Index
A
"Abdication" thesis, 164 n10.
See also Legislative dominance thesis
Administrative guidance, 7
Administrative officials (jimukan ). See Ministry of Construction: Public works bureaucrats, administrative officials
AEG Westinghouse, 152
Agriculture. See Farmers
Akita, George, 179 n12
Allinson, Gary, 173 n6
Amakudari ("descent from heaven"), 2 , 9 , 18 , 40 -41, 46 , 68 -78, 110 -111, 140 , 146 , 148 , 166 n6, 168 nn7,8, 169 nn10,11, 170 n12.
See also Civil service employment system; Institutional reform; Institutions; Public works bureaucrats, gilded promotion
Amsden, Alice, 5
Anchordoguy, Marie, 8
Antimonopoly law. See Antitrust
Antitrust, 46 -48, 125 -126, 138 , 139 , 148 , 166 n10
reform, 130 -132
Aoki Corporation, 32
Aoki Koyo, 171 n4
Apportionment, 99 -100, 174 n15.
See also Electoral institutions
Apter, David, 179 n9
Archer, J. C., 10
Arlacchi, Pino, 180 n18
Asami Takeo, 94
Asch, Peter, 166 n9
Aschworth, William, 14
Auerbach, Stuart, 26
Australia, electoral institutions, 97
B
Baerwald, Hans, 105 , 164 n8, 174 nn1,2
Baldridge, Malcolm, 151
Ban Noboru, 146
Banks, Jeffrey, 164 n6
Bayard, Thomas, 179 n8
Beason, Richard, 163 n3
Bechtel Group, 35 , 125 , 152 , 153 , 177 n1
Bell, Daniel, 179 n14
Berger, Suzanne, 164 n9
Berlusconi, Silvio, 147
Bhagwati, Jagdish, 46 , 178 n4
Bid-rigging. See Dango
Bokuyukai, 89
Bovetti, Keith, 25
Bradford, Hazel, 127 , 129 , 178 n5
Bubble economy, 36 , 125 , 131 , 143
Bureaucratic dominance thesis, 19 , 164 n8.
See also Dual political economy model
Bureaucrats, motives of, 18 -19, 52 , 78 -80, 166 n1.
See also Public works bureaucrats
C
Cain, Bruce, 88
Calder, Kent, 4 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 163 nn3,4, 164 n8, 167 n2
Campaign contributors, 10 -11, 13 , 47 -48, 90 , 91 -93, 95 -96, 97 -99, 109 , 113 -115, 118 -119, 133 , 173 n11.
See also Liberal Democratic Party, campaign financing
Campaign costs, 94 -96, 173 n11.
See also Liberal Democratic Party
Campaign finance law. See Electoral institutions, Political Funds Control Law
Campbell, John, 7 , 112 , 164 n8
Candidate endorsement. See Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Career politician, 2 , 3 , 82 -84, 171 n2.
See also Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' attributes
Caro, Robert, 11
Cartels. See Dango system
Cassese, Sabino, 57
Chida, Tomohei, 8
Chisaki Kogyo, 33
Chittiwatanapong, Prasert, 30
Christian Democratic Party (DC) (Italy), 56 -57, 83 , 90 , 101 , 141 , 142 , 143 -145
electoral dominance, 23 , 83 , 171 n1
factionalism, 104
"opening to the left" strategy, 180 n17
Chuma Tatsui, 110 -111
Chun, Doo Hwan, 151
Civil service employment system, 17 -18, 140
See also Amakudari ; Institutional reform; Institutions
Clark, Rodney, 164 n9
Clausen, Aage, 4 , 9 , 165 n11
"Clean hands" operation. See Mani Pulite operation
Clientelism, 2 , 3 , 9 -16, 105 -112, 129 , 133 -138, 145 .
See also Pork barrel politics
Clientelist state, 8 -16, 22 , 134 -138
policy tools, 9 -10.
See also Clientelism; Economic inefficiency; Developmental state; Dual political economy model; Particularism; Political corruption
Clinton Administration, 127 , 142 , 154
Collusive action, conditions, 28 , 36 -48
Constituency service, 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 , 95 , 102 , 111 , 123 , 133 , 136 , 173 n9
Constitutional Government Party (Kenseito), 115
Construction caucus. See Liberal Democratic Party, construction tribe
Construction contractors, 2 , 3 , 29 , 48 , 111 , 117 , 119 , 126 , 139
See also Construction industry
Construction Fellowship Society, 147
Construction friction (kensetsu masatsu ), 1 -2, 25 -26, 51 -52, 78 -82, 103 -104, 122 -132.
