1. Dennis Farney, "Democratic Study Unit in Ferment," Wall Street Journal, April 25, 1984, p. 54. [BACK]

2. Economic arguments about growth could, however, be made. Defense spending can be alleged to be unproductive, with a smaller multiplier than domestic spending, while much spending by the wealthy could be said to be much better spent by the government. If businesses were more interested in paper profits than in productive investment, then raising their taxes would be little loss. And, because a mass productive capitalist economy needs wide markets but tends to create inequality, government efforts to redistribute income add to growth. There are arguments for anything. [BACK]

3. Timothy B. Clark, "Promises, Promises—the Presidential Candidates and Their Budget Plans," National Journal, March 10, 1984, p. 452-57. [BACK]

4. Special Task Force on Long-Term Economic Policy, Democratic Caucus/ United States House of Representatives, Rebuilding the Road to Opportunity: Turning Point for America's Economy, September 1982, p. III. Produced by the House Democratic Caucus, this was known as the Yellow Book because of its cover. It was succeeded by the National-House Democratic Caucus, Renewing America's Promise: A Democratic Blueprint for Our Nation's Future, January 1984. Published by the National-House Democratic Caucus, this was known as the Blue Book because of its cover. [BACK]

5. Yellow Book, p. 1. [BACK]

6. Ibid., p. 9. [BACK]

7. Ibid. [BACK]

8. Blue Book, p. 3. [BACK]

9. Ibid., pp. 12-13. [BACK]

10. Ibid., p. 13. [BACK]

11. Ibid., p. 10. [BACK]

12. David S. Broder, "Mondale Says He'd Increase Business Taxes," Washington Post, September 16, 1983, p. A1. [BACK]

13. Mark Starr with Howard Freeman, "An Early Labor Endorsement?", Newsweek, August 15, 1983, p. 21; Tom Morganthau et al., "Fritz Mondale's Triple Play," Newsweek, October 10, 1983, p. 28. [BACK]

14. The best coverage of labor's problems can be found in The Economist, for example, "A harvest of trouble in California," August 27, 1983, pp. 15-16; "The de-unionization of America," October 29, 1983, p. 71; "Economy expands, jobs contract," August 25, 1984, p. 57; "Secure our jobs, and the rise can come later," September 22, 1984, pp. 25-26. For a discussion of the various political considerations, see Don Bonafede, "Labor's Early Endorsement Will Prove a Psychological Boost and Then Some," National Journal, September 24, 1983, pp. 1938-41. [BACK]

15. Clark. "Promises, Promises." [BACK]

16. David Broder, "Democrats Exchange Brickbats," Washington Post, January 16, 1984, pp. A1, A4. [BACK]

17. Thomas B. Edsall, "'84 Politics: 'New Patriotism' vs. New Class Allegiances," Washington Post, February 5, 1984, pp. D1, D4. [BACK]

18. Dan Balz and Milton Coleman, "Accepting Nomination, Mondale Offers Voters Era of 'New Realism,'" Washington Post, July 20, 1984, pp. A1, A15. [BACK]

19. Walter Bagehot, "Introduction to the Second Edition," The English Constitution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Paperbacks, 1966), p. 276. [BACK]

20. William Schneider, "Mondale's Gamble on Tax Increase Could Pay Off If Fairness Becomes the Issue," National Journal, August 4, 1984, pp. 1494-95. [BACK]

21. David Alpern, "Jousting Over a Tax Increase," Newsweek, August 6, 1984, p. 16; Kurt Andersen, "Scoring Points with Candor," Time, August 20, 1984, pp. 20-21; Lou Cannon and David Hoffman, "'I Have No Plans to Raise Taxes,' President Says," Washington Post, July 25, 1984, pp. A 1, A11; David Hoffman and John M. Berry, "Reagan, Mondale Tax Brawl Defies Political Convention," Washington Post, July 29, 1984, pp. A1, A8; Tom Morganthau et al., "How Good a President?" Newsweek, August 27, 1984, pp. 28-31. [BACK]

22. George F. Will, "The Economy of Leadership," Newsweek, August 27, 1984, p. 84. [BACK]

23. Robert Dole, editorial, Washington Post, August 5, 1984, p. C8. [BACK]

24. See, for instance, Thomas E. Cavanagh and James L. Sundquist, "The New Two-Party System," in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson, The New Direction in American Politics (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 33-67. [BACK]

25. Ibid., pp. 43-48; The Gallup Report, No. 223, April 1984, p. 18. [BACK]

26. J. Merrill Shanks and Warren E. Miller, "Policy Direction and Performance Evaluation: Complementary Explanations of the Reagan Elections," paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of The American Political Science Association, New Orleans, August 29-September 1, 1985. [BACK]

27. David S. Broder and George Lardner, Jr., "Democrats Challenge President's Landslide as Mandate," Washington Post, November 8, 1984, pp. A1, A49. [BACK]

29. Authors' calculations from CQA 1984. [BACK]

30. An extensive literature has documented the incumbency advantages in congressional elections. [BACK]

31. John A. Ferejohn and Morris P. Fiorina, "Incumbency and Realignment in Congressional Elections," in Chubb and Peterson, New Direction, pp. 91-115; quote on pp. 114-15. [BACK]

32. William Schneider, "Mondale's Gamble on Tax Increase Could Pay Off If Fairness Becomes the Issue," National Journal, August 4, 1984, pp. 1494-95. [BACK]

33. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1983 (Wilmington, Dela.: Scholarly Resources, 1984), Survey #207-G, Interviewing date January 14-17, 1983, reported February 13, pp. 25-30. [BACK]

34. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1984 (Wilmington, Dela.: Scholarly Resources, 1985), Survey #243-G, Interviewing date September 28-October 1, 1984, reported November 18, pp. 243-45. [BACK]

35. Scott Keeter, "Public Opinion in 1984," in Gerald Pomper with Colleagues, The Election of 1984: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1985), pp. 91-111. [BACK]

36. Ibid., p. 99. See also D. Roderick Kiewiet and Douglas Rivers, "The Economic Basis of Reagan's Appeal," in Chubb and Peterson, New Direction, pp. 69-90. [BACK]

37. See William Schneider, "An Uncertain Consensus," National Journal, November 10, 1984, pp. 2130-32; Keeter, "Public Opinion in 1984," pp. 98-99. [BACK]

38. Keeter, "Public Opinion in 1984," p. 95. [BACK]

39. Helen Dewar, "Legislators See Paradox In Voters' View of Reagan," Washington Post, February 21, 1984, pp. A1, A4. [BACK]

40. Evan Thomas, "The Goal: A Landslide," Time, November 5, 1984, pp. 18-20. [BACK]

41. One reason Reagan had different opinions was that he listened to different voices. In his memoir Donald Regan remarked that the president was most likely to quote from a story in the morning's Washington Times, unlike Vice President Bush who, like most Washingtonians, would refer to the New York Times; Regan, For the Record, p. 275. [BACK]