INDEX
A
Academicians: books by for sale in Paris, 191 -192
as collectors, 195
in conflict with Academy, 199 , 204 -209
compared with assistants, 211
as Fellows of Royal Society, 202
housing of, 20 , 32 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 52 , 55 , 294 n.41
as inventors, 156
naturalization of, 23
origins and careers of, 15 -25, 26 , 32 , 36 , 171 -174, 186
and religion, 19 , 23 , 178 , 190 , 200 , 201
as teachers of mathematics and science, 16 , 38 , 114 , 194 , 197 .
See also names of individuals ; Académie royale des sciences; Community; Pensions
Académie française, 22 , 23 , 25 , 74 , 183 , 191
Académie physique (Caen), 205
Académie royale d'architecture, 21 , 197
Académie royale des inscriptions, 23 , 24
Académie royale des sciences.
See also Academicians; Bibliothèque du roi; Colbert; Jardin royal; Louvois; Louvre; Observatoire; Patronage; Pensions paid to academicians; Pontchartrain
—accomplishments of, 3 , 10 , 221 -226, and passim
—assistants to, 14 , 34 , 40 , 41 , 48 , 55 , 209 , 210 -211, 295 n.2
—audience for work of, 5 , 26 , 44 , 73 -74, 101
—books dedicated to, 210
—dynasties in, 17
(see also Bourdelin; Cassini; Couplet; La Hire; Marchant)
—exchange, scholarly, and, 101 , 103 -104, 169 , 170 , 180 -198, 199 -217
restrictions on, 199 , 204 -217
unequal character of, 210 -212
—expectations about, 4 , 8 , 9 , 14 , 27 , 28 -33, 60 -61, 222 , 225
—failures of: in natural history of plants, 65 , 69 , 88 , 102 , 103 -116
response to, 65 , 89 -90, 91 -93, 94 -95, 96 , 97 -98, 98 -100, 100 -101, 137 -144, 225
(see also Analogical reasoning; Analogies)
—finances of, 24 , 34 -45, 46 -61, 88 , 111 , 208 , 224
jetons , 291 n.3
for mathematical sciences, 47 -48, 51 , 52 , 53 -54, 56 , 57 , 58 , 60
for natural philosophy, 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 54 -55, 56 , 57 , 58 -59, 60 , 80 , 104 , 114
for Observatory, 43 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 60
overview, 47 , 51 -53, 56 -58, 60
for pensions, 34 , 35 -38, 46 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 60
for practical projects, 47 , 48 -50, 51 , 52 , 55 -56, 57 , 59 , 60
for repairs to equipment and physical plant, 51 , 52
for shared expenses, 47 , 52 , 57 , 60
for small expenses, 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 57
—foundation of, prototypes for, 28 -29, 30 -33
—functions and goals of, 10 , 27 , 37 , 50 , 79 , 110 , 169 , 221
apologist for use of vernacular in science, 223
arm of
government, 178
clearing-house of information, 212 , 217
disseminator of knowledge, 197 -198, 204 , 210 -211, 217 , 222 -223
educator, 44 , 197 -198, 204 , 211 , 217 , 223
instrument of royal propaganda, 8 , 31 , 223
"moral person," 222
referee of ideas, inventions, and prospective publications, 59 , 60 , 115 -116 169 , 175 , 205 , 210 , 216 , 222 , 290 -291 n.27
reform science, medicine, and technology, 9 , 29 -30, 60 -61, 98 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 117 , 119 , 154 , 169 -179, 209 , 217 , 221 -222
research institution, 45
technical consultant to government, 50 , 51 , 169 , 178 , 223
—hierarchy of, 13 -14, 16 , 23 -24, 83 , 182 , 211 , 224
associate memberships, 14
celebrities and regulars, 37
corresponding memberships, 14
honorary memberships, 14
ministerial spokesmen, 23 -24
and pensions, 35 -36
students, 14 , 35 , 36 , 182 , 211
treasurer, 14
usher, 211
—laboratory of, 18 -19, 20 , 34 , 39 , 48 , 58 , 71 , 82 , 101 , 109 , 210 , 304 n.36
crisis in, 54 -55
portrait of, 40
—Louis XIV, and: attitude toward science and Academy, 22 , 25 -26, 31 , 32 , 48 , 49 , 223
flattered by Academy, 110 , 113
founder and patron of Academy, 3 , 13
visits Academy and Observatory, 5 -8, 26 , 32 , 80 , 107 , 208 , 294 n.40
—medical interests of, 19 , 98 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 169 -179, 204 , 212
—meetings of, 14 -15, 82 , 96 , 110 , 132 , 209 , 285 -286 n.5, 333 -334 n.80
attendance at, 103 , 223 , 291 nn.3, 12
function of changes, 59 -60
minutes of, 15 , 83 , 107 , 208
—membership in: aspirants to, 210 , 217 , 224
compared with being assistant to, 211
composition of, 15 -25, 48 , 53 , 54 , 58
criteria for, 15 , 17 , 32 , 224
effect of lifetime appointment, 224
kinds of, 13 -14, 22 -23, 24 , 36 , 291 n.12
prestige and privileges of, 200 , 211
—ministerial protectors, 23 -24, 24 -25, 26 , 28 , 216 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226
control Academy's research, 46 -61, 103 -116
influence Academy, 8 -9, 23 -25, 32 , 37 -38, 39 , 107 -111, 113 , 174 , 208 , 222 , 224 , 225
live near Academy, 38 -39
policies of compared, 13 , 36 -37, 46 -47, 51 , 107
—morale of, 15 , 19 -20, 22 , 24 , 25 , 34 , 37 -38, 52 -53, 55 , 56 , 59 , 83 , 107 , 111 , 174 , 204
—patronage of, 5 -8, 8 -9, 30 -31, 44 , 170
advantages of, 65 , 71 , 75 , 80 , 223
effects of, 9 , 10 , 25 , 34 , 43 , 45 , 61 , 69 , 107 -111, 115 -116, 169 , 207 -208, 221 -226
control of Academy through, 23 , 32 , 37 -38
extent of, 34 -64
motives of, 3 , 29 -30, 30 -31, 109 , 110
—physical quarters of, 7 , 38 -45, 59
—publication program of, 21 -22, 33 , 34 , 100 -101, 103 -116, 205 -209, 212 -213, 216 , 217 , 222 -223
Colbert, Louvois, and Pontchartrain compared, 25 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59
restrictions on, 56 , 87 , 97 ,104 , 107 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 223
—regulations of, 9 , 13 , 28 , 58 , 170 , 199 , 200 , 204 -209, 211 -212, 216 , 223
—relations of with others, 18 , 44 , 170 , 174 -175, 178 , 179 , 180 -198, 199 -217
Bibliothèque du roi, 38 -43
Compagnie des arts et métiers, 59 , 197
Dutch scientists, 203
Jardin royal, 38 -43, 107 , 114
Malpighi, 201
medical faculties, 173
other royal institutions, 217
other scientific societies, 165 , 172 , 196 -197, 199 -200, 202 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 223
public, 45 , 79 , 101 , 103 -104, 179 , 212 -213, 222
scientific community, 9 -10, 101 , 169 , 170 , 178 , 186 , 198 , 205 , 210 , 216 -217, 222
—religion and, 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 43 , 44 , 55 , 170 , 172 , 178 , 190 , 200 , 201
—reputation of protected, 48 , 87 , 97 , 101 , 170 , 205 -207, 208 , 216
—research of, 5 -7, 60 , 65 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225
in botany, 65 , 67 -88, 89 -102, 103 -116, 203 -204
in chemistry, 89 -102, 108 -109
how planned, 59 -60, 60 -61, 83 , 110 -111
individual and collective, 29 , 59 , 60 -61, 80 , 82 , 87 -88, 111 , 115 , 157 , 207 , 217 , 224 , 225
—rivalry: within Academy, 9 , 69 , 83 , 87 , 102 , 113 -115, 174 , 206 , 225
between
Academy and others, 202 , 204 , 205 -207, 307 -308 n.29
as "working Academy," 13 -14, 15 , 37