See also Major Projects Agreement; Structural Impediments Initiative; United States, trade friction with Japan; United States-Japan Construction Market Agreement
Construction industry, 9 , 15 , 20 , 47 , 136
campaign contributions, 11 , 13 , 47 -48, 82 -83, 89 -90, 92 , 93 , 95 , 114 , 117 , 119
construction costs, 14 , 48 , 166 n12
historical development, 33 -36
industry associations, 37 , 41 , 50 , 110 , 117 -122, 126 , 130 -131, 132 , 139 , 159 -161, 166 n8
organization, 37 , 41 , 43 , 132 , 139
overseas activities, 29 -30, 32 , 34 -36
size (number of firms and laborers), 29 -30, 132
subcontracting, 33
two-tier structure, 28 , 30 -33, 165 nn6,7
Western engineers, 34 .
See also Amakudari ; Campaign contributors; Construction contractors; Dango system; Liberal Democratic Party, campaign financing
Construction Machine (kensetsu masshin ), 76 -77, 170 n12.
See also Amakudari ; Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' attributes; Liberal Democratic Party, candidates' campaign costs; Public works bureaucrats
Construction market, 1 , 29 , 178 n7
"Ice age" of construction spending, 29 , 36 , 43 , 121
public works, spending, 15 , 126 -127, 129 , 177 n10, 178 n7
Construction Ministry. See Ministry of Construction; Public works bureaucrats
Construction tribe. See Liberal Democratic Party, construction tribe
Cox, Gary, 109
Craxi, Bettino, 145
Credit-claiming, 62 , 88 , 90 , 119 -122, 133 , 177 n12
Culturalist theories, 20 -21, 22 , 79 , 105 -107, 123 , 174 n2
Curtis, Gerald, 95 , 112 , 171 n3, 173 nn6,8, 174 nn13,2, 179 n10
Cutts, Robert, 165 n2
D
Dango system, 14 , 17 , 20 , 27 -28, 36 -50, 125 -127, 132 -134, 147 -148, 165 n2.
See also Construction industry; Economic inefficiency; Political corruption; United States, trade friction with Japan
Davies, Peter, 8
DC. See Christian Democratic Party (Italy)
Declining industries, 8 , 20 .
See also Clientelist state; Structural policy
Deliberative councils (shingikai, kondankai ), 79
"Descent from heaven." See Amakudari
Designated competitive tendering, 37 -38
Destler, I. M., 8
Developmental state, 5 -8, 134 -138, 163 nn4,5
policy tools 7 -8.
See also Clientelist state; Dual political economy model; Strategic policy
Discretionary contract, 37
Distributive policy. See Structural policy
Dodge Line, 58
Dore, Ronald 164 n9
Downs, Anthony, 166 n1
Drew, Elizabeth, 10
Dual economy theory, 20
Dual political economy model, 3 -16, 19 -20, 134 -137, 163 n2
prospects for transnational emulation, 137 -138.
See also Clientelist state; Developmental state; Economic inefficiency; Industrial dualism; Particularism; Political corruption
Dubro, Alex, 48
Duus, Peter, 179 n12
E
Economic inefficiency, 3 -4, 13 -14, 48 , 136 , 166 n11.
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Construction industry, construction costs; Dango system; Dual political economy model; Farmers
Economic Planning Agency, 56
See also Clientelist state; Developmental state; Dual political economic model; Policy market
"Edifice complex," 14
Ehrenhalt, Alan, 84
Election Law, (1889), 99 , 174 n14
Electoral institutions, 17 -18, 84 -85, 96 -101, 123 , 140 -141
Political Funds Control Law (PFCL), 11 , 97 -98, 100 -101, 141 , 174 n4
reform, 99 -101
single nontransferable vote (SnTV), 17 , 96 -101, 123 , 140 -141.
See also Apportionment; Institutional reform; Institutions
Electoral reform. See Institutional reform
Elliott, Kimberly Ann, 179 n8
England. See Great Britain
European Community, construction spending, 29
F
Factions. See Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Fair Trade Commission. See Japan Fair Trade Commission
Farmers, 10 , 13 -14, 17 , 20 , 29 , 47 , 81 , 83 , 117 , 134 , 135 , 143 , 164 n7, 179 n11.
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Economic inefficiency; Particularism
Farnsworth, Lee, 174 n2
Fenno, Richard, 84
Ferejohn, John, 14
Finance Law (1890), 34
Fiorina, Morris, 102
Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan, 15 , 53
Foreign aid, 30
Foreign Ministry, 130
France: civil service, 20 , 56
construction market, 29
indicative planning, 8
public works spending, 15
subsidies, 14 -15
Franklin, Grace, 163 n2, 165 n11
Friman, Richard, 8
Fujita Corporation, 32
Fukaya Takashi, 91
Fukuda faction, 110
Fukuda Takeo, 110 , 120 , 167 n4
Fukuda Tadashi, 94
Fukui, Haruhiro, 91 , 94 , 115 , 176 n8
Fukuoka Masayuki, 11 , 91 , 120 , 173 n12, 174 n4
Fukushima Prefecture public works scandal, 39 , 42 , 93
Futada Koji, 173 n10
G
Gaiatsu (external pressure), 3 , 9 , 18 , 37 , 50 , 81 -82, 129 -134, 136 , 143 , 178 n6.
