P
Papin, Denis, 193 , 212 , 317 n.1, 332 n.66
Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
Paracelsianism, 17 , 83 , 87 , 90 , 96 -97, 120 , 124 , 173
Pardies, Ignace Gaston, S.J., 22 , 337 n.116
Paris, 16 , 21 , 22 , 82 , 171 , 175
as magnet for ambitious, 16
—addresses serving scientific community, 327 n.55
Arsenal, 195
faubourg Saint Antoine opposite rue de Charonne, 194
faubourg Saint Honoré, 194
faubourg Saint Jacques, 187 , 193
Galeries du Louvre, 190 , 192 , 193
Palais de justice, grande salle of, 191
place de l'Hôtel de Cluny, 193
porte Montmartre, 294 n.35
quai des Augustins, 192
quai de Morfundus, 193
quai de Nesle, 191
quai Peletier (now quai de Gesvres), 190 , 193
rue Bourlabé, 195
rue Dauphine, 194
rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 187
rue de La Harpe, 190
rue neuve des Fossés, 187 , 326 n.28
rue des Postes, 294 n.35
rue Saint Denis across from rue aux Ours, 193
rue
Saint Denis near Queen's Fountain, 193
rue Saint Honoré opposite church of Saint Roch, 193
rue Saint Jacques, 190 , 191 , 192
rue Saint Pierre, 190
Saint Hilaire, 194
Saint Severin fountain, 191
Sainte Chapelle, steps of, 191
—description, map, and topography of, 186 -190
administrative and regal center of, 187 , 188 , 190
faubourg Saint Germain of, 203
Hôtel de Ville, 190
Jansenist landmarks in, 187 , 190
Marais of, 190
Palais royal district of, 38 , 190 , 194
Right Bank of, 187 , 188 , 190
university quarter of, 187 , 191 .
See also Bibliothéque du roi; Hôtel des invalides; Jardin royal; Observatoire
—hospitals in, 41 , 99 , 173 , 187 , 203
—setting for scholarly community, 159 , 164 , 170 , 180 , 181 , 186 , 190 -198
Academy's immediate theater of operations, 43 , 186
center of French book trade, 191 -192
center of scientific and mathematical education, 198
cultural center of France, 186
intellectual center of shifting, 190
scientific goods and services available in, 185 -198
scholarly landmarks in, 187 , 190
topography of scientific community in, 187 , 190 -195
university quarter of, 187 , 190
medical faculty of, 127 , 128 , 172
Parkinson, John, 70 , 308 n.34
Patigny, Jean, engraver, 43
Patronage.
See also Académie royale des sciences, patronage of
Societies, learned and scientific
—private, 196
by upper robe, 190
—royal: character and effects of, 30 -33, 80 , 113 , 172 , 192 , 203 , 216 , 217 , 221 -226
on Paris, 190
on publishing, 208
on science and scientific community, 217 , 223
Pecquet, Jean, 41 , 127 , 128 , 172 , 311 n.9, 327 n.57, 334 n.81
portrait of, 42
Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, 126
Pensions
—paid to academicians, 4 , 23 , 24 , 103 , 223 , 224
changes in, 36 -37
converted into annuities, 37 , 57 , 60
nature and effects of, 35 -38, 45 , 50
—paid to individual scholars: pensions et gages,35 -36
pensions et gratifications,30 -31, 35
Perrault, Claude, 16 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 90 , 175 , 184 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 209 , 211 , 214 , 305 n.46, 311 n.5, 331 n.61, 331 -332 n.63, 333 n.70, 334 n.81, 334 -335 n.91
autopsy of by Academy, 54
career of, 18
on chemical analysis of plants, 95 , 96 , 98
on circulation of sap, 119 , 132 -138, 141 , 142 , 164 , 312 n.30
death of, 95
on describing plants, 75
and Dodart, 83
family of, 18 , 19 , 41 , 140 , 286 n.9
on illustrating plants, 71
on natural history of plants, 70 -71, 73 , 74 , 79 , 286 n.18
on physiology of plants, 146 , 149 , 150 , 152 -153, 157
as purchasing agent for Academy, 51
role of in Academy, 182
traits of as scientist, 132 , 135
Perrault, Pierre, 140
Peter the Great, 195
Petit jardin,38 , 54 , 58 , 79 , 308 n.40
Pharmacology. See Medicine
Philippe, duke of Orléans, portrait of, 6
Philosophical Transactions,202 , 209 , 214 -215
translated for but neglected by Academy, 213 , 215 .
See also Journal d'Angleterre
Phosphorus, 202 , 211 , 336 n.101
Physiology. See also Analogical reasoning; Analogies; Anatomy; Animals; Blood; Botany; Chemical Analysis; Explanation; Generation; Germination; Natural philosophy; Nutrition; Plants; Sap
—animal, 54 , 59 , 66 , 142 , 145 , 225
influence on botany, 65
—vegetable, 70 , 79 , 91 , 110 , 117 -130, 131 -144, 145 -154, 155 -166, 214
chemical processes inside plant, 139 , 141 , 142 , 152
germination and growth, 149 -151, 160 -165, 166
growth and nutrition, 151 -153
influences on, 117 , 118 , 150
leaves, functions of, 135
life cycle, 145
Picard, abbé Jean, 44 , 203 , 294 n.35, 317 n.1, 335 n.101
and spherical microscope, 158 -159
studies pollen, 158
Pinax. See Bauhin, Caspar and Jean Marchant, Jean and Nicolas
Pivert, 182
Plant-animals, 137 -138
Plantes du roi, Les , 115 .
See also Engravers and engravings
Plants: active or passive, 152 -153, 165
behavior of in air pump, 160 -166
choice of for study, 104
classifying, 20 , 59 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 113 , 209 , 214 , 222
compared with animals, earths, insects, sponges, 66 , 67 , 79 , 131 -132, 135 , 136 , 137 , 141 , 144 , 149 , 150 , 157 , 164 -165, 166 , 312 n.30
cultivating, 19 , 69 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 104 , 110
distinguishing among, 98
distinguishing from animals, 214
explaining effects of, 70 , 91
guttation of in a vacuum, 163 -164
information about sent to Academy, 210
names of, 69 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 82 , 113 , 308 n.34
nature of sought, 70 , 98 , 100
propagation of, 70 , 75 , 146 -147
rare and foreign, 19 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 79 , 82 , 111 , 112
research on exemplifies traits of Academy, 61
role of external factors in development of, 149 -151
roots of, 110
seeds of, 146 -147
sensitive, 67 , 68 , 82 , 297 n.1
sexuality of, 145
uses of, 19 , 22 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 110 .
See also under Natural philosophical research of Academy; Physiology
Plato, Platonism, 28 , 87 , 206
Plumier, Charles, 71 , 194 , 201 , 214
Poisons and antidotes, 20 , 91 , 99 , 102 , 173
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux de, 13 , 14 , 17 , 24 , 47 , 52 , [225]
appoints academicians, 19 , 20 -21, 22 , 56 , 58 , 111 , 223
compared with Colbert and Louvois, 46 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 111
effect of on Academy, 46 , 56 -60, 80 , 110 -111, 113 , 223
policies of, 24 , 25 , 36 -38, 46 , 47 , 56 -60, 330 n.39
Poor. See Medicine, for
Pouilly, mathematical instrument maker, 194
"Pousser," 134
Practical projects of Academy, 44 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 56 , 59 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, finances of Agriculture; Cartography; Industry; Machines; Military; Navigation; Porcelaini; Versailles
Practitioners, scientific and technical, 182 , 183 , 210 -211
trained by Academy, 223 .
See also Literature