—traits of, 4 -5, 9 -10, 13 , 35 , 37 , 45 , 50 , 59 , 60 -61, 65 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 115 -116, 154 , 165 , 169 -170, 171 -174, 180 , 199 , 204 -209, 209 -217, 221 -226
agnosticism of, 48 , 211 , 222
as collector, 38 , 44 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 80 , 156 , 195 , 210
corporate esprit of, 217
medical empiricism of, 99 , 173
mistrust of Platonism and Paracelsianism, 87
Parisian, 186
proprietor of equipment, 44 -45
as society in microcosm, 38 , 45
—utility of, 3 , 25 -26, 32 , 46 , 47 , 48 -50, 51 , 52 , 55 -56, 57 , 59 , 61 , 101 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 222 , 223
—war, political hostilities and, 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 80 , 103 , 104 , 107 , 108 , 201
Academy of Inscriptions. See Académie royale des inscriptions
Academy of Sciences. See Académie royale des sciences
Accademia del Cimento (Florence), 22 , 29 , 34 , 156 , 206 , 208 , 291 n.12, 317 n.3, 331 n.56, 335 n.101
Acids and alkalis: Mariotte translates Boyle's study of, 214
theories of, 173
Agriculture, interest of Academy in, 49 , 169 , 194
Air: nature and functions of, 154 , 160 , 161 , 165 , 336 n.102
role of in vegetable physiology, 141 , 150 , 160 -165, 166
Airlessness, effects of on plants, 203 -204
Air pressure, 18 , 44 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 312 -313 n.34
Air pump, 118 , 141 , 155 , 156 , 193 , 203 , 211 , 212 , 320 n.27
illustration of Huygens's, 6
use of in Academy, 154 , 159 -166
Alchemy. See Duclos
Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 66
Alkahest, Duclos's recipe for, 97
Alpin, Prosper, 70
Amielle, seller of cylindrical mirrors, 194
Amsterdam, publishing in, 97 , 206
Analogical reasoning, 117 -130, 131 -144
biological and technological models in, 119 , 128 , 129 , 144
in biology, 119 , 120 , 122 -123
in Harveian model, 128 -130
merits and disadvantages of, 119 , 120 , 121 -124, 144
problem of crucial dissimilarities, 123 , 132 -133, 136 -139, 140 -142, 144
problem of material similarities, 121 , 123 , 132 , 134 -137
problem of pretheoretic similarities, 121 , 123 , 132 , 133 -134
Analogies: in botany, 51 , 61 , 146 , 147 , 164 , 166 , 225
in chemistry, 90 -91
failure of, 124
types and functions of, 120 , 121 , 123 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 137 , 142 , 143 , 144
in zoology, 148
Anatomical research of Academy. See under Natural philosophical research of Academy
Anatomy. See also Histoire des animaux; Sap
—animal and human, 21 , 48 , 54 , 66 , 142 , 225 , 311 n.9
influence of on botany, 65 , 126 -127, 133 -134
—vegetable, 67 , 118 , 136 -137, 140 , 141 , 142 , 146 -149, 157 -159, 215
putative air vessels and valves in, 136 -137, 142 , 144 , 214 -215
Ancients, 71 , 120 , 122 , 123 , 147
Aristotle, Aristotelianism, 66 , 67 , 117 , 131 , 133
Euclidean model, 222
Animalcules, 148 , 159 , 158 , 204
Animals: in air pump, 159 -160
compared to plants, 135 , 148 , 165
distinguished from plants, 214
illustrations of, 194 -195, 213 .
See also Anatomy; Chemical analysis; Histoire des animaux; Natural history; Physiology; Plant-animals
Antidotes. See Poisons and antidotes
Antipathy and sympathy, theory of. See Sympathy and antipathy, theory of
Aqueducts: of Arcueil, 44
for water supply of Versailles, 50 , 55 .
See also Frontinus
Architecture, 18 , 21 , 22 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 185 .
See also Blondel; Perrault, Claude; Vitruvius
Arts and crafts, 59
Astronomy, 20 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 225
assistants for, 210
Copernican system, 44 , 48 , 211
fictionalism of Academy about, 48
information about supplied by outsiders, 210 , 212 -213
maps of moon and stars, 44 , 211
observations of satellites of Jupiter,
Ptolemaic system, 48
Atomism. See Corpuscularian and atomist theories
Attraction, concept of, 140 , 141
Audience for science. See Science
Auzout, Adrien, 41 , 156 , 203 , 295 n.3, 327 n.57, 330 n.36
Fellow of Royal Society, 202
helps Furetière, 184
B
Bacon, Sir Francis, Baconianism, 9 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 66 , 70 , 79 , 95 , 155 , 182 , 185 , 199 , 298 n.12.
See also Solomon, House of
Baluze, Étienne, scholar, 192
Baudelot de Dairval, Charles César, as collector, 195
Bauhin, Caspar and Jean, 66 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 151 , 300 n.47
Beeswax, theory of formation of, 158
Behn, Aphra, playwright, 205 , 206
Bellay, N., physician, 174 , [204] Bessé de La Chapelle, Henri de, seigneur de La Chapelle-Milon, 14 , 36 , 55 , 109 , 110 , 207
career of, 24
harangue by in 1686, 108 -110, 172 , 225
as Louvois's spokesman, 108 -110
urges study of roots, 110
Betbeder, Pierre, 127
Beze, de, 54
Bibliothèque du roi, 7 , 17 , 28 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 107 , 160 , 190 , 192 , 196 , 203 , 295 n.7, 297 n.7, 329 n.22
as headquarters for Academy, 14 , 15 , 38 -43
as living quarters for savants, 20 , 41 -42, 334 nn.80-81
refurbishment of houses of, 39
visit of Louis XIV to, 80
Bignon, abbé Jean Paul, 14 , 20 , 36 , 59 , 99 , 111 , 113
family of, 196
role of in Academy, 24
Biological sciences. See under Natural philosophical research of Academy
Black, Max, on metaphor, 122
Bled-cornu. See Ergot
Blegny, Nicolas, 185 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194
as collector, 196
director of Société royale de la médecine, 196
Blondel, Nicolas François, sieur des Croisettes et de Gallardon, 44 , 49 , 202 , 206 , 208 , 331 n.61
books of in Parisian libraries, 185
as collector, 195
helps Furetière, 184
teaches architecture, 197
Blood, theories about circulation of, 21 , 59 , 119 , 120 , 123 , 125 -128, 130 , 132
Cartesian model, 127 , 312 n.33
Harveian model, 125 -126, 127 -128
Riolan's model, 126 -127
theory established in France, 127 -128, 130
Boccone, Paolo, 70 , 207 , 307 n.29, 332 n.66
Book trade: in Paris, 184 -185, 187 , 191 -192, 325 nn.24, 27
problems of under Louis XIV, 191 , 201 .
See also Censorship
Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 139 , 141 , 142 , 206 , 317 n.4, 331 n.56, 335 n.96
Borelly, Jacques, 18 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 102 , 110 , 150 , 151 , 293 n.24, 304 n.35, 327 n.57, 332 n.65, 333 n.71, 336 n.102
career of, 20
helps Furetière, 184
lodged in Royal Library, 41 , 55
role of in Academy, 44 , 54 , 55 , 95 , 96 , 97
Bosse, Abraham, 76 , 80 , 81 , 84
academicians criticize his illustrations of plants, 82
Botany: audience for in Paris, 185
a changing discipline, 61 , 65 -67, 70 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 131 , 153 , 165 , 224 -225
develops independently in England and France, 214
eclecticism of, 153 -154
study of by Academy, 9 , 17 -23, 65 -88, 89 -102, 103 -116, 117 -130, 131 -144, 145 -154, 155 -165, 203 -204, 212 -213, 215 , 217 , 225 .