See also Construction friction; United States, trade friction with Japan
Generalist. See Public works bureaucrats, administrative officials
Genther, Phyllis, 8
Germany, career politician, 84
construction market, 29
subsidies, 15
Gerth, H. H., 84
Gilded promotion, 75 -76, 167 n4
Gilpin, Robert, 20
Goldfield, H. B., 25 -26
Gorvin, Ian, 170 n1
Goto Dismantling Company, 44
Government officials. See Bureaucrat, motives; Public works bureaucrats
Government procurement system, 14 , 17 -18, 25 -26, 37 -41, 46 , 50 , 70 -71, 78 -79, 118 , 125 , 139 , 178 n3
prewar system, 34
types, 37 -38.
See also Institutions; Institutional reform
Great Britain: career politician, 84
construction market 29
government procurement system, 37
subsidies, 14 -15
Grofman, Bernard, 140
H
Hama Yukai , 73
Hancock, Donald, 171 n2
Hanshin Superhighway Corporation, 63
Hara Kei, 119
Hasegawa Fumio, 34
Hay, Donald, 165 n4
Hay, George, 166 n9
Hayami, Yujiro, 179 n11
Hazama Corporation, 32 , 35 , 40 , 93
Health care industry, 14
Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum, 177 n1
Hereditary politicians, 87 -88, 140 , 164 nn4,5
Hershey, Robert, 127
Hibbing, John, 85
Hillman, Jimmye, 179 n11
Hills, Carla, 153
Hippo, Yasuyuki, 35
Hirose Michisada, 11 , 15 , 16 , 112 , 171 n3, 173 nn9,11, 177 n12, 179 n9
Hokkaido Development Agency, 46
Home Ministry. See Naimusho
Honma Shuntaro, 92 , 95 , 98 , 154
Honzawa Jiro, 108
Hoshi Tooru, 119
Hosokawa Morihiro, 100 , 128 , 147 , 154
Housing Finance Corporation, 54
Hout, Thomas, 163 n2
Huntington, Samuel, 163 n2
Hyundai Engineering and Construction, 124
I
Igarashi Akio, 87
Igarashi Kozo, 146
Iinuma, Y., 39
Ikeda factional lineage, 107 .
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Illegal aliens, 33
Imai Isamu, 77
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 128
Immigrant Workers, 33
Industrial dualism, 20 , 164 n9.
See also Dual political economy model
Industrial policy. See Economic policy
Industry associations. See Construction industry, industry associations; Construction industry, organization
Inefficiency. See Economic inefficiency
Inoue, Ryuichiro, 163 n3
Inoguchi Takashi, 115 , 123 , 164 n8, 175 n7, 176 n8, 177 n12, 179 n13
See also Construction Machine
Institutional reform, 50 , 142 -148
conditions for, 142 -145, 179 nn13,14,15
Institutional synergism, 18 , 21 , 22 , 141 -142
Institutionalist theories, 21 -22.
See also Dual political economy model; Institutional synergism; Legislative dominance thesis
Institutions, 17 -19, 123 , 138 -142.
See also Civil service employment system; Electoral institutions; Government procurement system; Institutional reform; Institutional synergism; Political party system
Ireland, electoral institutions, 97
Ishi Hiromitsu, 143
Ishida, Takeshi, 174 n2
Ishihara Shintaro, 166 n11
Ishikawa Masumi, 11 , 173 n11, 179 n9
Italy: career politicians, 84
civil service, 20 , 56 -57, 137
electoral institutions, 97
government procurement system, 37
institutional reform, 142 -145
Mafia, 12
political corruption, 12 , 23 , 49 , 137 -138, 166 n11
See also Christian Democratic Party (DC); Mani Pulite operation
Itasaka Hidenori, 38 , 111 , 117 , 175 n7
Ito Hirokazu, 48
Ito Shinji, 82
Iwai Tomoaki, 97 , 115 , 123 , 164 n8, 173 nn11,12, 174 n4, 175 n7, 176 n8, 177 n12
Iyasu Tadashi, 173 nn6,8, 174 n1
J
Jackson, William, 171 n2
Japan Civil Engineering Contractors' Association, 41
Japan Communist Party, 84 , 99 , 107
Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC), 27 -28, 47 , 126 , 130 -131, 148 , 153
Japan Federation of Construction Contractors, 41 , 124 , 146
Japan Highway Corporation, 54 , 66 , 71 , 168 n9
Japan National Railways Corporation, 72
Japan Housing Corporation, 54 , 71 , 75
Japan Socialist Party, 16 , 58 , 100 , 101 , 107
personal support organizations, 173 n6
JFTC. See Japan Fair Trade Commission
Jin Ikko, 39 , 40 , 57 , 64 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 111 , 169 n10, 170 n12
Johannes, John, 177 n12
Johnson, Chalmers, 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 19 , 68 , 78 , 105 , 113 , 114 , 135 , 163 nn2,3, 164 n8, 166 n1, 167 nn3,4,6, 174 n2
Johnson, Emory, 10
K
Kajima Corporation, 26 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 47 , 70 , 71 , 92 , 94 , 118 -119, 126 , 152 -153
Kajima Iwakichi, 34
Kajima Morinosuke, 94
Kanemaru Shin, 53 , 76 , 92 , 94 , 100 , 104 , 110 , 121 , 144 , 147 , 180 n16
construction tribalist, 38 , 40 , 114 , 118 -119, 120 , 161 , 177 n11
personal support organizations (Kenshinkai, Kushinkai ), 89 -90, 173 n7
Sagawa Kyubin scandal, 12 -13, 39 , 95 , 109 , 153 -154
ties to construction industry, 94 .
