Bibliography

Religious Studies Textbooks in Arabic

The following religious studies textbooks were used during the 1988–89 and 1989–90 school years in Egypt. They are ordered here, and referred to in the notes, by grade level (e.g., “fourth grade religious studies textbook”). All are published in Cairo by the Central Agency for School and University Books and Instructional Materials (al-Jihaz al-markazi lil-kutub al-jami‘iyya wa al-madrasiyya wa al-wasa’il al-ta‘limiyya).

Yunis, Dr. Fathi ‘Ali, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Lil-saff al-awwal min al-ta‘lim al-asasi [first grade religious studies textbook], 1988–89.

al-Naqa, Dr. Mahmud Kamil, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-halqa al-awwal min al-ta‘lim al-asasi, al-saff al-thani [second grade religious studies textbook], 1988–89.

Shahhat, Dr. ‘Abd Allah Mahmud, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-halqa al-awwal min al-ta‘lim al-asasi, al-saff al-thalith [third grade religious studies textbook], 1988–89.

Yunis, Dr. Fathi ‘Ali, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-halqa al-ibtida’iyya min al-ta‘lim al-asasi, al-saff al-rabi‘ [fourth grade religious studies textbook], 1987.

—————————. Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-halqa al-ibtida’iyya min al-ta‘lim al-asasi, al-saff al-khamis [fifth grade religious studies textbook], 1987–88.

al-Dawwah, Mahmud al-Sayyid, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-saff al-sabi‘ min al-halqa al-thaniya min al-ta‘lim al-asasi [seventh grade religious studies textbook], 1986–87.

—————————. Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-saff al-thamin min al-halqa al-thaniya min al-ta‘lim al-asasi [eighth grade religious studies textbook], 1987–88.

‘Alish, Muhammad Sayf al-Din, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Al-saff al-tasi‘ min al-halqa al-thaniya min al-ta‘lim al-asasi [ninth grade religious studies textbook], 1988–89.

Shahata, Dr. ‘Abd Allah Mahmud, et al.Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Lil-saff al-awwal al-thanawi [tenth grade religious studies textbook], 1986–87.

Fawzi, Dr. Rif‘at. Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Lil-saff al-thani al-thanawi [eleventh grade religious studies textbook], 1986–87.

——————. Al-Tarbiya al-islamiyya. Lil-saff al-thalith al-thanawi [twelfth grade religious studies textbook], 1989–90.

Other Works in Arabic

‘Abd al-Karim, Ahmad ‘Izzat. Tarikh al-ta‘lim fi ‘asr Muhammad ‘Ali. Cairo: Maktaba al-nahda al-Misriyya, 1938.

‘Abd al-Latif, Muhammad, and Dr. Yahya ‘Abduh. Al-’Udhun al-kabira. Cairo: Safir, n.d.

Ahmad, Dr. Rif‘at Sayyid. Al-Din wa al-dawla wa al-thawra. Cairo: al-Dar al-sharqiyya, 1989.

‘Alwan, ‘Abdallah Nasih. Tarbiya al-awlad fi al-Islam. Cairo: Dar al-Islam, 1985.

‘Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa‘id. “Al-Sira‘ al-hadari fi al-islam” . Al-Azmina, January–February 1989, pp. 18–27.

Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) [al-Jihaz al-markazi li-ta‘bi’a al-‘amma wa al-ihsa’]. Al-Ihsa’at al-thaqafiyya: Al-Idha‘a wa al-sahafa. Cairo: CAPMAS, 1983, 1985, 1987.

——————. Al-Ihsa’at al-thaqafiyya: Al-Kutub wa al-maktabat. Cairo: CAPMAS, 1987.

Guenena, Nemat [Na‘ma Allah Junayna]. Tandhim al-jihad: Hal huwa al-badil al-islami fi Misr? Cairo: Dar al-hurriyya, 1988.

al-Hamadi, Yusuf, Muhammad Mukhtar Amin Mukram, and Dr. ‘Abd al-Maqsud Shalqami. Tarbiya al-Muslim. Lil-saff al-sadis al-ibtida’i. Cairo: al-Jihaz al-markazi lil-kutub al-jami‘iyya wa al-madrasiyya wa al-wasa’il al-ta‘limiyya, 1981.

al-Hamadi, Yusuf, and Muhammad Shahhat Wahdan. Kitab al-tarbiya al-diniyya al-islamiyya. Lil-saff al-sadis al-ibtida’i. Cairo: al-Hay’a al-‘amma li-shu’un al-mutabi‘ al-amiriyya, 1976.

al-Hariri, Hasan, Muhammad Mustafa Zaydan, Alyas Barsum Matar, and Dr. Sayyid Khayr Allah. Al-Madrasa al-ibtida’iyya. Cairo: Maktaba al-nahda al-Misriyya, 1966.