See also under Natural philosophical research of Academy
Boucot, Nicolas, collector, 195
teaches at Jardin royal, 38
Bourdelin, Claude, 18 , 41 , 132 , 285 n.2
career of, 16 , 19 , 171 , 201 , 298 -299 n.18, 334 n.86
medical interests of, 173 , 175 , 204
method of, 91 -92, 93 -94, 95 , 99 , 100
notebooks of, 19 , 50 , 96 , 99 , 292 -293 nn.24, 25
possible portrait of, 40
as purchasing agent for crown, 50 , 285 n.4
responsible for chemical analysis, 74 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 89 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 107 , 109 , 110 , 146 , 150 -151, 301 n.53, 305 n.57
role of in Academy, 19 , 96 , 151 , 182
work of assessed by 
Dodart 
, Homberg, and Tournefort, 20 , 82 , 87 , 90 , 99 , 111 , 113 , 114 , 152
works at home, 55
Bourdelot, Pierre Michon, 20 , 21 , 22 , 195 , 196 , 205
Bournonville, Alexandre Hippolyte Balthazar and Jeanne Françoise d'Aremberg, prince et princesse de, 44
Boyle, Robert, 152 , 204 , 215
and air pump, 160 , 164 , 312 -313 n.34, 320 n.27
book by for sale in Paris, 191
and capillary tubes, 139
and Huygens, 203
sees chemistry as central, 102 , 124
work of reviewed by Academy, 83 , 213 -214, 217 , 325 n.17
Brice, Germain, 44
Butterfield, Michael, maker of mathematical instruments, 45 , 48 , 192 , 193 , 210 -211
C
Cabinet du roi, 39
Calendars: for sale in Paris, 194
study of, 58
Campani, Giuseppe, lens maker, 44
Canguilhem, Georges, on analogy, 120 , 121 , 122 , 144
Capillarity, 138 , 139 -140, 141 , 142 , 157
Carcavi, Pierre de, 14 , 60 , 294 n.44, 327 n.57
associated with both Academy and Bibliothèque du roi, 39 , 51
handles finances of Academy, 50 , 285 n.4
lodged at Bibliothèque du roi, 41 , 334 n.80
Cartesianism. See Descartes
Cartography: influence of Academy on, 192 , 198 , 211 , 223
map of France by Academy, 21 , 22 , 32 , 49 -50
map of généralité de Paris by Academy, 32
map of world by Academy, 22 , 44 , 49 -50, 53
popular among Parisian readers, 185
study of by Academy, 42 , 48 , 49 -50, 55 , 59 , 169 , 222
Cassini, Jean Dominique, 18 , 20 , 23 , 32 , 39 , 49 , 203 , 206 , 211 , 291 n.13, 294 n.44, 331 n.61
attends meetings sponsored by Geoffroy, 196
and biological sciences, 22
celebrity in Academy, 13 , 35 , 36
as Fellow of Royal Society, 202
has network of informants, 212 , 333 n.78, 334 n.90
portrait of, 6
role of in Academy, 182
work of, 43 , 44 , 48 , 53 , 58
Causation. See Explanation
Chapelain, Jean, adviser to Colbert, 31
Chapotot, maker of mathematical instruments, 192
Charas, Moyse, 18 , 23 , 172 , 173 , 202 , 203 , 209 , 214 , 331 n.61
appointment of helps revive Academy, 111
career of, 20 -21
teaches at Jardin royal, 38
Charles I, king of England, as collector, 195
Charles II, king of England, 34 , 329 n.29, 330 n.32
Chassebras du Breau, M. le Chevalier, sponsor of scientific meetings, 196
Chastillon, Louis Claude, engraver, 54 , 58 , 68 , 72 , 80 , 82 , 106 , 107 , 112 , 299 n.36, 300 n.38, 301 n.49
Chatton, surgeon, 175 , [204]
Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, 36 , 211
Chemical analysis. See also Bourdelin; Chemical constituents; Distillants; Distillation; Dodart ; Duclos; Homberg; Medicine, and pharmacology
—methods of, 19 , 20 , 73 , 93 , 94 , 95 -97, 100 , 151 , 214 , 333 n.71
—of plants, 18 , 19 , 20 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 89 -102, 152
goals of, 82 , 87 , 91 , 94 , 98 -100, 102 , 225
important to Academy, 82 , 89 -90
medical applications of, 173
outsiders asked to send data, 212
problematic, 69 , 82 , 87 , 88 -89, 92 , 95 , 100 , 104 , 108 , 110
selection of plants for, 100
—of saps, 136
—of seeds, 152
—of soils, 96 , 109 , 113 , 151
—of testes-mortes , 151
—of waters, 18 , 48 , 50 , 82 , 83 , 89 , 108 , 109 , 172 , 305 n.46, 315 n.27, 317 n.3
—of wines, 108
Chemical constituents: in organic matter, 102 , 156
in plants, 73 , 90 , 91 , 94 , 98 -99, 100 , 101 , 113 , 134 , 152 , 204 , 225
in waters, 169 .
See also Chemical analysis
Chemistry, 58 , 83 , 145 , 319 n.22
apparatus for on sale in Paris, 193
and botany, 65
central to scientific explanation, 67 , 73 , 102 , 118 , 124
French and English different, 214 , 215 .
See also Chemical analysis; Chemical constituents; Distillants; Distillation; Literature; Medicine
Cipolla, Carlo M., 184
Circulation, general concept of, 123 , 128 , 129 , 143 .
See also Blood; Sap
Clandestine activities by savants, 201
Clark, Timothy, 132
Clave, Estienne de, 171
Claviceps purpurea , 174
Clément, Nicolas, 43 , 292 n.16
lodged at Bibliothèque du roi, 41
Clérambault, Nicolas, as purchasing agent for Academy and Royal Library, 51
for Jesuits, 53
and watches, 193
Cochineal, seed or insect, 214
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 25 , 71 , 104 , 107 , 160 , 196 , 205 , 221 , 223 , 302 n.62, 319 n.20
appoints academicians, 18 -19, 20 -23, 48 , 223
and Bibliothèque du roi, 190
designs Academy, 3 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 24 -25, 29 -33, 34 , 36 -37, 51 , 55 , 59 , 70 , 221 , 223
encourages Louis XIV to visit Academy, 7 , 26
funds Academy, 7 , 46 , 47 -51, 52 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 80
plans to reform kingdom, 30
See also Patronage
Collaboration. See Ideals
Collecting and collections, 190 , 194 , 195 -196, 199 , 215
by academicians, 20 , 21 , 38 , 195 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, traits of
Collège royal, 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 35
offers instruction in mathematics, 197
Colson, taxidermist, 194 , 293 n.26
Columna, Fabius (Colonna, Fabio), 70
Community, scholarly and scientific, 28 , 79 , 155 -156, 159 , 169 , 170 , 180 -182, 200 , 210
eclipsed by Academy, 182 , 186 , 205 , 209 , 223 , 224
intellectual sectarianism in, 201
of mathematicians, 205
in Paris, 180 -198
rivalry in, 200 , 202 , 206 -207
role of monasteries in, 22 , 24 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 327 n.52.
See also Académie royale des sciences, relations of with others; Gloire
"Compagnie," 28
Compagnie des arts et métiers, 59 , 197
Compton, Henry, bishop of London, 203 , 213
Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, prince de ("le grand Condé"), portrait of, 6
Cornut, Jacques Philippe, 70
Corpuscularian and atomist theories of matter, 98 , 102 , 214 , 317 n.4
and theories of generation, 147 , 148 , 149
Correspondence, 18 , 199 , 210 -202, 203 , 209 , 210
to Academy, 212
embargoes on, 201
to Nicolas and Jean Marchant, 204
Couplet, Claude Antoine, 14 , 211 , 294 n.35
as purchasing agent for Academy, 51
Couplet, Pierre, 58
Curiosities, 26 , 80 , 110 , 184 , 194 , 210 , 212 .
See also Collecting and collections; Louis XIV; Plants, rare and foreign
"Curious research," deprecated, 108
Cusset, 44
D
Dalancé, maker of air pumps, 320 n.27
Dalesma, André, 55 , 193 , 211
Davison, William, 89
Deaubonne, Daniel, monk and instrument maker, 194
Deglos, received advance for expenses, 50 , 295 n.4, 333 n.72
Deiconti, 97
Delamare, Nicolas, 192
Denis, Jean Baptiste, sponsor of scientific meetings, 21 , 196
Descartes, René, 9 , 29 , 119 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 182 , 191
influence of, 23 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 141 , 196 , 199 , 222 .
See also Blood
Dictionaries, "battle of," 183 .
See also Académie française; Furetière
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 160 , 164 , 203 , 331 n.45
Dippy, interpreter, 298 n.14
assistants for, 210
autopsies of academicians and others, 38 , 54 , 292 n.14
of fish, 32
risks, of, 95
supply of animals for, 39 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 59
Distillants, 90 , 91 , 100 , 101 , 151 , 157 , 305 n.53
identification of, 93 , 94 , 95 , 109
oils in plants, 90 , 92 , 94 , 99 -100, 151 , 152
salts compared in animals, earths, plants, and waters, 150 , 152 -153
salts in plants, 90 , 93 , 94 , 99 -100, 153
testes-mortes of plants, 93 , 95 , 151
Distillation, 73 , 82 , 89 , 104 , 151
choice of plants for, 95 , 103
controversial, 90 -93, 94 , 96
method of, 90 , 91 -92, 93 -95
results of, 101 .