See also Takeshita faction
Kansai International Airport (KIA), 25 , 27 , 44 , 51 , 54 , 80 , 129 , 151 -153
Kansai International Airport Corporation (KIAC), 25 , 49 , 151 , 153
Kantor, Mickey, 127 , 128 -129, 154
Kaplan, David, 48
Kasumigaseki District, 52 , 53 , 57 , 59 , 60
Katayama Tetsu, 58
Kato Yutaka, 167 n3
Katzenstein, Peter, 163 n5
Kawakami, Tamio, 174 nn2,4
Kawamura Toshio, 174 n15
Kawasaki Construction Contractors' Association, 45
Keiretsu groupings, 125
Kelley, Daniel, 166 n9
Kennedy, Paul, 178 n4
Kensetsusho Setchi Ho , 54 -55
Kenshinkai. See Kanemaru Shin, personal support organizations
Keohane, Robert, 46
KIA. See Kansai International Airport
Kiewit Construction Company, 35
Kimura Hitoshi, 44
King, Anthony, 171 n2
Kishi factional lineage, 107 , 110 .
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Kiyoyama Shinji, 126
Kobayashi Yosaji, 58 -59
Koenkai. See Liberal Democratic Party, personal support organizations
Komatsu Hideki, 13
Kono factional lineage, 107 , 110 .
See also Kono Ichiro; Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Kono Ichiro, 61 -62, 110 , 114 , 120
Kono tempest, 61 -62
Kono Tsutomu, 167 n3
Koshiishi Azuma, 146
Krauss, Ellis, 52 , 104 , 129 -130, 164 n8, 165 n1
Krizan, William, 178 n5
Kumagai Gumi, 30 , 72 , 93 , 153
Kumagai Tasaburo, 93
Kusayanagi Daizo, 167 n2
Kyogoku Jun'ichi, 90 , 136 , 171 n3, 179 n10
Kyosaka Motoji, 40
Kyoto University. See University of Kyoto
L
La Guardia, Fiorello, 11
La Palombara, Joseph, 90 , 101 , 141
Land developers, 9
Land Policy, 4 , 11 , 13 , 98 , 118 , 142
Law for the Establishment of a Ministry of Construction, 54 -55
LDP. See Liberal Democratic Party
Legislative dominance thesis, 19 , 22 , 62 , 164 n8, 165 n12.
See also Dual political economy model
Lesbirel, Hayden, 8
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 2 , 14 -16, 47 , 53 , 83 -96
candidates' attributes, 85 -88, 133
candidates' campaign costs, 94 -96, 173 n11
campaign financing, 11 , 98 , 173 n12
construction tribe, 38 , 40 , 67 , 81 , 104 , 112 -115, 118 -119, 131 , 133 -135
electoral dominance, 171 n1
factions/factional lineages, 17 , 20 , 105 -112, 122 -123, 133 , 140 -141, 174 nn2, 5,
175 n6
grassroots support, 82 -84
hereditary politicians, 87 -88, 140 , 164 nn4,5
personal support organizations (koenkai ), 17 , 20 , 87 -94, 173 nn3,8
Policy Affairs Research Council, 21 , 67 , 115 -117, 159 -161, 176 n8, 177 n9
policy tribes/tribalists, 79 , 104 , 112 -122, 175 n7
Tax System Committee, 67
Treasury Bureau, 95 .