Imam, ‘Abd Allah. “Al-Khawarij al-judud!” Ruz al-Yusuf, 17 April 1989, pp. 30–33.

Khalaq Allah, Ahmad Rabi‘ al-Hamid. Al-Fikar al-tarbawi wa tatbiqatihi laday jama’a al-ikhwan al-muslimin. Cairo: Maktaba Wahba, 1983.

al-Khashab, Samia Mustafa. Al-Shabab wa al-tayyar al-islami fi al-mujtama‘ al-Misri al-mu‘asir: Dirasa ijtima‘iyya midaniyya. Cairo: Dar al-thaqafa al-‘arabiyya, 1988.

Al-Muslim al-saghir fi ‘alam al-talwin. Cairo: Safir, n.d.

al-Qabbani, Isma‘il Mahmud. Siyasa al-ta‘lim fi Misr. Cairo: Lajna al-ta’lif wa al-tarjama wa al-nashr, 1944.

Wahda thaqafa al-tifl, and Ahmad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz. Kitab al-muslim al-saghir 2. Cairo: Safir, 1987.

Wizara al-ma‘arif al-‘umumiyya. Manhaj al-ta‘lim al-thanawi lil-madaris al-banin wa al-banat. Cairo: al-Mutaba‘a al-’amiriyya, 1930.

Yusuf, ‘Abd al-Tuwab, and Dr. Yahya ‘Abduh. Al-Sufuf al-munadhdhama. Cairo: Safir, 1988.

Works in English and French

Abdalla, Ahmed. The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt, 1923–1973. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985.

——————. “Egypt's Islamists and the State: From Complicity to Confrontation” . Middle East Report, no. 183 (July–August 1993), pp. 2–3.

Abu-Lughod, Janet. “Rural Migration and Politics in Egypt” . In Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, ed. Richard Antoun and Ilya Harik. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.

Abu-Lughod, Lila. “Zones of Theory in the Anthropology of the Arab World” . Annual Review of Anthropology, no. 18 (1989), pp. 267–306.

——————. “Finding a Place for Islam: Egyptian Television Serials and the National Interest” . Public Culture 5 (1993), pp. 493–513.

——————. Writing Women's Worlds: Bedouin Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Adams, Charles C.Islam and Modernism in Egypt. New York: Russell & Russell, 1968.

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

‘Ali, A. Yusuf. The Holy Qur’an. Brentwood, Md.: Amana Corporation, 1983.

Amin, Galal. “Migration, Inflation, and Social Mobility: A Sociological Interpretation of Egypt's Current Economic and Political Crisis” . In Egypt under Mubarak, ed. Charles Tripp and Roger Owen, pp. 103–20. London: Routledge, 1989.

Ammar, Hamed. Growing Up in an Egyptian Village. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1954.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.

Appadurai, Arjun. “Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value” . In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai, pp. 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Arberry, A. J.The Koran Interpreted. New York: Macmillan, 1955.

Armbrust, Walter.Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Asad, Talal. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam. Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Occasional Papers Series. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, 1986.

Auda, Gehad. “The “Normalization” of the Islamic Movement in Egypt from the 1970s to the Early 1990s” . In Accounting for Fundamentalisms. Vol. 4 of The Fundamentalism Project, ed. Martin Marty and R. Scott Appleby, pp. 374–412. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Badran, Adnan, ed. At the Crossroads: Education in the Middle East. New York: Paragon House, 1989.

Bakr, Ayman, and Elliot Colla. “Silencing Is at the Heart of My Case” . Interview with Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd. Middle East Report, no. 185 (November–December 1993), pp. 27–29.

Barrington, John M. “Cultural Adaptation and Maori Educational Policy: the African Connection” . Comparative Education Review 20 (1976), pp. 1–10.

Beinin, Joel. “The Egyptian Regime and the Left: Between Islamism and Secularism” . Middle East Report, no. 185 (November–December 1993), pp. 25–26.

Bentham, Jeremy. The Works of Jeremy Bentham. Ed. John Bowring. 1838–43. Rpt., New York: Russell & Russell, 1962.

Berger, Peter. “Some Second Thoughts on Substantive Versus Functional Definitions of Religion” . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 13 (1974), pp. 125–33.

Bernal, Victoria. “Gender, Culture, and Capitalism: Women and the Remaking of Islamic “Tradition” in a Sudanese Village” . Comparative Studies in Society and History 36 (1994), pp. 36–67.