See also Medicine, and pharmacology
Divini, Eustachio, lens maker, 44
Do, enameler and instrument maker, 193
Dodart , Denis, 18 , 19 , 23 , 104 , 178 , 185 , 190 , 209 , 212 , 214 , 327 n.57, 328 n.9, 330 n.34, 333 n.70, 334 -335 n.91
career and education of, 19 , 26 , 103 , 172
and chemical analyses of plants, 82 , 89 , 90 , 91 -92, 93 -94, 96 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 104 , 109 , 303 -304 n.34, 304 -305 n.46, 331 n.61
and Duclos, 83 , 87 , 97 , 103 , 104 , 110 , 111 , 225
family of, 20
a Jansenist, 19 , 23 , 178 , 201
and natural history of plants, 48 , 55 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 103 , 107 , 110 , 111 , 114 , 115 , 300 n.40, 302 n.64, 317 n.5
and neologisms, 184
and poor, 171 , 176 , 178 -179
possible portrait of, 40
protégé of Perrault, 83
role of in Academy, 83 , 87 , 94 -95, 96 , 114 , 182
sends Mémoires des plantes to Grew, Locke, and Morison, 202 , 214
studies ergotism, 171 , 174 -176, 178 -179, 204
studies nutrition and medicine, 96 , 173
studies plant anatomy and physiology, 146 , 147 , 149 , 150 , 157 ;
and Tournefort, 113 , 114 -115
Dubé, Paul, physician, 174 , 178 , [204]
Duclos, Samuel Cottereau, 17 , 18 -19, 20 , 23 , 48 , 201 , 293 n.25, 299 n.32, 301 n.50, 305 n.46, 311 n.13, 312 -313 n.34, 316 n.37, 331 n.61
and chemical analysis, 18 , 48 , 50 , 73 , 82 , 83 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 96 -97, 98 , 102 , 108 , 109 , 169 , 172
and circulation of sap, 119 , 132 , 164
controversial views of, 18 -19, 43 , 83 , 87 , 96 -97, 173 , 205 , 206
and Dodart , 55 , 83 , 87 , 97 , 103 , 225
lodged at Bibliothèque du roi, 41 , 55
and natural history of plants, 73 -75, 79 , 80 , 82 -83, 87 , 90 , 97 , 98 , 103
and plant physiology, 150 , 152 -153
possible portrait of, 40
reviews work of Boyle, 214 , 335 n.101
role of in Academy, 83 , 87 , 182
and Tournefort, 114
Du Hamel, Jean Baptiste, 14 , 18 , 19 , 25 , 36 , 104 , 107 , 200 , 206 , 288 -289 n.42, 292 n.24, 331 n.61, 336 n.101
career of, 22 -23
as historian of Academy, 23 , 184 , 298 n.15
possible portrait of, 40
as purchasing agent for Academy, 51 , 285 n.4
role of in Academy, 13 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 110 , 182 , 318 n.14
Du Verney, Joseph Guichard, 18 , 26 , 59 , 172 , 214 , 293 n.29, 295 n.15, 331 n.61
attends meetings sponsored by Geoffroy, 196
career of, 21
Du Vivier, David, royal geographer, 211 , 333 n.76
as collector, 195
E
Eau de vie, used during dissections and as remedy, 41 , 95
Education, scientific, 197 -198, 200 -201.
See also Académie royale des sciences, functions and goals of
Elephant, scientific and public interest in, 26 , 194 , 335 n.100
ties of academicians to, 21 , 22 , 23 , 58 , 99 , 172
Engravers and engravings, 79 , 157
of animals, 59
of arts and crafts, 59
expenditure on, 48 , 51 , 54 , 58
of plants, 22 , 51 , 54 , 58 , 207 .
See also Bosse; Chastillon; Illustrations of plants; Robert
"Engyscope," 318 n.6
as cause of ergotism, 174 , 176 , 178
illustration of, 177
obstetric uses of, 174
"Ethereal matter," existence of posited by Homberg, 162 , 163
Exchange, scholarly, 180 , 198 , 201 -203, 205
Anglo-French, 202 -203
of ideas and of data, 217
limits on, 198 , 200 -201, 215 -217
methods of, 196 , 198 , 199 , 211 , 215 , 217
between scientific societies, 205
as struggle between contestants, 215 -216.
See also Académie royale des sciences; Correspondence
Expeditions, scientific, 32 , 34 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 58 , 107 , 209 , 293 n.25, 333 n.75.
See also Jesuits
Experiments, 119 , 210 , 211 .
See also Ideals
—botanical, 142 , 149 , 153 , 160 -166
in air pump, 159 -166
models for, 119
relating to circulation of sap, 119 , 134 -135, 136 -137, 141 -142; role of, 146 , 225
Explanation, 109 , 121 , 139 -142, 144
chemical, 67 , 118 , 127 , 129 -130, 138 -139, 141 , 142 , 145 -154, 225
of exceptions, 148
by "faculties" or souls, 131 , 150 , 164 , 312 -313 n.34
mechanistic, 67 , 95 , 118 , 125 -127, 129 -130, 134 , 131 , 137 , 138 , 139 -141, 145 -154, 225
by multiple causation, 141 , 142 , 145
vitalist, 125 -126.
See also Analogical reasoning; Analogies; Corpuscularian and atomist theories
F
Fagon, Guy Crescent, 20 , 38 , 107 , 201 , 207 , 296 n.33, 330 n.32
Falling bodies, studies of, 44
Fantet de Lagny. See Lagny
Far East, 58
coordinates of cities in, 49
scientific data and specimens from, 53 -54, 111 , 112 , 195 , 212 -213
Fer, Nicolas de, cartographer and royal geographer, 192
Ferry, Paul, 201
Flora, geographical origins of, 71 , 74 , 82 , 111 , 213 , 334 n.81.
See also Far East
Florence, scholarly center, 31 , 208
Foley, Samuel, 149
Fontaney, de, sponsor of scientific meetings, 196
Fontenay, Henri François or Claude de, painter of flowers and animals, 195
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de, 18 , 19 , 90 , 92 , 201 , 207 , 296 n.21, 315 n.16, 319 n.25
career of, 22 -23
collects reimbursements for other academicians, 50
historian of Academy, 18 , 22 , 23 , 184 , 202 , 212 , 298 n.15, 301 n.57, 309 n.49
Food chain, study of, 99 , 153
Fouquet, Nicolas, 172
Frenicle de Bessy, Bernard, 17
Frontinus, treatise on aqueducts, 22 , 55 Furetière, Antoine, 20 , 74 , 183
G
Gaignières, François Roger de, collector, 195
Galen, 126 .
See also Medicine
Galileo, 119
books by read in Paris, 185
Gallois, abbé Jean, 14 , 18 , 23 , 187 , 327 n.57, 334 n.81
career of, 22
edit Journal des sçavans , 191
possible portrait of, 40
teaches at Collège royal, 197
urges study of roots, 110
Galls, cause of, 110
Garden, Royal. See Jardin royal; Petit jardin
Gardens and gardening, 25 , 191 , 194 , 195 , 197 ; 196 , 203 , 213 , 289 n.45
horticulture not an interest of Academy, 194
Gassendi, Pierre, books by read in Paris, 185
Gaston, duke of Orléans, 19 , 71 , 73 , 127 , 194 , 202 , 223
influence of on Academy, 71 , 75
Gayant, Louis, 171 , 172 , 334 n.81
possible portrait of, 42
Généralité de Paris , map of, 49 , 51
Generation of plants and animals, 70 , 145
spontaneous, 145 -149.
See also Emboîtement; Physiology; Preformation
Gennes, Jean Baptiste de, 332 n.67, 334 n.81
Geoffroy, Étienne François, 293 n.25, 325 n.19, 328 n.16, 336 n.106
Geoffroy, Mathieu François, sponsor of scientific meetings, 196 , 328 n.16
Geography: books on popular among Parisian readers, 185 , 191 , 192
Gérard, André and André Guillaume, cutlers, 39
mechanical explanation of, 149
roles of external and internal factors in, 147 , 149 -151, 160 -165, 166 .
See also Physiology
Gesner, Conrad, 298 n.13
Glaser, Christophe, chemist, 89 , 94
Gloire , 200
Gosselin, Georges, mathematical instrument maker, 44 , 192
Gouye, Thomas, S.J., 54 , 208 , 332 n.65
Goyton, Jean, engraver, 6 , 292 n.16
Grande écurie, 16
Grew, Nehemiah, 102 , 117 , 147 , 149 , 154 , 158 , 202 , 203 , 214 , 215 , 317 n.4
on anatomy of plants, 67 , 132 , 307 n.29, 311 n.5, 336 n.106;
on circulation of sap, 119 , 137 , 312 n.33
Guglielmini, Domenico, 36 , 172
"Guinea pigs," human and animal, 173 , 179
Guise, duchesse de, 201
H
Hales, Stephen, 141
Haller, Albrecht von, 123
Hartsoeker, Nicolas, 58 , 203 , 204 , 210
makes lenses, 44
and spherical microscope, 158 , 319 n.20
supervises production of glass for scientific instruments, 53
Harvey, William, 9 , 119 , 123 , 132 , 133 , 138 , 144 , 311 n.9, 315 n.19
defenders and detractors of in France, 127 -128
influence of, 120 , 124 , 125 -126, 127 , 128 -130, 131 , 134 -137, 138 , 142 .
See also Analogical reasoning; Blood
Hautefeuille, abbé Jean de, 332 n.66
Heart, 138
Helmont, Joan Baptista van, 91 , 97 , 124 , 152
Herbelot de Molainville, Barthélemy d', sponsor of learned society, 327 n.51
Hesse, Mary, on analogy, 120 , 121 , 132 -133, 137 , 143
Hevelius, Johannes, 31
Hierarchy, of forms of life, 132 , 136 , 137 .
See also Académie royale des sciences; Community
Histoire des animaux , 18 , 59 , 207
installments of planned, 54 .