See also Campaign contributors; Career politician: Pork barrel politics
"Loaning out" (shukko ), 59 , 63 , 77
Los Angeles Trolley War, 153
Lowi, Theodore, 4 , 9 , 21 , 163 n2, 165 n11, 178 n6
M
Mabuchi Construction, 126
MacArthur, Douglas, 58
MacDougall, Terry, 12
Mackie, Thomas, 174 n13
Maeda Koki, 61
Maeda Kunio, 79 , 165 n2, 166 n11
Maeda Tetsuji, 13 , 165 nn2,7, 166 n7
Magaziner, Ira, 163 n2
Magelby, David, 173 n11
Major Projects Agreement (MPA), 122 , 124 -125, 131 , 153 , 178 n6.
See also Construction friction; Gaiatsu (external pressure); United States, trade friction with Japan
Malapportionment. See Apportionment; Electoral institutions, single nontransferable vote; Institutional reform
Management Harmony Society, 130 -131, 147 -149, 153
Mani Pulite ("clean hands") operation, 12 , 23 , 37 , 143 -144, 147 , 180 n18.
See also Italy, political corruption
Marine Land Reclamation Construction Association. See Dango system
Marshall, Andrew, 119 , 167 n2
Martin, Jacques, 179 n13
Mass media, 9 , 43 , 51 , 124 , 128 , 136 , 147 -148
Masumi Junnosuke, 107 , 171 n3, 173 nn6,9, 174 nn13,1,2, 179 n10
Matoba Toshihiro, 90 , 173 nn8,9
Matsui Kensetsu, 33
Matsui Shigeaki, 174 n15
Matsumoto Seicho, 53 , 167 nn3,6
Matsuyama Yukio, 105
Matsuzaki Tetsuhisa, 87 , 164 n8, 174 n5, 175 n7, 176 n8
Mayhew, David, 88 , 112 , 119 , 177 n12
McAdams, John, 177 n12
McCubbins, Matthew, 62 , 114 -115, 164 nn8,10, 165 n12
McGill, Peter, 46
Miki factional lineage, 107 .
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Mikuriya Takashi, 179 n12
Mills, C. Wright, 84
Minami Renpei, 39 , 41 , 50 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 77
MITI. See Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, 9 , 25 , 65 , 66 , 74
Ministry of Construction, 9 , 26 , 51 , 110 , 111 , 120 , 121 , 128 , 146 , 148
budget, 53
Law for Establishment of, 54 -55
Minister's Secretariat, 55 , 59 , 60 , 70
mission, 54 -55
organization, 55
politicization and reputation, 53 , 120 , 167 n2
pork barrel politics, 159 -161
regional construction bureaus, 61
River Bureau, 39 , 55 , 60 , 64 , 66 , 75
Road Bureau, 39 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 65 -67
sectionalism, 63 -70
status, 53 .
See also Amakudari ; Bureaucrat, motives; Civil service employment system; Construction Machine; Naimusho ; Public works bureaucrats
Ministry of Finance, 6 , 9 , 53 , 56 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 74 -75, 167 n4
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 130
Ministry of Health and Welfare, 54 , 65
Ministry of Home Affairs, 54 , 97
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 6 -8, 9 , 53 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 74
Ministry of Labor, 7 , 54 , 63
Ministry of Transport, 9 , 26 , 51 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 127 , 151
Mitsui Construction, 32
Miyashige Mamoru, 167 n3
MOC. See Ministry of Construction
Mochizuki Komei, 89
Morita Akio, 166 n11
Moriya Mitsuo, 92
Morris, Derek, 165 n4
Morrison Knudsen Corporation, 35 , 177 n1
MP (Member of Parliament). See Liberal Democratic Party
MPA. See Major Projects Agreement
Murakami Yasusuke, 16
Muramatsu, Michio, 164 n8
Muraoka Kanezo, 173 n10
Murayama Tomiichi, 147
Murkowski, Frank, 26 , 103 , 151 -153
Myrdal, Gunnar, 16
N
Naimusho (Home Ministry), Civil Engineering Bureau, 54 , 58 , 62
Naito Masayuki, 167 n4
Najita Tetsuo, 179 n12
Nakamura Kishiro, 121 , 126 , 131 , 154
Nakane Chie, 174 n1
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Nakasone Yasuhiro, 81 , 94 , 96 , 111 , 151 -152
Nakata Masami, 59
Nanbe Tetsuya, 75
National Land Agency, 77
Nawa Tetsuro, 27
Nelson, Candice, 173 n11
Nishimatsu Construction, 32
Nishio Suehiro, 58
Nishizawa, Yoshitaka, 16
Niskanen, William, 166 n1
Noble, Gregory, 62 , 114 -115, 164 nn8,10, 165 n12
Norota Hosei, 173 n10
O
Obayashi Corporation, 30 , 34 , 35 , 44
Occupation. See United States, occupation of Japan
Odawara Atsushi, 180 n16
Okimoto, Daniel, 7 , 8 , 163 n2, 167 n2
Okuno Hitoshi, 173 n9
Omiya Kenichiro, 53
Onis, Ziya, 7
personal support Organization (Bokuyukai ), 89
Ono factional lineage, 107 .
