1. Michael Taussig, The Nervous System (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 34. [BACK]

2. Nemat Guenena, Tandhim al-jihad: Hal Huwa al-badil al-islami fi Misr? (Cairo: Dar al-hurriyya, 1988). [BACK]

3. Andrea Rugh, “Reshaping Personal Relations in Egypt,” p. 152. [BACK]

4. For the classic description of the Muslim Brotherhood, see Richard Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); also Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Barbara Freyer Stowasser, The Islamic Impulse (Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1987); Arlene Elowe McLeod, Accommodating Protest; Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam; and volumes in Martin Marty and R. Scott Appleby's The Fundamentalisms Project series from University of Chicago Press. [BACK]

5. Al-Jumhuriyya, 16 July 1993, pp. 1, 3; 18 July 1993, p. 5. Al-Wafd, 18 July 1993, p. 3. [BACK]

6. Al-Akhbar, 18 July 1993, p. 3. [BACK]

7. Al-Ahram, 19 July 1993, p. 1; al-Akhbar, 19 July 1993, p. 3. [BACK]

8. Newspapers consistently referred to the bodies of the dead martyrs as “mortal remains,” while the bodies of the dead or executed militants were referred to as “corpses” or “carcasses.” [BACK]

9. Al-Ahram, 20 July 1993, p. 7. [BACK]

10. Al-Jumhuriyya, 20 August 1993, p. 5. Accounts of the incident the previous day made it clear that his encounter with the escaping militants was a matter of chance. [BACK]

11. Al-Jumhuriyya, 20 July 1995, p. 5. [BACK]

12. Cassandra, “The Impending Crisis in Egypt,” p. 20; Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, pp. 86–87. [BACK]

13. Hoffman, “Muslim Fundamentalists,” p. 220. [BACK]

14. Al-Akhbar, 4 August 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

15. Al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 4. [BACK]

16. Al-Jumhuriyya, 20 July 1993, p. 5. [BACK]

17. Al-Ahram, 20 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

18. Mamoun Fandy, “Egypt's Islamic Group: Regional Revenge?” Middle East Journal 48, 4 (1994), p. 609. Fandy claims that al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya is essentially a regional separatist organization resisting the extension of northern state power and privilege to the central and southern regions of the country. Their use of violence against police targets may be in part the result of a strongly developed regional tradition of blood vengeance. In an area where police and political authority often run along family lines, the killing of a police officer might be “merely” the result of vengeance between kinship groups. According to Reuters, for example, in July 1995 a police major general in Asyut was killed along with five others when police tried to intervene in an interfamily dispute. The fact that one of the families was led by an ex-army officer who had been dismissed for Islamist sympathies initially made the incident seem part of the battle between the government and the Islamists, an explanation that was quickly dropped. [BACK]

19. Karim el-Gawhary, “Report from a War Zone: Gama‘at vs. Government in Upper Egypt,” Middle East Report, nos. 194–195 (May–June/July–August 1995), p. 51. [BACK]

20. El-Gawhary, “Report from a War Zone,” p. 51; al-Ahram, 20 May 1996, p. 18. [BACK]

21. Timothy Mitchell, “Worlds Apart: An Egyptian Village and the International Tourism Industry,” Middle East Report, no. 196 (September–October 1995), p. 9. [BACK]

22. See The Economist, 19 December 1992, p. 41; 19 February 1994, p. 45. [BACK]

23. The Economist, 4 February 1995, p. 15. [BACK]

24. Ahmed Abdalla, “Egypt's Islamists and the State: From Complicity to Confrontation,” Middle East Report, no. 183 (July–August 1993), p. 29. [BACK]

25. An ex-general, ‘Abd al-Sattar Amin, who served as a military aide to the prime minister; quoted in The Economist, 31 October 1992, p. 42. [BACK]

26. Al-Ahram, 20 July 1993, p. 10. [BACK]

27. Al-Ahram, 20 July 1993, p. 7; al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 4. [BACK]

28. Al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 4. [BACK]

29. Al-Wafd, 20 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

30. Al-Ahram, 20 July 1993, p. 7; al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 4. [BACK]

31. Al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 4; al-Jumhuriyya, 20 July 1993, p. 5. [BACK]

32. Al-Akhbar, 20 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

33. Al-Ahram, 3 August 1993, p. 18. [BACK]

34. Al-Ahram, 3 August 1993, p. 18. [BACK]

35. Al-Ahram, 3 August 1993, p. 18. [BACK]

36. Al-Wafd, 4 August 1993, p. 9. [BACK]

37. Al-Wafd, 26 July 1993, p. 8. [BACK]

38. Reuters, 18 July 1995. [BACK]

39. Reuters, 17 July 1995. [BACK]

40. Amira Howeidy, Mona al-Nahhas and Mona Anis, “The Persecution of Abu Zeid,” al-Ahram Weekly, 22–28 June 1995; rpt., World Press Review 45 (October 1995). [BACK]