See also Anatomy; Natural history
Holland, regarded as rival of France, 31 , 32 .
See also Hartsoeker; Huygens; Leeuwenhoek
Homberg, Guillaume, 18 , 23 , 98
and air pump, 160 , 161 -165, 297 n.37, 308 n.36, 336 n.101
appointment of helps revive Academy, 19 -20, 24 , 111 , 225
attends meetings sponsored by Geoffroy, 196
career of, 20 , 172 , 202 , 211 -212
collects reimbursements for other academicians, 50
and distillation of plants, 90 , 92 , 95 , 99 , 287 n.21, 305 n.53
and medicine, 99
and natural history of plants, 103 , 111 , 114
and plant physiology, 146 , 152 , 153 , 160 , 161 -165
role of in Academy, 59
travels of, 202
Hooke, Robert, 67 , 136 , 139 , 140 , 156 , 203 , 317 n.4, 320 n.27, 335 n.100
reviews Mémoires des plantes , 303 n.28
tests seeds in air pump, 160
supplies corpses for dissection, 59
Hubin, enameler and instrument maker, 44 , 193 , 317 n.3, 333 n.68
Huilliot, Claude, painter of plants and animals, 195
Huygens, Christiaan, 14 , 18 , 20 , 36 , 43 , 49 , 60 , 156 , 202 , 208 , 213 , 289 n.42, 326 n.38, 327 n.57, 331 n.61
and air pump, 160 -162, 162 , 163 -164, 165 , 193 , 212
and capillary tubes, 139
and Charas, 172 ;
as collector, 195
correspondents of, 203 , 331 n.45
lodged in Bibliothèque du roi, 41 , 43 , 334 n.81
and natural history, 70 , 71 , 74 , 79
portrait of, 42 ;
receives information about Academy, 22 , 95 , 109 , 110 , 207 , 288 n.38
and spherical microscope, 158 , 159 , 204
and study of plants, 21 , 132 , 158 , 160 -161, 312 -313 n.34
Huygens, Constantyn, 158
Hydraulics, 49 , 50 , 59 , 222
hydraulic machines, 56
Hydrography, teaching of, 16
Hydrostatics, study of, 18
I
Ideals, scholarly, 27 -29, 209
conflict between ideal and practice, 205 -215, 224 -225
cooperation, 29 , 169 , 180 , 199 -217
experiment, 5 , 7 , 115 -116, 155 -156, 181 , 215 , 222 , 225
utility, 182 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, functions and goals of; Utility
Illustrations of plants, 213 . See also Engravers and engravings; Gaston; Plants
—commissioned by Academy: 22 , 69 , 73 , 75 , 80 , 88 , 110 , 111 , 113 , 223
published in eighteenth century, 80 , 114 , 115
scientific standards for, 71 , 75 , 80 , 82 , 107 , 157 , 298 n.18, 300 n.38, 317 n.5
shortcomings of, 68 , 73 , 80 -83, 86 , 104 , 112
size of, 82
Imprimerie royale, 191 , 192 , 208 , 209
typeface for, 59
Industry, interest of Academy in, 49 , 110 , 169 .
See also Machines Practical projects of Academy
Instrument makers, scientific, 39 , 44 , 45 , 187 , 194 , 198 , 320 n.27
and Academy, 192 -193
essential to experimental
See also names of individuals
Instruments and apparatus, scientific, 7 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 55 , 118 , 156 , 192 -194.
See also names of instrument makers; Air pump; Chemistry; Clocks; Inventions; Lenses; Microscopy
—and botanical research, 61 , 146 , 154 , 155 -166, 225
—demonstrational, 44 -45, 48 , 210 -211, 329 n.25
burning mirrors, 26 , 48 , 53 , 54
globes, 45
lodestone, 194
planisphere, 45 , 48 , 210 -211
"talking" ephemerides, 44
—observational, 23 , 44 -45, 329 n.25
astronomical and mathematical, 44 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 193 , 194
compass, 207
meteorological, 155 , 156 , 165 , 193
microscope, 23 , 51 , 157 , 159
supplied to Jesuit missionaries, 53 , 210
—purchase and maintenance of for Academy, 34 , 43 , 44 -45, 48 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 58 , 165 , 210 -211
—role of in new science, 154 , 155 -156, 159 , 160 , 166
Interdisciplinary links amoung the sciences, 118 , 144 , 153 -154, 156 , 165 , 166 , 225 .
See also Analogies; Sap
assessed by Academy, 49 , 55 , 56 , 59 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, functions of Dalesme Machines
J
James II, king of England, visits Academy, 7 , 294 nn.40, 43, 296 n.21, 335 n.96
Jansenism, Jansenists, 19 , 23 , 178 , 187 , 190 , 200 , 201 , 223
pedagogues, 197
Jardin royal, 7 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 41 , 45 , 147 , 171 -172, 187 , 193 , 213 , 217
scientific collections of, 80 , 195
ties of with Academy, 15 , 38 -39, 79 , 82 , 107 , 114 , 195 , 296 n.33
teaching at, 38 , 89 , 93 , 114 , 127 , 197 -198, 332 n.63.
See also Petit jardin
colleges of, 197
missionary-scientists in Far East, 22 , 53 -54, 58 , 208 , 210 , 212 -213
Joblot, attends meetings sponsored by Geoffroy, 196 -197
Joubert, Jean, engraver for Tournefort's Élémens , 300 n.38
Journal des sçavans , 22 , 24 , 172 , 191 , 208 , 209 , 213
Jussieu, Antoine de, 303 n.11
Justel, Henri, 203 , 205 , 213 , 298 n.9, 313 n.37
K
Kepler, Johannes, 128
Kermes, seed or insect, 214
King's Library. See Bibliothèque du roi
Kircher, Athanasius, 206
Kunckel, Johann, 202
L
La Beurthe, surgeon, 293 n.26
Laboratories, private, 27 , 55 .
See also Académie royale des sciences
La Brosse, Guy de, 71
La Chambre, Marin Cureau de, 17 , 171
books by read in Paris, 185
opposes neologisms, 183
La Chapelle. See Bessé de la Chapelle
La Faye, 294 n.40
Lagny, mathematical instrument maker, 44 , 192
Lagny, Thomas Fantet de, 36
Fellow of Royal Society, 202
La Hire, Gabriel Philippe de, 18 , 22 , 23 , 111
La Hire, Philippe de, 18 , 19 , 44 , 55 , 157 , 158 , 165 , 182 , 197 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 214 , 222 , 294 n.35, 296 n.21, 302 n.62, 324 n.5, 326 n.33, 331 n.61, 337 n.112
career of, 21 -22
on circulation of sap, 119 , 136 -137, 140 , 141 -142, 144
dissects fish, 32
keeps Huygens informed, 95 , 109 , 110
revives study of plant physiology, 110
role of in Academy, 182
studies fig and orange trees, 111
teaches at Collège royal, 197
La Hyre, Laurent, 21
La Londe, engineer, his arithmetic for engineers for sale, 191
Langlade, de, 172
Language, scientific, 22 , 27 , 223 , 318 n.6
in botany, 73 , 214 , 298 n.18
shift to vernacular, 73 -74, 75 , 88 , 127 -128, 153 , 182 , 183 -184, 223
in technology, 183
Languages: knowledge of, 200 , 298 n.15, 325 n.17, 335 n.100
study or teaching of, 20 , 21 , 328 n.65
Lannion, abbé Pierre de, 14 , 307 n.16
Lanterns, magic, 194
Lantin, Jean Baptiste, 201 , 204
La Quintinie, Jean de, 194 , 203 , 329 n.28
La Roque, abbé, sponsor of scientific meetings, 196
Le Bas, mathematical instrument maker, 44 , 192
Le Brun, Charles, autopsy of by Academy, 54
Le Clerc, Sébastien, 5 -8, 15 , 41
portraits of Academy by, 6 , 40 , 42
Lecture-demonstrations, scientific and medical, 182 , 196 .
See also Jardin royal
Leeuwenhoek, Antony van, 203 , 204
Le Febvre, Jean, 36
Le Febvre, Nicaise, chemist, 19 , 90 , 93 , 132 , 201
Le Gallois, Pierre, 181
Le Guern, mathematical instrument maker, 44
Leibniz, Gottfried, Wilhelm, 36 , 332 nn.65, 66
Lémery, Nicolas, 20 , 21 , 90 , 98 , 209
book for sale in Paris, 191
offers instruction in chemistry, 197
tested, 53 .
See also Borelly; Campani; Divini; Hartsoeker
Léonard (de Sainte Cathérine), père, 207
L'Hospital, Guillaume François Antoine, marquis de Sainte-Mesme, 16 , 36
Lhwyd, Edward, 202
Librarian, royal, 24
Libraries, private, 182 , 185 , 215 .
