1. Even casual French tourists noted that Americans seemed unusually sensitive to criticism and anxious to be liked. "How do you like America?" was the query that almost every French visitor faced. In contrast, the French never asked this question of their visitors. Given Americans' passion to be admired, it should be no surprise that Americans listened closely to the attacks from Paris.

2. Julian G. Hurstfield, America and the French Nation, 1939-1945 (Chapel Hill, 1986).

3. Robert O. Paxton, "Anti-Americanism in the Years of Collaboration and Resistance," in The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism, eds. Lacorne et al., 55-66.

4. Pierre Nora, "America and the French Intellectuals," Daedalus 107 (Winter 1978): 325.

5. The best treatment of Franco-American relations in the Cold War is Irwin M. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954 (New York, 1991).

6. Patricia Hubert-Lacombe, "La Guerre froide et le [cinéma] [français], 1946-53" ([thése] de 3e cycle, Institut [d'études] politiques, Paris, 1981).

7. Michel Margairaz, "Autour des accords Blum-Byrnes," Histoire, [économie], [société] 3 (1982): 439-70.

8. Chief of ECA France to ECA Washington, 21 November 1949, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949 (Washington, D.C., 1975), 4:678-80 (hereafter cited as FRUS ); the minister of finance was Maurice Petsche. The story of counterpart funding is ably told in Chiarella Esposito, "The Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948-50: Counterpart Fund Negotiations" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1985).

9. AN F60bis 378, Bonnet to CIQEE (Paris), 24 November 1949. The CIQEE or [Comité] [interministériel] pour les questions de [coopération] [économique] [européenne] handled American aid, and its records are housed in the Archives nationales (hereafter AN) in record group F60bis.

10. Department of State, External Research Staff, French Attitudes on Selected National and International Issues, 30 September 1950, 31. This report is in the ECA archives (National Archives and Records Administration, hereafter NARA), RG286, Mission to France, General Subject Files, 1946-53, box 44.

11. Wall, Making of Postwar France, 63-157; Annie Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la [libération] à la scission de 1944-1947 (1983); Edward Rice-Maximin, "The United States and the French Left, 1945-49: The View from the State Department," Journal of Contemporary History 19 (October 1984): 729-47; Stephen Burwood, "American Labor and Industrial Unrest in France, 1947-52" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York, Binghamton, 1990).

12. On French anti-Americanism circa 1952 see Raymond Cartier, "Ce que la France reproche aux [Américains]," Paris-Match, 25 October-1 November 1952, 19-21; Arnold M. Rose, "Anti-Americanism in France," Antioch Review 12 (December 1952): 468-84.

13. Janet Flanner, Paris Journal, 1944-1965 (1966), 182.

14. Ambassador Dunn to State Dept., 3 November 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2 (1986), 1270. For Franco-American quarrels over Indochina and the EDC in the early 1950s see Wall, Making of Postwar France, 233-96.

15. Ambassador Dunn to State Dept., 11 October 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1259.

16. From Vincent Auriol, Journal du Septennat (1952), quoted in Pierre [Mélandri], "France and the Atlantic Alliance 1950-53," in Western Security: The Formative Years, European and Atlantic Defense, 1947-53, ed. Olay Riste (1985), 266. The date of Auriol's letter is 12 November 1952.

17. Douglas MacArthur II to Asst. Sec. of State, 19 October 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1259-60.

18. Ambassador Dunn to State Dept., 8 October 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1251-52.

19. The State Department believed Pinay was making "domestic political capital" by his show of defiance and by blaming French difficulties in Indochina on alleged reductions in American military aid. Sec. of State's daily meeting, 10 October 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1256.

20. Ambassador Dillon to State Dept., 4 August 1953, and Special Assistant Hanes to Sec. of State, 3 April 1954, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1372-75 and 1405-7.

21. New York Times, 15 December 1953.

22. Wall, Making of Postwar France, 296.

23. Ambassador Dillon tried, unsuccessfully, to alleviate such resentment in his speech to the diplomatic press (NARA, 611.51/3-2056, 20 March 1956). One French economist accused the United States of hypocrisy for "colonizing" the Indians yet adopting a "holier-than-thou" attitude toward the French in Algeria (NARA, 611.51/5-1556, 15 May 1956).

24. NARA, 751.00/7-1558, U.S. Consul in Marseilles to State Dept., 15 July 1958. Within six months the consulate reported a marked improvement in attitudes toward the United States in the Midi (NARA, 751.00/2-2059, 20 February 1959).

25. The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: France, 1939, 1944-75, 2 vols. (1976), 1:191 (henceforth cited as Gallup Polls followed by year of poll).

26. Marie-France Briguet, "[L'Anti-américanisme] en France de 1956 à 1958" ([mémoire] de [maîtrise], [Université] de Grenoble, 1978). For the earlier period, see Mary M. Benyamin, "Fluctuations in the Prestige of the U.S. in France . . . French Attitudes towards the U.S. and Its Policies, 1945-55" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1959).

27. Reported in NARA, 611.51/12-456, 4 December 1956.

28. NARA, 611.51/11-2956, Dillon to State Dept., 29 November 1956.

29. NARA, 711.51/9-1546, "France, Policy, and Information Statement," 15 September 1946, Department of State.

30. Steven P. Sapp, "The United States, France, and the Cold War: Jefferson Caffery and American-French Relations, 1944-1949" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1978).

