], 1770) 136-137. For English interest in Davila, see also Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford, 1965) 2, 278-279. [BACK]

34. It was first published in Boston, 1805. It must be admitted that the work is very little concerned with Davila. [BACK]

35. See Hubert Jedin, Das Konzil von Trient, ein Überblick über die Erforschung seiner Geschichte (Rome, 1948) 93. [BACK]

36. Giorgio Spini, "Riforma italiana e mediazioni ginevrine nella Nuova Inghilterra," in Ginevra e l'Italia (Florence, 1959) 454-455. [BACK]

37. For Johnson's interest in Sarpi, see, most recently, John Lawrence Abbott, "Dr. Johnson and the Making of The Life of Father Paul Sarpi ," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library , XXXVIII (1966) 255-267. The first translation was by Nicholas Brent (1620). [BACK]

38. The first was by the Calvinist Giovanni Diodati (Geneva, 1621); the later translations were by Abraham Nicolas Amelot de la Houssaye (Amsterdam, 1683) and Pierre F. Le Courayer (London, 1736). [BACK]

39. For example, Cardinal Pallavicino, in his own Historia del Concilio Tridentino ; on this point see V. Luciani, Francesco Guicciardini and His European Reputation (New York, 1936) 208. [BACK]

40. Science des princes, ou considérations politiques sur les coups d'état (Paris, 1757) III, 238 [BACK]

41. Amelot, in the preface of his Histoire du Concile de Trente (2nd rev. ed., Amsterdam, 1686). [BACK]

42. See Francesco Griselini, Memorie anedote spettanti alla vita ed agli studi del sommo filosofo e giureconsulto F. Paolo Servita (Lausanne, 1760) 260. [BACK]

43. For the numerous translations of this work, see Luigi Firpo, Traduzioni dei "Ragguagli" di Traiano Boccalini (Florence, 1965). [BACK]

44. Cf. Franco Gaeta, "Alcune considerazioni sul mito di Venezia," Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance , XXIII (1961) 63. Among Europeans particularly impressed by this was Claude de Seyssel, La monarchie de France (1519), ed. Jacques Poujol (Paris, 1961) 107. [BACK]

45. For earlier impressions of Venice, see Gina Fasoli, "Nascita di un mito," Studi storici in onore di Gioacchino Volpe (Florence, 1958) I, 445-479. For Florentine interest in Venice see also Rudolph von Albertini, Das florentinische Staatsbewusstsein im Übergang von der Republik zum Principat (Berne, 1955); Renzo Pecchioli, "Il'mito'di Venezia e la crisi fiorentina intorno al 1500," Studi Storici , III (1962) 451-492; and Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Florence (Princeton, 1965). [BACK]

46. Mémoires-Journaux , ed. G. Brunet (Paris, 1875-1896) VIII, 198-310. [BACK]

47. I (1614) leaves 48-70, 89-104, 120-128. [BACK]

48. Avity, Les estats empires royaumes et principautés du monde (Paris, 1635) 497. [BACK]

49. Rohan, De l'interest des princes, et des estats de la Chrestienté (Paris, 1692) 122-123. [BACK]

50. Howell, S.P.Q.V. A survay of the signorie of Venice (London, 1651) 142. [BACK]

51. Histoire du gouvernement de Venise et l'examen de sa liberté (Paris, 1677). [BACK]

52. On the general point see, for example, the recent works of E. Thuau, Raison d'état et pensée politique à l'époque de Richelieu (Paris, 1966), and Leonard Marsak, "The Idea of Reason in Seventeenth-Century France" Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale , XI (1969) 407-416. [BACK]

53. Pp. 1, 10. [BACK]

54. See, for example, his Interest des princes , 102. [BACK]

55. Jean Bodin, The six bookes of a commonweale , Richard Knolles, trans. (London, 1606), in the facsimile edition of Kenneth D. McRae (Cambridge, Mass., 1962) 563. The Knolles translation made use of both the slightly differing French and Latin editions. [BACK]

56. Avity, 477, for example. [BACK]

57. The point has been made by Fink, 34-35. [BACK]

58. "Brittania and Rawleigh," in Andrew Marvell, Poems and Letters , ed. H. M. Margoliouth (Oxford, 1952) I, 188. Margoliouth thinks the poem is not Marvell's. [BACK]

59. Thomas de Fougasse, The generall historie of the magnificent state of Venice , W. Shute, trans. (London, 1612) I, 25, 162, from the French edition of 1608; Gregorio Leti, Ragguagli historici e politici delle virtu, e massime necessarie alla conservatione degli stati (Amsterdam, 1699) I, 103-105. In this work Leti attempts to substitute Holland for Venice as a new model of political perfection, but he does so by magnifying in the Dutch the virtues elsewhere attributed to Venice. [BACK]

60. In his epistle to the reader. [BACK]

61. Traiano Boccalini, Ragguagli di Parnaso , ed. Luigi Firpo (Bari, 1948) I, 21-22. [BACK]

62. P. 203. See also 204-207. [BACK]

63. Charles Perrault, Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes (Paris, 1688), in the facsimile edition of H. R. Jauss (Munich, 1964) II, 100. [BACK]

64. An Essay upon the ancient and modern learning , ed. J. E. Spingarn (Oxford, 1909) 36. [BACK]

65. A Venice looking-glasse: or, a letter written very lately from London to Rome, by a Venetian clarissimo (London, 1648). This has been attributed to Howell. [BACK]

