The Quiet Revolution

  Acknowledgments

  Introduction
 collapse section1—  Academic Chemistry in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany
 University Reform
 collapse sectionPedagogical Reform
 Jacob Berzelius
 Friedrich Wöhler
 Justus Liebig
 Robert Bunsen
 The New Culture of Science in Germany
 collapse section2—  Growing Up and Limbering Up
 The Kingdom of Hanover
 Forefathers
 Beyhood
 Gymnasium and University
 Doctoral Work
 The Decline of Dualistic Organic Chemistry
 collapse section3—  A Journeyman Chemist
 The Copula Theory
 Assistant to Playfair
 Back to Marburg
 Vieweg Verlag and Braunschweig
 Chemical Editor
 The Defection of Hofmann and Frankland
 collapse section4—  Gerhardt and Wurtz
 Liebig and Dumas
 Gerhardt
 Wurtz
 The Breakthrough of Gerhardt's Reform
 The Conversion of Wurtz
 collapse section5—  Early Years in Marburg
 The Call to Marburg
 Settling in
 Home Life
 Classroom and Laboratory
 Textbook Author
 collapse section6—  Confronting the Reform Movement
 Williamson's Asymmetric Synthesis Argument
 Attack and Counterattack:  Kolbe Versus Williamson
 Accommodation and Defiance
 The Battle Lost
 collapse section7—  Kekulé, Wurtz, and the Rise of Structure Theory
 The French Connection
 The Education of August Kekulé
 Kekulé on the Nature of Carbon
 Structure Theory and the Problem of Independent Codiscovery
 collapse section8—  Carbonic Acid and Natural Types
 Frankland and the Origins of the Carbonic Acid Theory
 Kolbe's Development of the Theory
 The Response
 Was Kolbe a Type Theorist?
 collapse section9—  The Great Break
 Characterization and Causes
 Polyfunctionality
 Predictions Unfulfilled:  Hydroxyacids
 Predictions Fulfilled:  Diacids and Novel Alcohols
 The New Complexion of Organic Chemistry
 Later Years in Marburg
 collapse section10—  The Theory of Chemical Structure and the Structure of Chemical Theory
 Organic Synthesis
 Structure Theory and the Philosophy of Chemistry
 Craft Skills and Tacit Knowledge in Organic Chemistry
 Exploring Atomic Ecologies:  Erlenmeyer and Kolbe
 Butleroy, Kekulé, and Kolbe
 The Problem of Formulas and Their Interpretation
 collapse section11—  Leipzig
 The Kingdom of Saxony and Its University
 Kolbe's Call to Leipzig and Its Context
 Establishing the Leipzig Laboratory
 Acquiring a Journal
 collapse section12—  Aromatic Chemistry
 Early Work on Salicylic and Salylic Acids
 "Kekulé Always Rides a Fiery Steed"
 Trimethine-Trimethane
 The Salicylic Acid Craze
 collapse section13—  Life and Work in Leipzig
 Kolbe's "Merry Celestials"
 The Leipzig Research Group
 The Crusade
 collapse section14—  Pride and Prejudice
 Chauvinism
 Chemistry:  A French or German Science?
 The German Jew as Chemist
 The Collision of Kolbe and Hofmann
 Hofmann Versus the Antisemites
 Last Years
  Issues and Reflections

 collapse sectionNotes
 Introduction
 1— Academic Chemistry in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany
 2— Growing Up and Limbering Up
 3— A Journeyman Chemist
 4— Gerhardt and Wurtz
 5— Early Years in Marburg
 6— Confronting the Reform Movement
 7— Kekulé, Wurtz, and the Rise of Structure Theory
 8— Carbonic Acid and Natural Types
 9— The Great Break
 10— The Theory of Chemical Structure and the Structure of Chemical Theory
 11— Leipzig
 12— Aromatic Chemistry
 13— Life and Work in Leipzig
 14— Pride and Prejudice
 Issues and Reflections
  Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Sources
 collapse sectionGlossary
 I—  German Vocabulary
 collapse sectionII—  Organic Chemistry
 A. Precis of Modern Structure Theory
 B. Modern Chemical Definitions
 collapse sectionBibliography
 I—  Manuscript Sources
 II—  Texts and Monographs by Hermann Kolbe
 III—  Obituaries and Biographical Literature on Hermann Kolbe
 IV—  Selected Secondary Literature
 collapse sectionIndex
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 B
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 E
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 H
 I
 J
 K
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 M
 N
 O
 P
 Q
 R
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 T
 U
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 Y
 Z

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