31. Yves-Henri Nouailhat, "Aspects de la politique culturelle des Etats-Unis à [l'égard] de la France de 1945 à 1950," Relations internationales no. 25 (1981): 87-111. Howard Rice, a director of the U.S. Information Library in Paris, recorded his experience in "Seeing Ourselves as the French See Us," French Review 21 (1948): 432-41.

32. From a memorandum of 22 October 1952 by Harold Kaplan found in the ECA archives (NARA), RG286, Mission to France, Office of the Director, General Subject Files, box 51. Kaplan argued that the information program had confused aims: "We do not carry on cultural relations primarily for political ends. It is more correct, I should think, to turn things around and say that we wage our political struggle in Europe in order that we may be able to maintain and intensify our cultural (and economic) relations with the European peoples."

33. Caffery to Sec. of State, 3 March 1949, and Bruce to Sec. of State, 7 October 1949, FRUS, 1949, vol. 4, 633, 668-69; [René] Sommer, "La France dans la guerre froide: Paix et [Liberté], 1950-1956" (mémoire de [maîtrise], Institut [d'études] politiques, Paris, 1980). For American propaganda efforts in 1951-52, especially contributions to Paix et [Liberté], see Wall, Making of Postwar France, 149-51, 213-18.

34. French reaction to the festival is conveyed in reports from the Paris embassy (NARA, 511.51/5-952, 9 May 1952 and 511.51/5-2952, 29 May 1952) and in Herbert Luethy's article, "Selling Paris on Western Culture," Commentary 14 (July 1952): 70-75.

35. Serge Lifar, in Le Combat, 30 April 1950. Lifar was a Russian and a wartime collaborator.

36. Le Combat, 15 May 1952.

37. Quoted in Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (1989), 56.

38. Thoughtful reflections on how historians should approach the study of public opinion are in Pierre Laborie, "De l'opinion publique à l'imaginaire social," [Vingtième] [Siècle] no. 18 (1988): 101-17.

39. "Les Etats-Unis, les [Américains], et la France, 1945-1953," Sondages no. 2 (1953): 3-78 (henceforth cited as Sondages 1953). The basic poll, taken by the Institut [français] d'opinion publique (IFOP) in early 1953, interviewed nearly two thousand respondents, including rural and small-town inhabitants

and all social and professional groups. This poll was secretly funded by the Americans and some of its findings were published under the title "Ce que les  [Français] pensent des  [Américains]" in  [Réalités] no. 91 (1953): 18-22.

40. From Gordon Wright, "Sometimes a Great Nation," The Stanford Magazine 8, no. 1 (1980): 18.

41. Martine Soete, "Visions des Américains dans la presse du Nord, 1944-1947" ( [mémoire] de  [maîtrise],  [Université] de Lille III, 1979), 62 ff.

42. Sondages 1953, 18.

43. Sondages 1953, 20-22, reporting a UNESCO poll of 1948 that the IFOP repeated in 1953 with similar results.

44. Sondages 1953, 17; "Ce que les  [Français] pensent des  [Américains]," 21.

45. "Ce que les  [Français] pensent des  [Américains]: un sondage par l'UNESCO," Perspectives, 10 September 1955, 3-6.

46. Sondages 1953, 28-32.

47. Sondages 1953, 40.

48. Sondages 1953, 8.

49. Sondages 1953, 25.

50. Gallup Polls 1947, 1:94.

51. Dept. of State, French Attitudes on Selected Issues, 35.

52. Sondages 1953, 27-28.

53. Laurence Wylie, Village in the Vaucluse (Cambridge, Mass., 1964 ed.), 364.

54. Rapports France-Etats-Unis no. 49 (1951): 1.

55. Dept. of State, French Attitudes on Selected Issues, 43.

56. Gallup Polls 1952, 1:162-63.

57. Sondages 1953, 42. A study of opinion on NATO up to 1950 concludes that the French were uneasy about the pact and American hegemony and looked for a more independent or European solution for their security. See  [Thérèse] Boisclair-Sultana, "La France et le pacte Atlantique,  [février] 1948-octobre 1950: aspects de l'opinion" ( [thèse] de 3e cycle,  [Université] Paul  [Valéry], Montpellier, 1977).

58. Gallup Polls 1959, 1:269 and 1960, 1:280.

59. Sondages 1953, 32-33, 45.

60.  [François] Jarraud, Les  [Américains] à  [Châteauroux], 1951-1967 (Arthon, 1981).

61. Sondages 1953, 39.

62. Sondages 1953, 44.

63. Sondages 1953, 40.

64. Sondages 1953, 46. Only 6 percent liked American films beaucoup, while 38 percent said assez, and 43 percent said pas du tout . Also see Hubert-Lacombe, "La Guerre froide et le  [cinéma]  [français]."

65. The 1953 Sondages is verified by a Gallup Poll on this count. The Gallup finding was that, for example, 58 percent of Communist voters believed the United States was preparing an aggressive war while only 1 to 3 percent of voters in all other parties voiced this opinion ( Gallup Polls 1952, 1:162-63).

66. Sondages 1953, 71.

67. Gallup Polls 1959, 1:269 and 1960, 1:274, 280.