The Quiet Revolution
  Acknowledgments

  Introduction
 collapse section1—  Academic Chemistry in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany
 •University Reform
 collapse sectionPedagogical Reform
 •Jacob Berzelius
 •Friedrich Wöhler
 •Justus Liebig
 •Robert Bunsen
 •The New Culture of Science in Germany
 collapse section2—  Growing Up and Limbering Up
 •The Kingdom of Hanover
 •Forefathers
 •Beyhood
 •Gymnasium and University
 •Doctoral Work
 •The Decline of Dualistic Organic Chemistry
 collapse section3—  A Journeyman Chemist
 •The Copula Theory
 •Assistant to Playfair
 •Back to Marburg
 •Vieweg Verlag and Braunschweig
 •Chemical Editor
 •The Defection of Hofmann and Frankland
 collapse section4—  Gerhardt and Wurtz
 •Liebig and Dumas
 •Gerhardt
 •Wurtz
 •The Breakthrough of Gerhardt's Reform
 •The Conversion of Wurtz
 collapse section5—  Early Years in Marburg
 •The Call to Marburg
 •Settling in
 •Home Life
 •Classroom and Laboratory
 •Textbook Author
 collapse section6—  Confronting the Reform Movement
 •Williamson's Asymmetric Synthesis Argument
 •Attack and Counterattack:  Kolbe Versus Williamson
 •Accommodation and Defiance
 •The Battle Lost
 collapse section7—  Kekulé, Wurtz, and the Rise of Structure Theory
 •The French Connection
 •The Education of August Kekulé
 •Kekulé on the Nature of Carbon
 •Structure Theory and the Problem of Independent Codiscovery
 collapse section8—  Carbonic Acid and Natural Types
 •Frankland and the Origins of the Carbonic Acid Theory
 •Kolbe's Development of the Theory
 •The Response
 •Was Kolbe a Type Theorist?
 collapse section9—  The Great Break
 •Characterization and Causes
 •Polyfunctionality
 •Predictions Unfulfilled:  Hydroxyacids
 •Predictions Fulfilled:  Diacids and Novel Alcohols
 •The New Complexion of Organic Chemistry
 •Later Years in Marburg
 collapse section10—  The Theory of Chemical Structure and the Structure of Chemical Theory
 •Organic Synthesis
 •Structure Theory and the Philosophy of Chemistry
 •Craft Skills and Tacit Knowledge in Organic Chemistry
 •Exploring Atomic Ecologies:  Erlenmeyer and Kolbe
 •Butleroy, Kekulé, and Kolbe
 •The Problem of Formulas and Their Interpretation
 collapse section11—  Leipzig
 •The Kingdom of Saxony and Its University
 •Kolbe's Call to Leipzig and Its Context
 •Establishing the Leipzig Laboratory
 •Acquiring a Journal
 collapse section12—  Aromatic Chemistry
 •Early Work on Salicylic and Salylic Acids
 •"Kekulé Always Rides a Fiery Steed"
 •Trimethine-Trimethane
 •The Salicylic Acid Craze
 collapse section13—  Life and Work in Leipzig
 •Kolbe's "Merry Celestials"
 •The Leipzig Research Group
 •The Crusade
 collapse section14—  Pride and Prejudice
 •Chauvinism
 •Chemistry:  A French or German Science?
 •The German Jew as Chemist
 •The Collision of Kolbe and Hofmann
 •Hofmann Versus the Antisemites
 •Last Years
  Issues and Reflections

 collapse sectionNotes
 •Introduction
 •1— Academic Chemistry in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany
 •2— Growing Up and Limbering Up
 •3— A Journeyman Chemist
 •4— Gerhardt and Wurtz
 •5— Early Years in Marburg
 •6— Confronting the Reform Movement
 •7— Kekulé, Wurtz, and the Rise of Structure Theory
 •8— Carbonic Acid and Natural Types
 •9— The Great Break
 •10— The Theory of Chemical Structure and the Structure of Chemical Theory
 •11— Leipzig
 •12— Aromatic Chemistry
 •13— Life and Work in Leipzig
 •14— Pride and Prejudice
 •Issues and Reflections
  Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Sources
 collapse sectionGlossary
 •I—  German Vocabulary
 collapse sectionII—  Organic Chemistry
 •A. Precis of Modern Structure Theory
 •B. Modern Chemical Definitions
 collapse sectionBibliography
 •I—  Manuscript Sources
 •II—  Texts and Monographs by Hermann Kolbe
 •III—  Obituaries and Biographical Literature on Hermann Kolbe
 •IV—  Selected Secondary Literature
 collapse sectionIndex
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •Y
 •Z
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