66. Alexandre Toussaint de Limojon, sieur de Saint-Didier, La ville et la république de Venise (Paris, 1680) 4. [BACK]

67. P. 476. [BACK]

68. P. 1. [BACK]

69. P. 12. [BACK]

70. James Harrington, Oceana , ed. S. B. Liljegren (Heidelberg, 1924) 185. [BACK]

71. Opening words of the epistle to Parliament. [BACK]

72. Pp. 107-108. [BACK]

73. P. 433. [BACK]

74. Pp. 22, 28-29. [BACK]

75. Pp. 5, 8, 35. [BACK]

76. Pp. 32, 137. [BACK]

77. Article "Venise," Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Paris, 1751-1765) XVII, 12. [BACK]

78. P. 24. [BACK]

79. This prefaced Lewkenor's English translation of Contarini. [BACK]

80. Pp. 21-22. [BACK]

81. P. 785. [BACK]

82. Pp. 428, 606. [BACK]

83. Pp. 108, 114. [BACK]

84. Pp. 4, 208. See also Boccalini, 26. [BACK]

85. Pp. 200-204. [BACK]

86. For example, I, 114. [BACK]

87. II, 344. [BACK]

88. P. 549. [BACK]

89. Against Naudé, in his notes to Naudé's Science des Princes (Strasbourg, 1673). Dumay was a Counselor-Secretary to the Elector of Mainz. [BACK]

90. P. 547. See also Boccalini, 25-26. [BACK]

91. Boccalini, 24. [BACK]

92. P. 23. See also Amelot de la Houssaye, 48-49; Howell, 5; and the Sieur de la Haye, La politique civile et militaire des Venitiens (Paris, 1668) 65-67. [BACK]

93. P. 23. [BACK]

94. Amelot de la Houssaye, 37; Howell, 183; Harrington, 173. [BACK]

95. P. 7. [BACK]

96. In the preface to his translation of Sarpi's Concilio Tridentino . [BACK]

97. P. 128. [BACK]

98. I, 23. [BACK]

99. "Venise, et, par occasion, de la liberté," in Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes , ed. Louis Moland (Paris, 1877-1885) XX, 552-554, often included in the Dictionnaire philosophique . [BACK]

100. Thomas Coryat, Crudities (Glasgow, 1905) I, 415-416. [BACK]

101. P. 1 and prefatory verses. [BACK]

102. P. 180. [BACK]

103. P. 160. [BACK]

104. Gaeta, 69-72. [BACK]

105. And not only in France; see G. P. Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1954) 243. [BACK]

106. Cf. Fougasse, I, 208; and Fink, 46. [BACK]

107. Boccalini, 23, 26-27; Amelot de la Houssaye, 37 et seq., 49-50, 61. [BACK]

108. P. 151. [BACK]

109. Dialogue between Pole and Lupset , ed. K. M. Burton (London, 1948) 167. [BACK]

110. P. 12; see also 6. [BACK]

111. Gaeta, 71-72. [BACK]

112. P. 178. [BACK]

113. P. 112. [BACK]

114. P. 554. [BACK]

115. Pp. 10-11. [BACK]

116. P. 19. [BACK]

117. Pp. 152-153. [BACK]

118. Contrat social , bk. iv, ch. 3. [BACK]

119. P. 55. See also 4, with special reference to Venetian foreign policy. [BACK]

120. II, 457-458 in Naudé, Science des Princes . [BACK]

121. P. 128. See also 92, 122. [BACK]

122. Science des Princes , I, 146; cf. 144 [BACK]

123. Amelot de la Houssaye, 99-101, 54-55. [BACK]

124. Howell, 92. [BACK]

125. Boccalini, 30-31; Amelot de la Houssaye, 76-77; Saint-Didier, 227-228. [BACK]

126. Amelot de la Houssaye, 102. [BACK]

127. Dumay, in Naudé, Science des Princes , I, 163; III, 115. [BACK]

128. Rosseau, Émile , in Oeuvres complètes (Paris, 1969) IV, 646 n. [BACK]

129. Leti, I, 74-76, on the ground that it is the way of nature for the great to oppress the weak. [BACK]

130. Saint-Didier, 274 et seq., where these practices are seen as both debasing and useful; cf. Amelot de la Houssaye, 309 et seq., where distaste and fascination seem equally mixed. [BACK]

131. P. 711. [BACK]

132. Pp. 99, 135-142, 383. [BACK]

133. Pp. 235, 398. [BACK]

134. Pp. 133-134. [BACK]

135. P. 208. [BACK]

136. A seasonable discourse (London, 1649), cited by Hill, 278. [BACK]

137. Fougasse, I, 112-113. Howell, 18, 185; Dumay, in Naudé, Science des Princes , I, 204. [BACK]

138. Preface to his translation of Sarpi, Concilio Tridentino . [BACK]

139. Défense de la traduction , 72, 94. [BACK]

140. Article "Venise," 8. [BACK]

141. "Father Paul Sarpi," Works (London, 1820) XII, 6-7. [BACK]

142. Letter to Walpole, 2 Aug. 1758, in Letters , ed. J. Y. T. Greig (Oxford, 1932) I, 152. [BACK]

143. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , ed. H. H. Milman (Philadelphia, n. d.) V, 537 n. 89. [BACK]

144. P. 353. [BACK]

145. René Pintard, Le libertinage érudit première moitié du XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1943) I, 104. [BACK]

146. Areopagitica and Other Prose Works (London, Everyman's Library, 1927) 8. [BACK]

147. P. 171. [BACK]

148. I, 260. [BACK]

149. As in Coryat, I, 401-409; Amelot de la Houssaye, 88, 142 et seq., 331-332; and even Howell, 8: "She melts in softness and sensualitie as much as any other [place] whatsoever; for, 'tis too well known, ther is no place where ther is lesse Religion from the girdle downwards." [BACK]

150. Article "Venise," 12. [BACK]

151. Fulgenzio Micanzio, Vita del Padre Paolo (n.p., 1658) 79. [BACK]