See also Bibliothèque du roi
Life, ideas about nature of, 133
Linnaeus, Carl von, 20
Lister, Martin, 41 , 44 , 186 , 191 , 194 , 196 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 211 , 214 , 292 n.18, 294 n.40, 321 n.7, 325 n.19, 328 n.16, 337 n.113
Literacy in France, 184
Literature, scientific and technical: by academicians for sale in Paris, 191 , 192
Academy's use of, 213 -214, 215 , 309 n.1
herbals, 117
manuals for practitioners, 191
periodicals, 199
specialized bookshops for in Paris, 191 -192
tastes in, 184 -185.
See also Journal des sçavans ; Language; Philosophical Transactions
Locke, John, 44 , 159 , 187 , 193 , 194 , 200 , 202 -203, 305 n.58, 312 n.26, 327 n.46, 336 n.110
as scholarly and cultural center, 16 , 51 , 203
Longitude, problem of determining at sea, 32 , 49 , 52
Louis XIII, 171
Louis XIV, 20 , 23 , 34 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 178 , 193 , 201 , 221 , 226 , 293 n.32, 298 n.15
and individual academicians, 26 , 103 , 172
illness of, 103 , 108 , 109 , 172 , 225
nurseries and orangerie of, 74 , 110
patronage of sought by English savants, 203
portrait of, 6
visits Gobelins, 32 .
See also Académie royale des sciences: and Louis XIV; and war
Louvois, Michel François Le Tellier, marquis de, 13 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 32 , 82 , 208 , 225
appoints academicians, 52 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 223
compared with Colbert and Pontchartrain, 46 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 111
garden of, 194
and natural history of plants, 25 , 52 , 56 , 80 , 107 -111
policies of regarding Academy, 25 , 36 -38, 46 , 51 -56, 59 , 110 , 223
utilitarian demands of, 52 , 55 , 56 , 107 -110, 172
Louvre, headquarters of Academy from 1699, 39
LSD poisoning. See Ergotism
Luxembourg, Madeleine Charlotte de Clermont Tonnerre, duchesse de, 44
Lysergic acid diethylamide. See Ergot
M
Mabillon, Dom Jean, 201
Macard, instrument maker, 193
models of, 44 , 49 , 156 , 210
Magnetic variation, 207
Magnol, Pierre, 213
Major, Johann Daniel, 67 , 119 , 132
Malpighi, Marcello, 21 , 154 , 201 , 203 , 214 , 215 , 315 n.19, 317 n.4
books by read in Paris, 185 , 311 n.5
study of anatomy and physiology of plants by, 67 , 117 , 119 , 132 , 307 n.29, 312 n.30
Maps. See Cartography
Marchant, Nicolas and Jean, 146 , 147 , 204 , 213 , 309 n.1, 329 n.28
coin neologisms, 184
library of, 185 , 214 , 308 n.29, 337 n.115
revise Bauhin's Pinax , 70 , 111
and Tournefort, 113 , 114 , 115
work on natural history of plants, 74 , 75 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 104 , 107 , 110 , 111 , 114 , 302 n.64.
See also Plants, rare
—Jean, son of Nicolas, 18 , 19 , 23 , 82 , 104 , 111 , 148 , 203 , 214 , 300 n.43, 301 n.53, 301 -302 n.60
career of,
and Jardin royal, 38 , 80 , 296 n.33
role of in Academy, 96
—Nicolas, 18 , 19 , 104 , 202 , 213
cultivates plants, 175 , 314 n.7
and circulation of sap, 119
establishes petit jardin , 79
and Jardin royal, 38
possible portrait of, 40
and Robert Morison, 214
role of in Academy, 96
writes Description de quelques plantes nouvelles,75 , 80 , 87 , 329 n.26
Margrave [Marcgrave or Markgrav or Marggraf], Georg, 70
Mariotte, abbé Edme, 18 , 19 , 23 , 43 , 44 , 50 , 90 , 165 , 200 , 203 , 206 , 209 , 222 , 325 n.17, 327 n.57, 329 n.30, 331 n.61, 331 -332 n.63
autopsy of, 54
on chemical analyses of plants, 90 , 91 , 92 , 98 , 113 , 287 n.21
on circulation of sap, 119 , 131 , 132 -138, 140 -141, 142
on plant anatomy, 157 -158
on plant physiology, 147 -150, 151 , 152 , 153 , 164 , 201 , 204 , 214
possible portrait of, 42
Marly, royal palace at, 194
Marly tower, 43 , 44 , 56 , 57
Martin, Henri-Jean, 185
Mathematical sciences studied at Academy, 21 , 58 , 225 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, finances of Astronomy; Instruments and apparatus; Literature
Matte La Faveur, Sébastien, 89
Mechanics, study of principles of, 49 , 222
Medici, Cosimo, Giovanni Carlo, and Leopoldo de', 156 , 206 , 334 nn.80, 81
Medicine, 25 , 48 , 99 , 102 , 135 , 178 , 215 , 221 , 222 , 225
and botany, 22 , 66 , 70 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 100 , 101 -102, 108 , 109 , 113 , 114 , 170 , 171 , 172
faculties of, 20 , 127 -128, 171 -172, 174 , 202
and pharmacology, 20 , 171 , 173 , 210
for poor, 19 , 170 , 174 -176, 178 -179, 184 , 204 , 212 , 295 n.13
and public health, 171 , 176 , 178
writings on by academicians, 172 .
See also Académie royale des sciences; Ergotism; "Guinea pigs"; Literature;
Société royale de la médecine
Mémoires des animaux. See Histoire des animaux
Mémoires des plantes75 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 87 , 90 , 93 , 95 , 100 , 101 , 103 , 202 , 207 , 213 , 303 n.28
installments of planned, 54 , 103 -104, 107 , 111 , 113 , 114
presented to Grew and Morison, 214
as smokescreen, 101
Ménage, Gilles, 286 n.9
Menageries, 194 .
See also Versailles
Meridian, extension of in France, 21 , 22 , 49 -50
Méry, Jean, 21 , 41 , 59 , 172 , 293 n.29
taught at Jardin royal, 38
Meteorological observations, 44
Meurisse, received advance for expenses, 50
Microcosm-macrocosm, 119 , 120 , 129 , 131
Microscopy, 149
and anatomy of plants, 137 , 146 , 157 -159
ancillary to other ways of studying plants, 159
and illustration of plants, 75 , 82
instruments used (compound and spherical microscope, hand lens, loupe), 82 , 136 , 137 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 -159, 194 , 204
and physiology of plants, 149 , 157 -159, 163
value of in botanical research, 65 , 70 , 118 , 154 , 158 -159, 165 -166.
See also "Engyscope"; Instruments and apparatus
Migon, maker of globes and mathematical instruments, 44 , 45
Military: fortification a popular subject among Parisian readers, 185
interest of academicians in inventions and techniques for, 49 , 169 , 208 , 222 .
See also Literature
Mimosa. See Plants, sensitive
Mineral waters, analysis of. See Chemical analysis of waters
Mining, 20
interest in of academicians, 202
Mirrors, cylindrical, for sale in Paris, 194
Model. See Analogies
Montmor, Henri Louis Habert de, 20 , 202 , 205
Academy of, 206
Moray, Sir Robert, 203 , 331 n.45
Morin (de Toulon), 18 , 111 , 172
career of, 21
Morin, Louis, 200
as collector, 195
garden of, 203
Morison, Robert, 70 , 80 , 147 , 202 , 214 , 302 n.60, 311 n.9
and classification of plants, 67 , 75
N
Natural history, 32 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 54 -55, 56 , 212 -213.
See also Chemical analysis; Illustration of plants; Natural philosophy
—of arts and crafts, 59
—data about solicited, 212 -213
—of plants, 19 , 25 , 48 , 54 -55, 65 -88, 89 -102, 103 -116, 215 , 222 , 225
conflicting views about, 70 -79, 83 , 87 , 109
choice of plants for, 69 , 73 , 74 , 88
collaboration on, 67 , 69 , 74 , 79 -80, 82 -83
cultivating and describing plants for, 69 , 73 , 75 , 79 -80, 88 , 104 , 110 , 111 , 299 n.33
directors of, 73 , 75 , 83 , 87
failure of, 65 , 69 , 88 , 102 , 103 -116, 225
geographical scope of, 73 , 74 , 114 , 115
goals of, 108
installments of planned, 54 , 103 -104, 107 , 111 , 113 , 114
Louvois and, 107 -111
Pontchartrain and, 111 , 113 -115
review of literature for, 80
patronage and, 69
theft of manuscripts for, 103 , 104 , 225
traditional and innovative elements in, 67 , 69 , 74
—related to natural philosophy and medicine, 65 -67, 69 , 70 , 79 , 101 , 108 , 109 , 173 -174
Natural philosophical research of Academy. See Académie royale des sciences, finances of; Air pump; Illustrations; Microscopy; names of individual academicians ; Natural history; Natural philosophy; Physiology; Plants
Natural philosophy: distinguished from natural history, 65 -66, 70 , 79 , 101 , 118 , 145 , 146 , 154 .