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Open competitive tendering, 37
Organized crime. See Yakuza
Overseas Bechtel. See Bechtel Group
Ozawa Ichiro, 53 , 76 , 145 , 147
construction tribalist, 40 , 92
founding of Shinsei Party, 100 , 144 -145
construction friction, 103 -104, 122 , 124 , 178 n6
ties to construction industry, 94 .
See also Major Projects Agreement
P
PARC. See Liberal Democratic Party, Policy Affairs Research Council
Park, Yung, 175 n7
Parsons, Ralph M., Company, 177 n1
Particularism, 10 -11, 18 , 101 , 136 , 140 .
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Construction industry; Dango system; Dual political economy model; Farmers; Small retailers
Party endorsement. See Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Party system. See Political party system
Patrick, Hugh, 46 , 163 n2, 178 n4
Peck, Merton, 8
Pempel, T. J., 6 , 15 , 18 , 164 n8, 179 n9
Pennock, Roland, 10
Penta-Ocean Corporation, 32
Peterzell, Jay, 178 n2
PFCL. See Electoral institutions, Political Funds Control Law
Piore, Michael, 164 n9
Plaza Accord, 129
Policy Affairs Research Council. See Liberal Democratic Party, Policy Affairs Research Council
Policy market, 4 -5.
See also Dual political economy model; Strategic policy; Structural policy
"Policy-determines-politics" thesis, 21 , 165 n11
Policy, tribes (zoku ). See Liberal Democratic Party, policy tribes/tribalists
Political clientelism. See Clientelism
Political corruption, 11 -13, 38 , 136 .
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Dango system; Dual political economy model; Fukushima Prefecture public works scandal; Italy, political corruption; Mani Pulite operation; Recruit scandal; Sagawa Kyubin scandal; Zenekon scandal
Political Funds Control Law (PFCL). See Electoral institutions
Political party system, 18 , 83 , 141
end of single-party dominance, 146 .
See also Institutional reform; Institutions
Politician, motives, 18 -19, 88 , 112 , 115 , 119
Polsby, Nelson, 171 n2
Pomelroy Corporation, 35
Pork barrel politics, 14 , 17 , 88 , 117 -119, 134 -135, 136 , 139 , 145 , 159 -161.
See also Clientelism
Posner, Richard, 38
Potashnick Construction, 163 n1
Prime Minister's Office, 55 , 130
Principal-agent theory 22 , 165 n12
Pring, George, 14
Public corporations, 54 , 63 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74 -75.
See also Amakudari ; Japan Highway Corporation
Public Prosecutors Office, 44
Public Safety Commission, 65
Public works bureaucrats, 2 , 3 , 48 , 55 -63, 108 , 110 -110, 113 , 133 , 140
administrative officials (jimukan ), 52 , 57 -61
career officials, 55 -63
educational attainment, 56 -57
factional conflict, 57 -61
gilded promotion, 75 -76, 167 n4
"loaning out" (shukko ), 59 , 63
non-career officials, 55 56
political meddling in personnel matters, 57 , 61 -62
promotion ladders, 58 -61
status, 56 -57
technical officials (gikan ), 52 , 57 -61, 76 , 78 -79, 80 , 133 .
See also Amakudari ; Bureaucrat, motives; Construction Machine; Ministry of Construction
Public works spending. See Construction market
Putnam, Robert, 178 n6
R
Ramseyer, Mark, 15 , 19 , 22 , 62 , 105 , 165 n12, 167 n2
Reagan, Ronald, 103 , 152 , 153
Real estate industry, 9 , 11 , 15 , 69 , 111 .
See also Liberal Democratic Party, campaign financing
Recruit scandal, 13 , 96 , 98 . 100 , 143 .
See also Political corruption; Takeshita Noboru
Research Institute on Construction and the Economy, 79
"Revisionists," 163 n3
Rigger, Shelley, 96
Ripley Randall, 163 n2, 165 n11
Road Law (Doro Ho ) (1952), 65 -66
Rockman, Bert, 141
Rose, Richard, 174 n13
Rosenbluth, Frances McCall, 15 , 16 , 19 , 22 , 62 , 105 , 109 , 165 n12, 167 n2, 179 n8
Rosovsky, Henry, 163 n2
Ross, David, 166 n9
Rothenberg, Robert, 179 n11
S
Sagawa Kyubin scandal, 12 -13, 39 , 89 , 95 , 100 , 127 , 143 , 153 -154, 180 n16.
