1. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 181.

2. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 140.

3. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, pp. 198–99.

4. Bowring, “Report on Egypt and Candia,” p. 5.

5. For the Yemeni understanding of maturation, see Messick, The Calligraphic State, pp. 77–84; for rural Egypt, see Ammar, Growing Up in an Egyptian Village, pp. 125–26.

6. Samia ‘Abd al-Rahman, interview, 26 July 1989, pp. 521–26.

7. For an exemplary treatment of this theme, see Anna Tsing, In the Realm of the Diamond Queen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

8. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 166.

9. Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family Politics and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

10. Twelfth grade religious studies textbook, 1989–90, pp. 44–45.

11. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 97. An explanation of the mahram had been provided in the ninth grade in the context of the Pilgrimage.

12. Singerman, Avenues of Participation, pp. 85–94.

13. Twelfth grade religious studies textbook, 1989–90, pp. 51–55.

14. Dr. ‘Abd al-Subur Shahin, al-Akhbar, 1 July 1989, p. 8.

15. L. Abu-Lughod, “Finding a Place for Islam.”

16. Wadi‘ Thaluth Luqa, al-Ahram, 17 October 1988, p. 7. Significantly, the writer is a Copt, not a Muslim, indicating how widespread is the horror—and the attraction—of these shows.

17. Al-Jumhuriyya, 13 September 1989, p. 5.

18. Al-Ahram, 6 February 1989, p. 3.

19. Al-Ahram, 9 June 1989, p. 13.

20. Al-Nur, 12 September 1989, p. 3.

21. The term is from R. Laurence Moore's analysis of religious publishing in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America in his Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

22. Moore, Selling God, p. 22.

23. This Qur’an commentary was banned in Egypt.

24. Samia ‘Abd al-Rahman, interview, 24 July 1989, p. 522.

25. Alexander Flores, “Egypt: A New Secularism?” Middle East Report, no. 153 (July–August 1988), p. 27.

26. Rizzuto, Birth of the Living God, p. 202.

27. Muhammad Sulayman, interview, 7 August 1989, pp. 559–60.

28. Seventh grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, p. 40.

29. Seventh grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, pp. 40, 83, 87–88, 156.

30. Seventh grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, p. 158.

31. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 133.

32. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 133.

33. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 48.

34. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 205.

35. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 205.

36. Eighth grade religious studies textbook, 1987–88, p. 188. For a similar example from another “new nation,” see Robert J. Foster, “Take Care of Public Telephones: Moral Education and Nation-State Formation in Papua New Guinea,” Public Culture 4 (1992), pp. 31–45.

37. Meriem Verges, “ “I Am Living in a Foreign Country Here”: A Conversation with an Algerian “Hittiste,” ” Middle East Report, no. 192 (January–February 1995), pp. 14–17.

38. L. Abu-Lughod, Writing Women's Worlds, pp. 236–37; “Finding a Place for Islam,” p. 495.

39. Evelyn A. Early, Baladi Women of Cairo: Playing with an Egg and a Stone (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1993), pp. 46, 118, 121–25.

40. Muhammad Sulayman, interview, 4 August 1989, 552–53.

41. Samia Mustafa al-Khashab, Al-Shabab wa al-tayyar al-islami fi al-mujtama‘ al-Misri al-mu‘asir: Dirasa ijtima‘iyya midaniyya (Cairo: Dar al-thaqafa al-‘arabiyya, 1988), p. 77.

42. Al-Khashab, Al-Shabab, pp. 136–37.

43. Al-Khashab, Al-Shabab, p. 80.

44. Al-Khashab, Al-Shabab, pp. 104–5.

45. Al-Khashab, Al-Shabab, pp. 116–17. Interestingly, most of their knowledge of these groups came from specialized religious books and general-interest newspapers and magazines: 16.9 percent had gotten their information on Islamic groups from classmates who were members; 28.2 percent from religious meetings; 59.6 percent from specialized religious books; and 52 percent from the press (p. 123).

46. Al-Khashab, Al-Shabab, p. 118.

47. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, pp. 3–4.

48. Al-Ahram, 2 April 1991, p. 5.

49. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 189.

50. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 188.

51. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 189.

52. Ninth grade religious studies textbook, 1988–89, p. 191.

53. Al-Akhbar, 27 July 1993, p. 7.

54. For a good review of the social origins of prominent Muslim political activists, see Valerie Hoffman, “Muslim Fundamentalists: Psychosocial Profiles,” in Fundamentalisms Comprehended, vol. 5 of The Fundamentalisms Project, ed. Marty and Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 199–230.

55. Al-Tasawwuf al-islami 11, 4 (Ramadan 1409 [April 1989]), pp. 18–19.

56. Al-Tasawwuf al-islami 11, 4 (Ramadan 1409 [April 1989]), pp. 18–19.

57. Tenth grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, p. 38.

58. Tenth grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, p. 83.

59. Tenth grade religious studies textbook, 1986–87, p. 84.

60. Twelfth grade religious studies textbook, 1989–90, p. 78.

61. Twelfth grade religious studies textbook, 1989–90, p. 78.

62. Twelfth grade religious studies textbook, 1989–90, pp. 130–31.

63. Pierre Bourdieu, “Authorized Language: The Social Conditions of the Effectiveness of Ritual Discourse,” in Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 109–11.

64. Singerman, Avenues of Participation, p. 164.

65. Layla al-Shamsi, interview, 24 September 1989, p. 656.

66. Layla al-Shamsi, interview, 24 September 1989, p. 658.

67. Layla al-Shamsi, interview, 9 August 1989, pp. 574–77.

68. Layla al-Shamsi, interview, 9 August 1989, pp. 574–77.

69. Layla al-Shamsi, interview, 24 September 1989, p. 655.

70. In a literal as well as a figurative sense, it turns out. In May 1996 the Egyptian Constitutional Court upheld a 1994 decree by the minister of education banning girls from wearing the face-covering niqab to school.

71. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, pp. 186, 184.

72. Al-Nur, 16 August 1989, p. 3.

73. Al-Nur, 16 August 1989, p. 3.

74. Dr. Fathi Yusuf Mubarak, Professor of Curriculum and Teaching Methodology at the College of Education, ‘Ain Shams, quoted in al-Ahali, 23 May 1989, p. 10.

75. Dr. Hasan Shahata, assistant professor of education at the University of ‘Ain Shams, quoted in al-Ahali, 23 May 1989, p. 10.

76. Al-Akhbar, 12 June 1989, p. 1.

77. Al-Nur, 16 August 1989, p. 3.

78. Al-Ahram, 5 August 1989, p. 8.

79. Al-Wafd, 10 July 1989, p. 2.

80. Al-Ahram, 10 July 1989, p. 8; 7 July 1989, p. 6.

81. Al-Wafd, 31 March 1989, p. 6.

82. Al-Ahram, 28 March 1989, p. 8.

83. Al-Ahram, 8 March 1989, p. 8.

84. Al-Ahram, 17 April 1989, p. 8.

85. Al-Ahram, 27 April 1989, p. 8.

86. Al-Jumhuriyya, 16 September 1989, p. 7.

87. Al-Akhbar, 31 July 1989, p. 6. “The Minister of Waqfs said that flight from the domains of work and production are destructive to society.” Al-Ahram, 2 September 1989, p. 8.

88. Al-Ahram, 22 July 1989, p. 9.

89. Al-Ahram, 2 April 1991, p. 5.

90. Al-Akhbar, 25 August 1989, p. 3.

91. Al-Ahram, 2 September 1989, p. 8.

92. Al-Ahram, 25 August 1989, p. 8.

93. Al-Ahram, 5 August 1989, p. 8.

94. Al-Akhbar, 25 August 1989, p. 3.

95. Al-Akhbar, 21 July 1989, p. 6.

96. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, p. 14.

97. Bourdieu and Passeron, Reproduction in Education, p. 41.

98. Bourdieu and Passeron, Reproduction in Education, pp. 41–42.

99. Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production: Essays in Art & Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 115.

100. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition, pp. 52–53.

101. Williams, Sociology of Culture, pp. 106–7.

102. Bourdieu, Field of Cultural Production, p. 42.

103. Bourdieu, Field of Cultural Production, pp. 83–84.