Boktor, Amir. School and Society in the Valley of the Nile. Cairo: Elias' Modern Press, 1936.

——————. The Development and Expansion of Education in the U.A.R. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1963.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

——————. “Authorized Language: The Social Conditions of the Effectiveness of Ritual Discourse” . In Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.

——————. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays in Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture. London: Sage, 1977.

Bowen, John. “Salat in Indonesia: The Social Meanings of an Islamic Ritual” . Man, n.s., 24 (1989), pp. 600–619.

——————. “Elaborating Scriptures: Cain and Abel in Gayo Society” . Man, n.s., 27, 3 (1992), pp. 495–516.

——————. Muslims Through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Bowring, John. “Report on Egypt and Candia” . In House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers, 1840, vol. 21.

Brabazon, Lord. “Decay of Bodily Strength in Towns” . The Nineteenth Century 21 (1887), pp. 673–76.

Brink, Judy H.Changing Child Rearing Patterns in an Egyptian Village. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, San Antonio, Texas, 23–26 November 1990.

Brown, Nathan. Peasant Politics in Modern Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

——————. “Who Abolished Corvée Labor in Egypt and Why?” Past and Present, no. 144 (1994), pp. 116–37.

Bulliet, Richard. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.

Carré, Olivier. Enseignement islamique et idéal socialiste. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Editeurs, 1974.

Cassandra. “The Impending Crisis in Egypt” . Middle East Journal 49 (1995), pp. 9–27.

Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics [CAPMAS]. Statistical Yearbook, Arab Republic of Eqypt, 1988. Cairo: CAPMAS, 1988.

Cochran, Judith. Education in Egypt. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

Cohn, Norman. Warrant for Genocide. Brown Judaic Studies 23. Chico, Calif.: Scholar's Press, 1981.

Cromer, Lord [Sir Evelyn Baring]. Modern Egypt. 2 vols. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1908.

——————. Ancient and Modern Imperialism. London: John Murray, 1910.

Cunningham, Alfred. To-Day in Egypt. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1912.

Cunynghame, H. “The Present State of Education in Egypt” . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, n.s., 19 (1887), pp. 223–237.

Davis, Eric. “Ideology, Social Class, and Islamic Radicalism in Modern Egypt” . In From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam, ed. Said Amir Arjomand, pp. 134–57. London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1984.

Delaney, Carol. The Seed and the Soil: Gender and Cosmology in Turkish Village Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. 1854. Rpt., New York: Bantam, 1981.

Dor, V. Edouard. L'Instruction publique en Egypte. Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven et cie., Editeurs, 1872.

Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.

Durkheim, Emile. Education and Sociology. Trans. Sherwood D. Fox. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1956.

——————. Moral Education. Trans. Everett K. Wilson and Herman Schnurer. New York: The Free Press, 1973.

——————. The Evolution of Educational Thought. Trans. Peter Collins. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977.

Early, Evelyn. Baladi Women of Cairo: Playing with an Egg and a Stone. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 1993.

Eccel, A. Chris. Egypt, Islam, and Social Change: Al-Azhar in Conflict and Accommodation. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1984.

Educational Planning Unit, Ministry of Education, Government of Egypt. Reform of the Educational System of Egypt: A Sector Assessment. Draft, USAID Development Information Center, Cairo, 8 January 1990.

Edward, Cardinal Archbishop Henry. “Is the Education Act of 1870 a Just Law?” The Nineteenth Century 12 (December 1882), pp. 958–68.

Eickelman, Dale. Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976.

——————. “The Art of Memory: Islamic Education and Its Social Reproduction” . Comparative Studies in Society and History 20 (1978), pp. 485–516.

——————. Knowledge and Power in Morocco. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

——————. “Identité nationale et discours religieux en Oman” . In Intellectuels et militants de l'Islam contemporain, ed. Gilles Kepel and Yann Richard, pp. 103–28. Paris: Seuil, 1990.

——————. “Counting and Surveying an “Inner” Omani Community: Hamra al-‘Abriyin” . In Tribe and State: Essays in Honour of David Montgomery Hart, ed. E. G. G. Joffe and C. R. Pennel, pp. 253–77. Wisbeck, England: MENAS Press, 1991.

——————. “Mass Higher Education and the Religious Imagination in Contemporary Arab Societies” . American Ethnologist 19 (1992), pp. 643–54.

Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.

Faksh, Mahmud A. “The Consequences of the Introduction and Spread of Modern Education: Education and National Integration in Egypt” . In Modern Egypt: Studies in Politics and Society, ed. Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim, pp. 42–55. London: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1980.