See also Kanemaru Shin; Political corruption
Sahashi Shigeru, 78
Saitama Saturday, Society, 41 , 42 , 126 , 131 , 148
Saito Kyohei, 167 n2
Sakakibara, Eisuke, 15
Sakamoto Gumi, 94
Sakano Shigenobu, 170 n12.
See also Construction Machine
Sako Hajime, 124
Samsung Construction, 124
Samuels, Richard, 7 , 163 n4, 164 n8
Sartori, Giovanni, 21 , 83 , 171 n2
Sato Bunsei, 111
Sato factional lineage, 107 , 110 -112.
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages; Takeshita faction; Tanaka faction
Sato Kogyo, 32
Sato Seizaburo, 87 , 164 n8, 174 n5, 175 n7, 176 n8
Sato Takao, 173 n10
Sawa, Nagayo, 179 n9
Scalapino, Robert, 174 nn1,2, 179 n12
Schal Associates, 125 , 153 , 177 n1
Scherer, F M., 166 n9
Schoenberger, Karl, 43 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50
Schoppa, Leonard, 112 , 122 , 175 n7, 178 n6, 179 n8
Schorr, Daniel, 179 n14
Section 301 provision. See United States, trade policy
intraministerial, 63 -64
Seiyukai, 119
Select competition, 37 -38
Setzer, Steven, 178 n5
"Shady joint venture," 45
Shefter, Martin, 137
Sheridan, Kyoko, 7
Shimizu Corporation, 30 , 32 , 35 , 47
Shimizu, Kazuhiko, 125
Shimizu, Kisuke II, 34
Shimojo Shin'ichiro, 94
Shinsei Party, 100 , 144 -145.
See also Ozawa Ichiro
Shiraishi, Kojiro, 13
Shizuoka Prefecture bid-rigging scandal (1981), 38
Shukko ("Loaning out"), 59 , 63 , 77
SII. See Structural Impediments Initiative
Simon, Herbert, 166 n1
Single nontransferable vote (SnTV). See under Electoral institutions
Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, 7
Small retailers, 4 , 10 -11, 15 , 17 , 20 , 47 , 83 , 117 , 125 , 134 , 135 -136.
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Particularism
Smith, Maureen, 78 -79
Smith, Richard, 166 n8
SnTV. See under Electoral institutions
Soma Masao, 174 n14
South Korea, construction firms, 124
Souvenir project, 70
Spain, construction market, 29
Special Measures Law for Road Facilities (Doro Seibi Tokubetsu Sochi Ho ) (1952), 66
Stars and Stripes Friendship Association, 125 -126
Steel industry, 1 , 8 , 20 , 47
Steinhoff, Patricia. 179 n9
Stigler, George, 166 n9
Stockwin, J. A. A., 174 n2
See also Developmental state; Dual political economy model; Policy market
Structural Impediments Initiative (SII), 125 -121, 136 , 143 , 152 , 153 .
See also Construction friction; Gaiatsu ; United States, trade friction with Japan
Structural Policy, 5 , 8 -10, 17 -18, 19 , 21 .
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Dual political economy model; Policy market
Subsidies, 9 -11, 14 -16, 65 , 90 , 111 , 173 n9.
See also Clientelism; Clientelist state; Farmers; Particularism
Sumitomo Corporation, 70
Super 301 provision. See United States, trade policy
T
Taisei Corporation, 30 , 35 , 44 , 47 , 92 , 118
"Taisho Democracy," 34
Taiwan, electoral institutions, 96
Takemura Masayoshi, 128 , 132 , 154
Takenaka Corporation, 30 , 71 , 94 , 180 n19
Takeshita faction, 53 , 76 , 100 , 104 , 108 -109, 144 .
See also Kanemaru Shin; Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages; Sato factional lineage; Takeshita Noboru
construction tribalist, 40 , 111 -112
personal support organizations, 90
construction friction, 81 -82, 102 , 103 , 178 n6
ties to construction industry, 94 .
See also Construction friction; Major Projects Agreement; Takeshita faction
Takeuchi Fujio, 40 , 78 , 91 -92, 95 , 118 , 154
Takeuchi Yoshio, 49
Tammany Hall, 11
Tamura Hajime, 113
Tamura, Saburo, 35
Tanaka faction, 53 , 76 , 108 -109, 110 .
See also Kanemaru Shin; Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages; Sato factional lineage; Tanaka Kakuei; Takeshita Noboru
Tanaka Kakuei, 36 , 53 , 167 n4
construction tribalist, 110 -111, 112 , 114 , 120
fundraising scheme, 96
personal support organization (Etsuzankai ), 89 , 90 , 91
recruitment of ex-Ministry of Construction bureaucrats, 76 , 110 -1
sponsor of road laws, 64 -66
ties to construction industry, 93 -94.