41. Ayman Bakr and Elliot Colla, “Silencing Is at the Heart of My Case,” interview with Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Middle East Report, no. 185 (November–December 1993), p. 29. [BACK]

42. CAPMAS, Al-Ihsa’at al-thaqafiyya: Al-idha‘a wa al-sahafa (Cairo: CAPMAS, 1983, 1988); see also Al-Ihsa’at al-thaqafiyya: Al-Kutub wa al-maktabat (Cairo: CAPMAS, 1987). [BACK]

43. Quoted in Joel Beinin, “The Egyptian Regime and the Left: Between Islamism and Secularism,” Middle East Report, no. 185 (November–December 1993), p. 25. [BACK]

44. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 189. Nasr Abu Zayd claims that the GEBO removed a section from another book in the series—by Farah Anton—that called for a secular state in Egypt as well. Bakr and Colla, “Silencing,” p. 29. [BACK]

45. Al-Jumhuriyya, 15 July 1993, p. 7. [BACK]

47. U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 1171. [BACK]

48. Al-Akhbar, 9 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

49. Al-Jumhuriyya, 15 July 1993, p. 7; al-Wafd, 19 July 1993, p. 2; al-Akhbar, 19 July 1993, p. 6. [BACK]

50. Muhammad ‘Ali Mahgub, minister of religious endowments, quoted in al-Wafd, 31 July 1993, p. 2. [BACK]

51. Al-Wafd, 2 August 1993, p. 8. [BACK]

52. Quoted in The Economist, 19 February 1994, p. 45. [BACK]

53. Auda, “The “Normalization” of the Islamic Movement,” p. 394. [BACK]

54. Scott Mattoon, “Egypt: Islam by Profession,” The Middle East, no. 218 (December 1992). See also Auda, “The “Normalization” of the Islamic Movement,” p. 387. [BACK]

55. Singerman, Avenues of Participation, pp. 149–50, 237, 243. [BACK]

56. Denis Sullivan, Private Voluntary Organizations, p. 25. [BACK]

57. Reuters, 18, 25, 29 July 1995. In August 1993 eight young men were arrested in Minya after having been observed receiving karate and kung fu lessons in the hills above the town. Al-Ahram, 5 August 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

58. Interview, 24 July 1993, pp. 65–66. [BACK]

59. Al-Ahram, 4 August 1993, p. 1; al-Wafd, 14 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

60. Ruz al-Yusuf, 19 July 1993, p. 11. [BACK]

61. Muhammad Sulayman, interview, 8 August 1989, pp. 561–62. [BACK]

62. Middle East Times—Egypt, 29 June–5 July 1993, p. 1. For a review of conspiracy theories, see Nabil Abdel-Fattah, “Cairo Bombings: The Plot Thickens,” al-Ahram Weekly, 8–14 July 1993, p. 9. [BACK]

63. Liwa’ al-Islam, 3 August 1989, p. 49. [BACK]

64. The Economist, 4 July 1992, p. 38. [BACK]

65. Al-Ahram, 26 July 1993, p. 1. [BACK]

66. Faruq ‘Abd al-Majid, “The Police Guard the Application of the Law,” al-Ahram, 26 July 1993, p. 10. [BACK]

67. Al-Akhbar, 16 July 1993, p. 6; al-Wafd, 31 July 1993, p. 2. [BACK]

68. Shaykh Jad al-Haq ‘Ali Jad al-Haq, quoted in al-Wafd, 30 July 1993, p. 8; Muhammad ‘Ali Mahgub, quoted in al-Wafd, 31 July 1993, p. 8. [BACK]

69. Al-Wafd, 30 July 1993, p. 8; al-Wafd, 2 August 1993, p. 2; al-Ahram, 19 July 1993, p. 10. [BACK]

70. Al-Jumhuriyya, 30 July 1993, p. 7. [BACK]

71. Al-Jumhuriyya, 15 July 1993, p. 29. [BACK]