Fandy, Mamoun. “Egypt's Islamic Group: Regional Revenge?” Middle East Journal 48 (1994), 607–625.

Fischer, Michael M. J.Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Fischer, Michael M. J., and Mehdi Abedi. Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.

Flores, Alexander. “Egypt: A New Secularism?” Middle East Report, no. 153 (July–August 1988), 27–29.

Foley, Douglas. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Foster, Robert J. “Take Care of Public Telephones: Moral Education and Nation-State Formation in Papua New Guinea” . Public Culture 4 (1992), pp. 31–45.

Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage, 1970.

——————. Discipline and Punish. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon, 1977.

——————. Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977–1984. Ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman. New York: Routledge, 1988.

Gaffney, Patrick. The Prophet's Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Galt, Russell. The Effects of Centralization on Education in Modern Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo, Department of Education, 1936.

el-Gawhary, Karim. “Report from a War Zone: Gama‘at vs. Government in Upper Egypt” . Middle East Report, no. 194–95 (May–June/July–August 1995), pp. 49–51.

Geertz, Clifford. Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Ginsburg, Carlos. The Cheese and the Worms. New York: Penguin, 1980.

Goldberg, Ellis. “Smashing Idols and the State: The Protestant Ethic and Egyptian Sunni Radicalism” . Comparative Studies in Society and History 33 (1991), pp. 3–35.

Gonzalez-Quijano, Yves. Les Gens du livre: Champ intellectuel et édition dans l'Egypte républicaine (1952–1993). Thèse de doctorat de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, Mention Science Politiques, 1994.

el-Guindi, Fadwa. “Veiling Infitah with Muslim Ethic: Egypt's Contemporary Islamic Movement” . Social Problems 28 (1981), pp. 465–85.

Hamed, Raouf Abbas. Factors Behind the Political Islamic Movement in Egypt. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, San Antonio, Texas, 23–26 November 1990.

Handelman, Don. Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Hannerz, Ulf. Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Harik, Ilya. The Political Mobilization of Peasants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974.

Hechmat, Ahmad Pacha. Questions d'education et d'enseignement. Cairo: n.p., 1914.

Heggoy, Alf Andrew. “Education in French Algeria: An Essay on Cultural Conflict” . Comparative Education Review 17 (1973), pp. 180–97.

Heilbrun, Carolyn G.Writing a Woman's Life. New York: Ballantine, 1988.

Herbert, Christopher. Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Herzfeld, Michael. The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy. New York: Berg, 1992.

Heyworth-Dunne, James. An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt. London: Luzac & Co., 1938.

el-Hilali, Neguib. Report on Educational Reform in Egypt. Cairo: Government Press, Boulaq, 1943.

Himmelfarb, Gertrude. Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution. New York: Norton, 1962.

Hirschkind, Charles. Culture and Counterterrorism: Notes on Contemporary Public Discourse in Egypt. Paper presented at the 1993 meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Hobsbawm, Eric. “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914” . In The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, pp. 263–307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Hoffman, Valerie. “Muslim Fundamentalists: Psychosocial Profiles” . In Fundamentalisms Comprehended. Vol. 5 of The Fundamentalism Project, ed. Martin Marty and R. Scott Appleby, pp. 199–230. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955.

Holland, Dorothy, and Margaret A. Eisenhart. Educated in Romance: Women, Achievement, and College Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Horvatich, Patricia. “Ways of Knowing Islam” . American Ethnologist 21, 4 (1994), pp. 811–826.

Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Houtsonen, Jarmo. “Traditional Qur’anic Education in a Southern Moroccan Village” . International Journal of Middle East Studies 26 (1994), pp. 489–500.

Howeidy, Amira, Mona al-Nahhas, and Mona Anis. “The Persecution of Abu Zeid” . Al-Ahram Weekly, 22–28 June 1995. Reprinted in World Press Review 45 (October 1995).

Humes, Walter. “Evolution and Educational Theory in the Nineteenth Century” . In The Wider Domain of Evolutionary Thought, ed. D. Oldroyd and I. Lanham, pp. 27–56. N.p.: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1983.

Hurt, J. S. “Drill, Discipline, and the Elementary School Ethos” . In Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Phillip McCann, pp. 167–92. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1977.

Hyde, Georgie D. M.. Education in Modern Egypt: Ideals and Realities. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.

Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. “Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings” . International Journal of Middle East Studies 12 (1980), pp. 423–53.

Issawi, Charles. Egypt: An Economic and Social Analysis. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.

Jefferson, Carter. “Worker Education in England and France, 1800–1914” . Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (1964), pp. 345–66.

Johnston, Rev. James, F.S.S., ed. Report of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World. London: James Nisbet & Co., 1889.