See also Liberal Democratic Party, factions/factional lineages
Tanaka Rokusuke, 104
Taoka Shunji, 165 n2
Taylor, Jared, 179 n9
Technical officials (gikan ). See Ministry of Construction; Public works bureaucrats, technical officials
Technician. See Public works bureaucrats, technical officials
Temporary Measures Law Concerning Financial Resources for Road Facilities Expenses (Doro Seibi Hi no Zaigento ni Kansuru Rinji Sochi Ho ) (1953), 66 -67
Textile industry, 8
Thayer, Nathaniel, 83 , 84 , 105 , 173 nn6,8,9, 174 n2
Thompson, Dennis, 11
Tishman Realty and Construction, 124 , 177 n1
Tobishima Corporation, 32 , 44 , 71 , 118 -119
Toda Corporation, 32
Togawa Isamu, 96
Tohoku Construction Industry Conference, 41
Tokyo University. See University of Tokyo
Tokyo Construction, 32
Tomita, nobuo, 173 n8
Tonedachi Masaaki, 174 n15
Totetsu Kogyo, 72
Totten, George, 174 nn2,4
Turner Construction, 177 n1
Tyson, Laura, 163 n3
U
Uchiyama Shozo, 165 n2
Uera Sukemasa, 44
University of Kyoto (Kyodai), 56 , 58 , 167 n3
University of Tokyo (Todai), 56 -57, 58 , 68
United States:
Army Corps of Engineers, 37
career politicians 84
civil service, 20
civil service employment system, 68 , 140
Commerce and International Trade Agency, 25
Congress, 2 , 8 , 21 , 26 , 81 , 88 , 112 , 130
construction market, 29
defense industries, 4 , 163 n3
Department of Justice, 126 , 130 , 153
occupation of Japan, 35 -36, 54 , 58 , 65 , 99 , 146
government procurement system, 37
public works, 15
subsidies, 14 -15
trade friction with Japan, 1 -2, 25 -26, 51 -52, 78 -80, 81 -82
trade policy, 26 , 128 -129, 132 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 178 n6.
See also Construction friction; Gaiatsu ; Major Projects Agreement; Structural Impediments Initiative
United States-Japan Construction Market Agreement, 153
USTR (United States Trade Representative), 26 , 81 , 152 .
See also Gaiatsu ; Hills, Carla; Kantor, Mickey; United States, trade friction with Japan; United States, trade policy; Yeutter, Clayton
Upham, Frank, 11
Utopia Research Group, 173 n12, 174 n4
V
Van der Meer, Cornelius, 179 n11
van Wolferen, Karel, 54 , 77 , 135 , 164 n8, 177 n12, 179 n9
Verity, William, 122
Vogel, Steven, 163 n3
"Voice of heaven" (ten no koe ). See Dango system; Liberal Democratic Party construction tribe; Political corruption: Sagawa Kyubin scandal; Zenekon scandal
W
Wada Tsutomu, 167 n3
Wade, Robert, 5
Wakata, Kyoji, 177 n12
Walston, James, 177 n12
Ward, Robert, 174 n1
Watanabe Eiichi, 113
Watanabe Michio, 96
Watanuki Joji, 89
Weaver, Kent, 141
Weber, Max, 84
Weinstein, David, 163 n3
Whipple, Benjamin, 163 n4
Wilsford, David, 168 n8
Wilson, Rick, 10
Wood, Christopher, 143
Woodall, Brian, 11 , 163 nn2,3, 165 n2, 178 n4, 179 n12
Y
Yakuza (organized underworld), 13 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 139 .
See also Dango system
Yamada, Saburo, 179 n11
Yamagata Aritomo, 99
Yamaguchi Takehira, 91 -92
Yamaguchi Yasushi, 171 n3
Yamamoto Nobuo, 46 , 72 , 166 n6
Yamamura, Kozo, 163 n2
Yamanashi Prefectural Contractors' Association, 89 -90
Yeutter, Clayton, 103 , 122 , 124 , 151 -152
Yokohama Friendship Association, 73
Yokosuka Naval Base bid-rigging incident, 125 -126, 130 , 153
Yokota Air Force Base bid-rigging incident, 130
Yoneda Masafumi, 76
Yonemoto Kazuhiro, 93 , 173 nn6,7
Yoshida Shigeru, 104 , 119 -120
Yoshida Shin'ichi, 39 , 42 , 71 , 93
Yoshino, Kaye, 8
Yuasa Hiroshi, 175 n7
Z
Zenekon (general contractors) scandal, 13 , 28 , 39 , 40 , 43 -44, 47 , 53 , 70 , 78 , 88 , 93 , 95 , 114 , 127 -128, 135 , 143 -144, 148 , 173 n10.
See also Political corruption
Zoku. See Liberal Democratic Party, policy tribes/tribalists
Zoku giin. See Liberal Democratic Party, policy tribes/tribalists
Zysman, John, 163 n2