1. Marianne Amar, " [Instantanés]  [américains]; les  [Français] aux Etats-Unis, 1947-1953" ( [mémoire] de  [maîtrise], Institut  [d'études] politiques, Paris, 1980). According to Amar, visitors avoided politics other than discussion of the American political structure and regarded such phenomena as McCarthyism as passing bouts of political fever in an otherwise healthy constitutional body. [BACK]

2. Louis Aragon, "Victor Hugo," Les Lettres  [françaises], 28 June 1951. [BACK]

3. For Communist strategy see Jean Baby, " [L'Impérialisme]  [américain] et la France," Cahiers du communisme, January 1948, 83-97; the series of articles on the Marshall Plan in  [L'Humanité], 7-17 November 1949; Jean-Pierre Plantier, "La Vision de  [l'Amérique] à travers la presse et la  [littérature] communistes  [françaises] de 1945 à 1953" ( mémoire] de maîtrise, Institut  d'études] politiques, Paris, 1972). [BACK]

4. Edward Rice-Maximin, "The French Communists, the United States, and the Peace Offensive of the Cold War, 1948-52," Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History . . . 1984, ed. John Sweets (Lawrence, Kans., 1985), 283; Bernard Legendre, "Quand les intellectuels partaient en guerre froide," L'Histoire no. 11 (1979): 79-80. [BACK]

5. Pierre Hervé], "L'Oncle  d'Amérique]," article of 19 February 1948 in  L'Humanité] quoted in Plantier, "La Vision," 33. [BACK]

6. Bernard Legendre, ed., Le Stalinisme  français]: qui a dit quoi? 1944-1956 (1980), 242. [BACK]

7. The New York Times, 23 March 1948. [BACK]

8. Roger Vailland, article of 14 March 1952 in La Tribune des nations, reprinted in Legendre, ed., Le Stalinisme, 301-2. [BACK]

9. Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia, Histoire politique des intellectuels en France, 1944-1954 (Brussels, 1991), 2:11-53. [BACK]

10. Daniel Guerin,  Où] va lepeuple  américain]?, 2 vols. (1950-51). Excerpts of Guerin's book appeared in Les Temps modernes during 1950-51. [BACK]

11. Claude Roy, Clefs pour  l'Amérique] (Geneva, 1947). [BACK]

12. Aragon, "Victor Hugo." [BACK]

13. Edgar Morin, " Abêtisseur] de poche," Les Lettres  françaises], 25 December 1947. [BACK]

14. Quoted in Plantier, "La Vision," 108. [BACK]

15. "Les Etats-Unis, les  Américains] et la France, 1945-53," Sondages 1953, 59-60. [BACK]

16. For a discussion of the neutralists see Chebel d'Appollonia, Histoire politique, 2:121-41. [BACK]

17. Author's interviews with Jean-Marie Domenach and Edgar Morin, June 1989. [BACK]

18. To these progressive Catholics the United States, engaged in the Korean War, was the principal enemy of world peace. They attacked the Marshall Plan for assisting an American takeover of French industries and inflating military spending. In the mid-1950s the Vatican condemned both this review and the missionary worker movement (Yvon Tranvouez, "Guerre froide et progressisme  chrétien], La Quinzaine, 1950-53,"  Vingtième]  Siècle] no. 13 [1987], 83-94). [BACK]

19. Quoted in Winock, Histoire politique de la revue "Esprit," 272. [BACK]

20. From a 1948 manifesto by Camus quoted in Herbert R. Lottman, Albert Camus, A Biography (1979), 460. [BACK]

21. Laurent Greilsamer, Hubert  Beuve-Méry], 1902-1989 (1990);  Jean-Noël] Jeanneney and Jacques Julliard, "Le Monde" de  Beuve-Méry] ou le  métier] d'Alceste (1979); Jacques Thibau, "Le Monde," histoire d'un journal, un journal dans l'histoire (1978). [BACK]

22. Le Monde, 14 and 15 September 1948 quoted in Greilsamer,  Beuve-Méry], 339.

23. Une Seraaine dans le Monde, 9 May 1949, quoted in ibid., 334. [BACK]

22. Le Monde, 14 and 15 September 1948 quoted in Greilsamer,  Beuve-Méry], 339.

23. Une Seraaine dans le Monde, 9 May 1949, quoted in ibid., 334. [BACK]

24. Le Monde, 2 March 1949. [BACK]

25. Emmanuel's articles on America are in Le Monde, 25, 26, and 28 October 1949. [BACK]

26. Greilsamer ( Beuve-Méry], 278-83) has an account of Beuve-Méry]'s trip to the United States. [BACK]

27. Le Monde, 9 August 1948. [BACK]

28. Raymond Aron, Les Guerres en chaîne] (1951), 422. [BACK]

29. Le Monde, 28 October 1949. [BACK]

30. Courtin's critique of Beuve-Méry]'s position is cited in Jeanneney and Julliard, "Le Monde" de Beuve-Méry], 104. In private, Courtin unfairly accused the editor of preferring Soviet totalitarianism to American capitalism. [BACK]