Jones, Sidney. “Arabic Instruction and Literacy in Javanese Muslim Schools” . International Journal of the Sociology of Language, no. 42 (1983), pp. 83–94.

Kabbaj, Mohammed Mostafa. “Traditional Child Socialization and the Incursion of Mass Communication in Morocco” . International Social Science Journal 31 (1979), pp. 429–43.

Katz, Michael B.The Irony of Early School Reform. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.

Kelabora, Lambert. “Assumptions Underlying Religious Instruction in Indonesia” . Comparative Education 15 (1979), pp. 325–39.

Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Khalid, Adeeb. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Tsarist Central Asia. Ph.D. diss., Department of History, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1993.

Kinsey, David C. “Efforts for Educational Synthesis under Colonial Rule: Egypt and Tunisia” . Comparative Education Review 15 (1971), pp. 172–87.

Kour, Z. H.The History of Aden, 1839–72. London: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1981.

Kuhnke, LaVerne. Lives at Risk. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Kuper, Adam. The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion. London: Routledge, 1988.

Lambert, Agnes. “Thrift among the Children” . The Nineteenth Century 19 (April 1886), pp. 539–60.

Lancaster, Joseph. Improvements in Education as It Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community. 3rd ed. 1805. Rpt., Clifton, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1973.

Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Lane, Edward W.Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. 1860. Rpt., London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1963.

Laqueur, Thomas Walter. Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780–1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.

Lavie, Smadar. The Poetics of Military Occupation: Mzeini Allegories of Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Leathers, Charles G., and J. Patrick Raines. “Adam Smith on Competitive Religious Markets” . History of Political Economy 24, 2 (1992), pp. 499–513.

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Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984 (1979).

——————. The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence 1982–1985. Trans. Don Barry et al. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.

Macaulay, Thomas Babington. The Works of Lord Macaulay, Complete. Ed. Lady Trevelyan. Vol. 8. London: Longman, Green, & Co., 1866.

MacLeod, Arlene Elowe. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.

Mahfouz, Naguib. Midaq Alley. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1989.

Maine, Sir Henry Sumner. Ancient Law. 1861. Rpt., n.p.: Dorset Press, 1986.

Majeed, Javed. Ungoverned Imaginings: James Mill's The History of British India and Orientalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Mann, F. O.Report on Certain Aspects of Egyptian Education, Rendered to His Excellency, the Minister of Education at Cairo. Cairo: Government Press, 1932.

Marett, R. R.The Threshold of Religion. London: n.p., 1914.

Martin, Luther H., Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton, eds. Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

Marx, Karl. “Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right” . In The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. New York: Norton, 1978.

——————. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte” . In The Marx-Engels Reader, pp. 594–617.

——————. “The Grundrisse” . In The Marx-Engels Reader, pp. 221–93.

Massialas, Byron G., and Amir Ahmed Jarrar. Education in the Arab World. New York: Praeger, 1983.

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Mayfield, James. Rural Politics in Nasser's Egypt: A Quest for Legitimacy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.

McCann, Phillip, ed. Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1977.

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Mehran, Golnar. “Ideology and Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran” . Compare 20 (1990), pp. 53–65.

Messick, Brinkley. “Legal Documents and the Concept of “Restricted Literacy” in a Traditional Society” . International Journal of the Sociology of Language, no. 42 (1983), pp. 41–52.

——————. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Milner, Alfred. England in Egypt. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1892.

Ministry of Education, Egypt. Report of the Elementary Education Commission and Draft Law to Make Better Provision for the Extension of Elementary Education. Cairo: Government Press, 1919.

Mitchell, Richard. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Mitchell, Timothy. Colonising Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

——————. “The Invention and Reinvention of the Egyptian Peasant” . International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990), pp. 129–50.

——————. “Worlds Apart: An Egyptian Village and the International Tourism Industry” . Middle East Report, no. 196 (September–October 1995), pp. 8–11.

Moghadam, Valentine. Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994.

Mohsenpour, Bahram. “Philosophy of Education in Post-revolutionary Iran” . Comparative Education Review 32 (1988), pp. 76–86.

Moore, R. Laurence. Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Moore, Sally Falk. Social Facts and Fabrications: Customary Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Morgan, Lewis Henry. Ancient Society. 1877. Rpt., Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.

Mottahedeh, Roy. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. New York: Pantheon, 1985.

Nagata, Judith. “Islamic Revival and the Problem of Legitimacy among Rural Religious Elites in Malaysia” . Man, n.s., 17 (1982), pp. 42–57.

Nightingale, Florence. Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile, 1849–50. Ed. Anthony Sattin. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1987.

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