See also Anatomy; Natural history; Physiology
Navigation, 191
interest of Academy in, 48 , 169
Newton, Sir Isaac, 119 , 335 n.96
Niquet, Antoine de, 182 , 211 , 291 n.6
Nolin, Jean Baptiste, engraver, 294 n.40
Nomenclature, anatomical, 122 -123.
See also Plants, names of
Nutrition of plants. See Physiology, vegetable
Nutrition of animals and humans: diet and social hierarchy, 176 , 178
Dodart's study of, 19 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 103 -104
Dodart's theory of digestion, 173
value of plants in, 91 , 98 , 102 , 108 , 110 , 171 .
See also Chemical analysis
O
Observatoire, 7 , 18 , 22 , 26 , 31 , 34 , 38 , 41 , 43 -45, 56
cost of, 43 , 47 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 187 , 190 , 195 , 197 , 198 , 203 , 210
grounds of, 43 -44
porter of, 57
purpose and functions of, 15 , 43 -45, 197
as symbol of Academy's corporate identity, 223
visitors to, 44 .
See also Cartography, map of world by Academy
Observatories, private, 27
Oldenburg, Henry, 202 , 203 , 205 , 215 , 330 n.36
Orléans, dukes of. See Gaston; Philippe
Oury, watchmaker, 193
Ozanam, Jacques, mathematician, 197
P
Papin, Denis, 193 , 212 , 317 n.1, 332 n.66
Paracelsus, Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
Paracelsianism, 17 , 83 , 87 , 90 , 96 -97, 120 , 124 , 173
Pardies, Ignace Gaston, S.J., 22 , 337 n.116
Paris, 16 , 21 , 22 , 82 , 171 , 175
as magnet for ambitious, 16
—addresses serving scientific community, 327 n.55
Arsenal, 195
faubourg Saint Antoine opposite rue de Charonne, 194
faubourg Saint Honoré, 194
faubourg Saint Jacques, 187 , 193
Galeries du Louvre, 190 , 192 , 193
Palais de justice, grande salle of, 191
place de l'Hôtel de Cluny, 193
porte Montmartre, 294 n.35
quai des Augustins, 192
quai de Morfundus, 193
quai de Nesle, 191
quai Peletier (now quai de Gesvres), 190 , 193
rue Bourlabé, 195
rue Dauphine, 194
rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 187
rue de La Harpe, 190
rue neuve des Fossés, 187 , 326 n.28
rue des Postes, 294 n.35
rue Saint Denis across from rue aux Ours, 193
rue
Saint Denis near Queen's Fountain, 193
rue Saint Honoré opposite church of Saint Roch, 193
rue Saint Jacques, 190 , 191 , 192
rue Saint Pierre, 190
Saint Hilaire, 194
Saint Severin fountain, 191
Sainte Chapelle, steps of, 191
—description, map, and topography of, 186 -190
administrative and regal center of, 187 , 188 , 190
faubourg Saint Germain of, 203
Hôtel de Ville, 190
Jansenist landmarks in, 187 , 190
Marais of, 190
Palais royal district of, 38 , 190 , 194
Right Bank of, 187 , 188 , 190
university quarter of, 187 , 191 .
See also Bibliothéque du roi; Hôtel des invalides; Jardin royal; Observatoire
—hospitals in, 41 , 99 , 173 , 187 , 203
—setting for scholarly community, 159 , 164 , 170 , 180 , 181 , 186 , 190 -198
Academy's immediate theater of operations, 43 , 186
center of French book trade, 191 -192
center of scientific and mathematical education, 198
cultural center of France, 186
intellectual center of shifting, 190
scientific goods and services available in, 185 -198
scholarly landmarks in, 187 , 190
topography of scientific community in, 187 , 190 -195
university quarter of, 187 , 190
medical faculty of, 127 , 128 , 172
Parkinson, John, 70 , 308 n.34
Patigny, Jean, engraver, 43
Patronage.
See also Académie royale des sciences, patronage of
Societies, learned and scientific
—private, 196
by upper robe, 190
—royal: character and effects of, 30 -33, 80 , 113 , 172 , 192 , 203 , 216 , 217 , 221 -226
on Paris, 190
on publishing, 208
on science and scientific community, 217 , 223
Pecquet, Jean, 41 , 127 , 128 , 172 , 311 n.9, 327 n.57, 334 n.81
portrait of, 42
Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, 126
Pensions
—paid to academicians, 4 , 23 , 24 , 103 , 223 , 224
changes in, 36 -37
converted into annuities, 37 , 57 , 60
nature and effects of, 35 -38, 45 , 50
—paid to individual scholars: pensions et gages,35 -36
pensions et gratifications,30 -31, 35
Perrault, Claude, 16 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 90 , 175 , 184 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 209 , 211 , 214 , 305 n.46, 311 n.5, 331 n.61, 331 -332 n.63, 333 n.70, 334 n.81, 334 -335 n.91
autopsy of by Academy, 54
career of, 18
on chemical analysis of plants, 95 , 96 , 98
on circulation of sap, 119 , 132 -138, 141 , 142 , 164 , 312 n.30
death of, 95
on describing plants, 75
and Dodart , 83
family of, 18 , 19 , 41 , 140 , 286 n.9
on illustrating plants, 71
on natural history of plants, 70 -71, 73 , 74 , 79 , 286 n.18
on physiology of plants, 146 , 149 , 150 , 152 -153, 157
as purchasing agent for Academy, 51
role of in Academy, 182
traits of as scientist, 132 , 135
Perrault, Pierre, 140
Peter the Great, 195
Petit jardin,38 , 54 , 58 , 79 , 308 n.40
Pharmacology. See Medicine
Philippe, duke of Orléans, portrait of, 6
Philosophical Transactions,202 , 209 , 214 -215
translated for but neglected by Academy, 213 , 215 .
See also Journal d'Angleterre
Phosphorus, 202 , 211 , 336 n.101
Physiology. See also Analogical reasoning; Analogies; Anatomy; Animals; Blood; Botany; Chemical Analysis; Explanation; Generation; Germination; Natural philosophy; Nutrition; Plants; Sap
—animal, 54 , 59 , 66 , 142 , 145 , 225
influence on botany, 65
—vegetable, 70 , 79 , 91 , 110 , 117 -130, 131 -144, 145 -154, 155 -166, 214
chemical processes inside plant, 139 , 141 , 142 , 152
germination and growth, 149 -151, 160 -165, 166
growth and nutrition, 151 -153
influences on, 117 , 118 , 150
leaves, functions of, 135
life cycle, 145
Picard, abbé Jean, 44 , 203 , 294 n.35, 317 n.1, 335 n.101
and spherical microscope, 158 -159
studies pollen, 158
Pinax. See Bauhin, Caspar and Jean Marchant, Jean and Nicolas
Pivert, 182
Plant-animals, 137 -138
Plantes du roi, Les , 115 .
See also Engravers and engravings
Plants: active or passive, 152 -153, 165
behavior of in air pump, 160 -166
choice of for study, 104
classifying, 20 , 59 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 113 , 209 , 214 , 222
compared with animals, earths, insects, sponges, 66 , 67 , 79 , 131 -132, 135 , 136 , 137 , 141 , 144 , 149 , 150 , 157 , 164 -165, 166 , 312 n.30
cultivating, 19 , 69 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 104 , 110
distinguishing among, 98
distinguishing from animals, 214
explaining effects of, 70 , 91
guttation of in a vacuum, 163 -164
information about sent to Academy, 210
names of, 69 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 82 , 113 , 308 n.34
nature of sought, 70 , 98 , 100
propagation of, 70 , 75 , 146 -147
rare and foreign, 19 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 79 , 82 , 111 , 112
research on exemplifies traits of Academy, 61
role of external factors in development of, 149 -151
roots of, 110
seeds of, 146 -147
sensitive, 67 , 68 , 82 , 297 n.1
sexuality of, 145
uses of, 19 , 22 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 110 .
See also under Natural philosophical research of Academy; Physiology
Plato, Platonism, 28 , 87 , 206
Plumier, Charles, 71 , 194 , 201 , 214
Poisons and antidotes, 20 , 91 , 99 , 102 , 173
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux de, 13 , 14 , 17 , 24 , 47 , 52 , [225]
appoints academicians, 19 , 20 -21, 22 , 56 , 58 , 111 , 223
compared with Colbert and Louvois, 46 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 111
effect of on Academy, 46 , 56 -60, 80 , 110 -111, 113 , 223
policies of, 24 , 25 , 36 -38, 46 , 47 , 56 -60, 330 n.39
Poor. See Medicine, for
Pouilly, mathematical instrument maker, 194
"Pousser," 134
Practical projects of Academy, 44 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 56 , 59 .