31. Le Monde, 31 January 1951, quoted in Greilsamer, Beuve-Méry], 340. [BACK]

32. Le Monde, 6 April 1949. [BACK]

33. Claude Bourdet, "Letter to America," Nation, 6 December 1952, 510-11. [BACK]

34. Pierre Grémion], " Preuves dans la Paris de guerre froide," Vingtième] Siècle] no. 13 (1987): 63-82; the author's interview with M. Grémion], June 1989; and Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, 53-55, 83-84, 187. [BACK]

35. André] Malraux's speech of 5 March 1948, published as an appendix to an edition of his novel Les Conquérants], cited in Nora, "America and the French Intellectuals," 326. [BACK]

36. Claude Mauriac quoted in Thibau, "Le Monde," 243-44. [BACK]

37. This account relies on the essay by Pierre Milza, "La Guerre froide à Paris," L'Histoire no. 25 (1980): 38-47. [BACK]

38. La Marseillaise, 20 May 1952 (quoted in NARA, 751.001/5-2052, 20 May 1952). [BACK]

39. L'Humanité], 19 May 1952. [BACK]

40. Pinay told the American ambassador that the suppression of these disorders marked the beginning of repressive measures against the PCF (Ambassador Dunn to State Dept., 29 May 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, vol. 6, pt. 2, 1214-15). [BACK]

41. Marie-Christine Granjon, "Sartre, Beauvoir, Aron: An Ambiguous Affair," in The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism, eds. Lacorne et al. (1990), 116-33. Annie Cohen-Solal, Sartre, A Life (1987), 223-44, 269-79, 290-359. [BACK]

42. New York Herald Tribune, 20 November 1946. [BACK]

43. Cited in Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka, eds., Les Ecrits de Sartre (1970), 706-8. [BACK]

44. New York Herald Tribune, 20 November 1946. [BACK]

45. Jean-Made Domenach, "L'Antisémitisme] rest logique," Esprit, January 1953, 149. Also Jean-Made Domenach, "L'Exécution] des Rosenberg," Esprit, July 1953, 58-60. [BACK]

46. Henri Pierre, Le Monde, 17 January 1953. [BACK]

47. Le Monde, 21-22 June 1953. [BACK]

48. E. J. Kahn, The Big Drink: the Story of Coca-Cola (1960), 4-5. Histories of the company are Pat Watters, Coca-Cola: An Illustrated History (Garden City, N.Y., 1978), and Julie Patou-Senez and Robert Beauvillain, Coca-Cola Story: l'épopée] d'une grande star (1978). [BACK]

49. Watters, Coca-Cola, 162. [BACK]

50. Kahn, The Big Drink, 13. [BACK]

51. Time, 15 May 1950. [BACK]

52. Farley's statements are from J. C. Louis and Harvey Z. Yazijian, The Cola Wars (1980), 75-76. [BACK]

53. Coca-Cola Company Archives, Makinsky to Ladas, 23 January 1950 (henceforth these archives will be cited as CCCA). [BACK]

54. L'Humanité], 8 November 1949. [BACK]

55. Le Monde, 24 September 1949. [BACK]

56. Climats, 25 March 1950. [BACK]

57. Libération] paysanne, 1 December 1949. [BACK]

58. Cited in French-American Commerce no. 3 (1950): 2. Also see J. F. Gravier, "Champignons et Coca-Cola," La Vie française], 31 March 1950. [BACK]

59. AN 363AP12, René] Mayer papers, "Note sur l'introduction en France de la boisson Coca-Cola," 19 August 1949. This well-informed and critical report based on investigation into Coca-Cola's current operations in Belgium and elsewhere also contains copies of the company's franchise contracts. It is apparently the work of a treasury official. This official investigation is mentioned in the archives of the Ministry of Finance: Secrétariat] d'état] aux affaires économiques], B16.022, 18 January 1950. Officials doubted that the Marseilles plant, as the multinational claimed, would bring dollars to France via exporting its concentrate to other European nations; they worried that dollars would be spent importing ingredients and paying the mother company for advertising. Moreover, from the treasury's perspective, profits were sure to be repatriated. The Ministry of Finance told an American banker that the ministry's main objection was Coca-Cola's "lack of visible investments" and the repatriation of profits (CCCA, Makinsky to Ladas, 23 January 1950). Ambassador Henri Bonnet confirmed these objections to company officials (CCCA, Memorandum on visit to French Embassy of Mr. Farley and Dr. Ladas, 19 March 1950). [BACK]

