| A Company of Scientists |
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| PART I THE SETTING |
| Chapter 1 Portrait of an Institution |
| • | Understanding the Institution |
| • | Public Image |
| • | Behind the Public Image |
| 14 | PART II THE INSTITUTION AND ITS PATRONAGE |
| 11 | Chapter 2 Members and Protectors |
| • | Composition of the Early Academy |
| 10 | • | Students of Plants |
| 1 | • | The Protectors and their Spokesmen |
| Chapter 3 Models for a Company of Scientists |
| • | Sociocultural Contexts |
| • | Bureaucratic Models |
| • | Conclusion |
| 1 | Chapter 4 The Material Benefits of Membership: Pensions and Quarters |
| • | The Functions of Pensions |
| 1 | • | Bibliothèque Du Roi and Jardin Royal |
| • | Observatoire |
| • | Conclusion |
| 2 | Chapter 5 Research Subventions and Ministerial Control |
| 1 | • | Colbert: The Generous Foundation |
| 1 | • | Louvois: Declining Interest and Support |
| • | Pontchartrain: A Penurious Revival |
| • | Conclusion |
| 134 | PART III BOTANICAL RESEARCH AT THE ACADEMY |
| 43 | Chapter 6 The Natural History of Plants: Rival Conceptions |
| • | Changing Ways of Thinking About Plants |
| 13 | • | Proposals for a Natural History of Plants |
| 7 | • | Research for the Natural History |
| 22 | • | Editorial Rivalry |
| 1 | • | Conclusion |
| 53 | Chapter 7 Justifying the Chemical Analysis of Plants |
| 9 | • | The Controversy Over Distillation |
| 9 | • | The Method of Distillation |
| 13 | • | Why Distillation? |
| 12 | • | The Goals of Chemical Analysis |
| 9 | • | Publicity and Discretion |
| • | Conclusion |
| 30 | Chapter 8 Ministerial Intervention and an Unexpected Outcome |
| 8 | • | The Lost Second Installment |
| 8 | • | Ministerial Intervention |
| 8 | • | A New Editor |
| 1 | • | Conclusion |
| Chapter 9 Analogical Reasoning: The Model |
| • | The Nature and functions of Analogical Reasoning |
| • | The Circulation of the Blood |
| • | Analogical Reasoning in the Harveian Model |
| • | Conclusion |
| Chapter 10 Analogical Reasoning: The Theory |
| • | The Circulation of the Sap |
| • | Pretheoretic Plausibility |
| • | Pushing the Analogy to Its Limits |
| • | Solving the Problem of Crucial Dissimilarities |
| • | Explaining the Rise of Sap |
| • | Conclusion |
| 7 | Chapter 11 Chemical and Mechanical Explanation of Physiological Processes |
| 3 | • | Generation and Reproduction |
| 4 | • | Germination, Maturation, and the Role of External Factors |
| • | How Plants Grow and How They Are Nourished |
| • | Conclusion |
| 1 | Chapter 12 The New Instruments and Botany |
| 1 | • | Early Botanical Microscopy at the Academy |
| • | Plants and the Air Pump |
| • | Conclusion |
| 39 | PART IV THE ACADEMY AND THE LARGER COMMUNITY |
| 23 | Chapter 13 Medical Motivations and Social Responsibility |
| 5 | • | Medical Interests |
| 17 | • | Ergotism, Illness of the Poor |
| 1 | • | Conclusion |
| 4 | Chapter 14 Scientific Paris at the End of the Century |
| 1 | • | The Scientific Community |
| 2 | • | Modest Public Interest in Science |
| 1 | • | Scientific Goods and Services in Paris, 1660–1700 |
| • | Conclusion |
| 12 | Chapter 15 Academicians and the Larger Scientific Community |
| 5 | • | Private Contacts Between Academicians And Other Savants |
| 1 | • | Institutional Regulation of Contacts |
| 6 | • | The Character and Benefits of Contacts |
| • | Conclusion |
| PART V THE EFFECTS OF PATRONAGE |
| • | Chapter 16 The Academy as an Instrument of the Crown |
| 97 | NOTES |
| • | Chapter 1 Portrait of an Institution |
| 3 | • | Chapter 2 Members and Protectors |
| • | Chapter 3 Models for a Company of Scientists |
| • | Chapter 4 The Material Benefits of Membership: Pensions and Quarters |
| • | Chapter 5 Research Subventions and Ministerial Control |
| 24 | • | Chapter 6 The Natural History of Plants: Rival Conceptions |
| 29 | • | Chapter 7 Justifying the Chemical Analysis of Plants |
| 4 | • | Chapter 8 Ministerial Intervention and an Unexpected Outcome |
| • | Chapter 9 Analogical Reasoning: The Model |
| • | Chapter 10 Analogical Reasoning: The Theory |
| 7 | • | Chapter 11 Chemical and Mechanical Explanation of Physiological Processes |
| 6 | • | Chapter 12 The New Instruments and Botany |
| 9 | • | Chapter 13 Medical Motivations and Social Responsibility |
| 3 | • | Chapter 14 Scientific Paris at the End of the Century |
| 12 | • | Chapter 15 Academicians and the Larger Scientific Community |
| • | Chapter 16 The Academy as an Instrument of the Crown |
| ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDIX, NOTES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 5 | APPENDIX THE RECORD OF EXPENDITURE, 1666–1699 |
| NOTES TO APPENDIX |
| • | Table 1 |
| • | Table 2 |
| • | Table 3 |
| • | Table 4 |
| • | Table 5 |
| • | Table 6 |
| • | Table 7 |
| • | Table 8 |
| • | Table 9 |
| • | Table 10 |
| • | Table 11 |
| • | Table 12 |
| • | Table 16 |
| • | Table 17 |
| 10 | BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 6 | • | Primary Sources: Manuscripts, Drawings, and Paintings |
| 4 | • | Primary Sources: Printed and Engraved |
| • | Secondary Sources |
| 12 | INDEX |
| • | A |
| 1 | • | B |
| 1 | • | C |
| 3 | • | D |
| • | E |
| • | F |
| • | G |
| • | H |
| • | I |
| • | J |
| • | K |
| • | L |
| • | M |
| 2 | • | N |
| • | O |
| 1 | • | P |
| 1 | • | R |
| 1 | • | S |
| 2 | • | T |
| • | U |
| • | V |
| • | W |
| • | Z |