See also Académie royale des sciences, finances of Agriculture; Cartography; Industry; Machines; Military; Navigation; Porcelaini; Versailles
Practitioners, scientific and technical, 182 , 183 , 210 -211
trained by Academy, 223 .
See also Literature
Propaganda, 30 , 31 , 65 , 223
R
Racine, Jean, friend of Dodart and Bourdelin, 19
Rainwater. See Water
Ray, John, 147 , 200 , 204 , 299 n.23, 307 -308 n.29, 312 n.30, 314 n.8, 328 -329 n.16, 336 n.110
classification of plants by, 67 , 75
on distillation of plants, 90
on need for illustrated natural history of plants, 70 , 80
Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de, 193
Referee. See Académie royale des sciences, functions and goals of
Reform of science and technology. See Académie royale des sciences, functions of; Ideals
Régis, Pierre Sylvain, 154 , 311 n.5, 314 n.9
Reméde des pauvres . See Medicine, for poor
Renaudot, Théophraste, 172
Reneaume, Michel Louys, 306 n.8
tries to revive natural history of plants in 1709, 114 , 302 n.65
Revolution, scientific, 3 -4, 8 , 67 , 155
scientific community during, 145 , 181 , 221 , 225
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, cardinal, 17
Richer, Jean, 50 , 213 , 293 n.25, 295 nn.4, 6, 333 n.75, 335 n.94
Riolan, Jean, 132
on circulation of blood, 125 , 126 -127, 130 , 136
Roannez, duke of, 19
Robert, Nicolas, painter and engraver, 80 , 194
drawings and engravings of plants, 72 , 77 , 78 , 86
watercolors of plants, 71 , 300 nn.41, 43
Roberval, Gilles Personne de, 17 , 156 , 327 , n.57
Robin, Vespasian, 213
Roemer, Ole, 44 , 45 , 202 , 203 , 294 n.35
and spherical microscope, 159
trip of to England, 99
books by read in Paris, 185
and capillary action, 139
offers instruction in natural philosophy, 197
Rolle, Michel, offers instruction in algebra, 197
Royal Academy of Architecture. See Académie royale d'architecture
Royal Garden. See Jardin royal
Royal Society (London), 22 -23, 29 , 34 , 156 , 182 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 215 , 291 n.12, 330 n.37, 331 n.45, 332 n.65
academicians as Fellows of, 202
and air pump, 160
contacts with Academy, 202
medical practitioners in, 172
Rye, infected with ergot, 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179
S
Sablé, Madeleine de Souvré, marquise de, 201
Saint Anthony's fire. See Ergotism
Saint Hilaire, 332 n.67
Saint Pierre, abbé Charles Irénée Castel de, 190
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de, 19
Salomon-Bayet, Claire, on analogy, 120 , 121
Salt, crystals of resemble corpuscles, 98 .
See also Distillants
Sanson, family of cartographers, 192
Sap:compared with blood, 132 , 133 -134, 135 -136
functions of, 135 -136, 141 , 146 , 151 -152
theory that it circulates, 67 , 70 , 79 , 118 , 119 , 124 , 131 -144, 158 , 164 , 317 n.4.
See also Chemical analysis of sap
Sauveur, Joseph, 327 n.57
Scarron, Paul, poet, 186
Science: attitudes toward, 20 , 28 , 45
audience for, 170 , 181 , 182 -186, 190 , 194 -198
and culture, 226
mocked, 205 -206
and popular culture, 135 , 311 n.6
as a profession, 35 , 45 , 181 ; 223 -224
as recreation, 182 , 185 , 193 -194
reform of, 30
teaching of, 44 , 190 , 197 -198, 204 , 217 , 223
and war, 201
"Scientist," word not coined yet, 4 , 181
Sébastien, père. See Truchet
Secrecy, 223
impossibility of, 207
risks of, 207
Sédileau, 18 , 44 , 55 , 294 n.40, 333 n.70
role at Academy, 22
studies disease of orange trees, 110 , 111
active or passive, 152 -153
behavior of in evacuated receiver, 160 , 162 -163
collected from around world for cultivation, 79
dispersal of, 147
maturation and release of, 151 -152
physiology of, 164 -165
Séguier, Pierre, chancellor of France, 17
Sevin, Pierre, mathematical instrument maker, 44
Shadwell, Thomas, playwright, 205
Signatures, theory of, ridiculed by Dodart , 97
Sloane, Sir Hans, and Tournefort, 328 -329 n.16
Société royale de la médecine, 196
Societies, learned and scientific, 27 , 28 -29, 34 , 156 , 199 , 205
communication between, 205
contacts between, 202
correspondence with, 203
private, 20 , 21 , 22 , 155 , 165 , 181 , 190 , 195 , 196 , 199 , 202 , 303 n.5
publications of in vernacular, 184 .
See also names of societies or sponsors
Solomon, House of, 28 , 43 , 65 , 292 n.23
Solvents. See Alkahest; Chemical analysis, methods of
Sorbière, Samuel, 215
South, Robert, 205
Specimens of unusual plants and curiosities, 80 , 194 -195, 204 , 207
collected by Academy, 213
exchanged, 203
Spontaneous generation. See Generation
Sprat, Thomas, 215
Spurred rye. See Rye
Stubbe, Henry, 205
Surveying. See Instruments and apparatus; Versailles, water supply of
Sweden, and academicians, 202 , 209
Sympathy and antipathy, theories of, 119 , 120
T
Tardy, Claude, 127 -128
Tauvry, Daniel, 18 , 21 , 172 , 315 n.16
Taxidermy, 210 .
See also Colson
Technology. See Practical projects of Academy
Temperaments, theory of, ridiculed by Dodart , 97
Terrasson, abbé Jean Baptiste, tries to revive natural history of plants in 1709, 114
Teste-morte.See distillants
theories of challenged, 75
Thévenot, Melchisédech, 36 , 201 , 202 , 203
associated with both Academy and Bibliothèque du roi, 39 , 51 , 285 n.4
role of in Academy, 182
as sponsor of scientific meetings, 196
Thuret, Isaac and Jacques, clockmakers, 43 , 44 , 193 , 317 n.1
Torricelli, Evangelista, 155
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 18 , 23 , 25 , 58 , 184 , 194 , 201 , 202 , 209 , 214 , 215 , 222 , 225 , 300 n.40, 309 n.1, 328 -329 n.16, 331 n.61, 331 -332 n.63, 337 n.115
on anatomy and physiology of plants, 141 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 150 , 151 , 153 -154, 158 , 165
and classification of plants, 59 , 75
as collector, 195
death of, 187
and Dodart, 103 , 111 , 113 -115
Élémens de botanique of, 58 , 80 , 113 , 222
Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris of, 113 , 114 -115
and Jardin royal, 38 , 197 -198
and natural history of plants, 111 , 113 , 114 , 115
role of in Academy, 24 , 111 , 113 -115
Transpiration: in humans, 99
Travel, 23 , 199 , 201 -202, 202 -203
books about for sale in Paris, 191
grand tour of continent, 198 , 200
inspires scientific inquiry, 20 , 22 -23, 58 , 59 , 212 -213.
See also Expeditions
Truchet, Jean, called père Sébastien, 195 , 196 , 293 n.25
Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walther, count of, 36
Tuillier, father and son, physicians, 174 -175, 176 , [204]
U
Utility, 46 , 55 , 61 , 101 , 110 , 111 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 179 , 226
practice related to theory, 60 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 222 , 224 .
See also Ideals; Practical projects of Academy
V
Vacuum: abhorence of in nature, 140 -141
debate over, 154 , 159 -160, 166 , 335 n.101
experiments with puzzling, 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 .
See also Torricelli
Val, Mlle de, seller of maps and geographies, 192
Vallant, physician, 201
Varignon, Pierre, 36 , 55 , 190
Fellow of Royal Society, 202
teaches mathematics, 197
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de, 325 n.19
treatise by on fortifications for sale, 191
Vernacular. See Language
Vernon, Francis, 32 , 211 , 291 n.13, 334 n.81
Versailles, gardens of, 194
menagerie of, 194
menagerie of supplies animals for dissection, 39 , 54 , 59 , 194
water supply of, 21 , 32 , 50 , 55 , 56 , 156 , 169 , 210 , 337 n.112
Villette, instrument maker, 44
Vines, how they grip walls, 111
Void. See Torricelli; Vacuum
W
Wallis, John, 164
Water:desalination of, 108 , 109 , 332 n.67, 336 n.102
role of in growth of plants, 150 , 152
as ultimate source of matter, 152 .
See also Chemical analysis; Versailles, water supply of
Watercolors. See Illustrations; Gaston
Winds, studies of, 203
Wines. See Chemical analysis
Z
Zoology. See under Natural philosophical research of Academy
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