60. CCCA, Farley to Bonnet, attached memorandum, 24 March 1950. [BACK]

61. AN 363AP12, "Note sur l'introduction." [BACK]

62. CCCA, Makinsky to Ladas, 23 January 1950. Makinsky also recognized that the administration was subject to pressure from the beverage interests. [BACK]

63. CCCA, Farley to Bonnet, attached memorandum, 24 March 1950. [BACK]

64. CCCA, Makinsky to Talley, 31 December 1949. The Coca-Cola Company blamed the Ministry of Finance for this new round of legal battles (CCCA, "Memorandum Concerning the Coca-Cola Product in France," March 1950). [BACK]

65. An account of the legal actions to 1951 can be found in AN 363AP12. The charges by the Service de la repression des fraudes are in Albert Bonn, "La Question du jour: 'Coca-Cola,'" Revue des produits purs et d'origine et des fraudes nos. 13-14 (1949): 67-72. [BACK]

66. CCCA, Makinsky to Ladas, 23 January 1950. [BACK]

67. Farley claimed to have "positive written evidence" that proved the government's responsibility for initiating proceedings against the sale of the soft drink (CCCA, Farley to Bonnet, 24 March 1950). [BACK]

68. Journal officiel de la République] française], débats] parlementaires, Assemblée] nationale, séance] du 28 février] 1950, 1528 (henceforth cited as JO, débats], Assemblée] nationale ). [BACK]

69. The debate is in JO, débats], Assemblée] nationale, séance] du 28 février] 1950, 1525-36. [BACK]

70. JO, débats], Assemblée] nationale, séance] du 28 février] 1950, 1536. [BACK]

71. CCCA, Makinksy to Ladas, 23 January 1950. [BACK]

72. CCCA, Makinsky to Talley, attached memoranda, 5 January 1950. [BACK]

73. CCCA, Farley to Bonnet, 24 March 1950. [BACK]

74. CCCA, Makinsky to Smith (U.S. embassy), 28 April 1950. [BACK]

75. NARA, 851.316/3-1550, 15 March 1950; 851.316/4-350, 3 April 1950; 451.11174/2-2550, February 25, 1950. All these telegrams are nominally from Bruce to the State Dept. Bruce met with Bidault in December 1949 and with Foreign Minister Schuman in February and March 1950. [BACK]

76. NARA, 451.11174/2-2550, 25 February 1950. [BACK]

77. Farley's comments appeared in The New York Times, 2 March 1950. [BACK]

78. New York Enquirer, 6 March 1950. [BACK]

79. Quoted in Louis and Yazijian, The Cola Wars, 78. [BACK]

80. Reported in Le Monde, 4 March 1950. [BACK]

81. France-Amérique], 12 March 1950. [BACK]

82. Ministère] des affaires étrangères] (hereafter MAE), B Amérique], Etats-Unis, carton 253, H. Bonnet to MAE, 14 March 1950. [BACK]

83. AN 363AP12, Clappier to Mayer, 5 December 1950. [BACK]

84. MAE, B Amérique], Etats-Unis, 253, 17 March 1950. [BACK]

85. CCCA, O'Shaughnessy (State Dept.) to Curtis, 20 April 1950. [BACK]

86. "Bienfaits et méfaits] du Plan Marshall" and "Alerte au Coca-Cola" in Témoignage] chrétien], 10 February and 3 March 1950. [BACK]

87. Le Monde, 23 November 1949. [BACK]

88. Le Monde, 30 December 1949. [BACK]

89. Le Monde, 29 March 1950. [BACK]

90. Quotes in this paragraph are from JO, débats], Conseil de la République], séance] du 6 juin 1950, 1581-82. [BACK]

91. CCCA, Farley to Webb (State Dept.), 11 January 1952. [BACK]

92. CCCA, Makinsky to Farley, 3 October 1952. [BACK]

93. CCCA, Carl West, memorandum, 8 December 1953. [BACK]

94. "Les Etats-Unis, les Américains], et la France, 1945-53," Sondages no. 2 (1953): 46. [BACK]

95. Recent data show that the French consume far less per capita than the Germans, Spanish, British, or Italians ( New York Times, 21 November 1991). [BACK]

96. Témoignage] chrétien], 3 March 1950. [BACK]