S
Sabotage, by slaves, 191 , 241 n35
Salas, José, 89
Salazr de Monteblanco, Doña Josefa, 53
Saldonado, Don Ramón, 64
Salinas, Don Vicente, 65
Salvador, Brazil, 244 n15
San Agustín plaza, 68 -69
San Bartolomé hospital, 30 , 124 , 162 , 190
San Borja hacienda, 45
Sámchez de la Concha, Francisco Bernardo, 137 -38
San Francisco plaza, 19 , 23 , 68 -69, 175 , 176
San Lánzaro parish, 18 , 29 , 31 ;
black society in, 101 ;
incidence of slave marriages in, 147 , 203 ;
land area of production units of, 43 -44;
marriage patterns in, 145 -48, 236 n23;
movement of slaves between haciendas and, 65 -66;
residence of ex-slaves in, 82 -83, 93 ;
rural-urban distribution of slaves in, 39 -41, 224 -25n7;
working conditions of slaves of, 55 -56, 58
San Martín,Gen. José de: freedom for slaves and, 26 , 86 -87;
and guerrilla forces, 90 ;
and Peruvian independence, 2 , 3 , 23 ;
recruitment of blacks by, 86 -87, 222 n21
Santa Ana parish, 30 ;
child (slave) population of, 118 ;
continuity of slave ownership in, 179 ;
incidence of slave marriages in, 147 , 150 , 203 , 239 n61;
marriage patterns in, 145 -48, 236 n23, 237 n24;
resistance to slave marriages in, 149 -50;
urban distribution of slaves in, 106 -8, 212
Santa Clara hacienda, 80 -82
Santa María, Marquesa of, 136 , 137
Santos, Gregoria, 168 -69
Santos Puente, Maria, 103 -4
São Paulo, Brazil, 1 , 37 , 209 , 244 n15
São Pedro parish (Brazil), 244 n15
Sayrán, Peru, 87
Scott, Rebecca, 3 , 4 , 94 -95, 241 n24
Segregation, racial, 98
Self-manumission, 12 , 13 , 15 , 30 , 31 , 221 n8;
accumulation of capital for, 32 -33, 37 -38, 62 -79, 110 -11, 113 -17, 126 -28, 207 -11, 233 n22;
and contacts with urban society, 33 , 82 -83, 84 -85;
family relations in strategies of, 79 -85;
negotiation of, 35 , 50 , 66 -79, 93 -96;
rate of, 23 , 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 111 , 231 n72;
sacrifice of other interests to, 31 , 32 , 104 , 196 , 213 ;
transgressions of masters against, 23 , 25
Síndico del Concurso, 80
Sisneros, Don Juan, 175
Slaveholders: (alleged) rape of, 137 , 138 ;
attempted control of slave marriages, 155 -57, 158 ;
compensation of, after abolition, 194 ;
consent to slave marriages, 149 -53, 154 , 155 ;
disorganization of, as class, 211 -12;
divisions within families of, 67 -68;
illegitimate children of, 21 , 49 , 132 , 139 -43;
marriages of, 134 -38;
profits of, 4 , 74 , 108 -10, 115 -16, 183 , 219 n3, 241 n24;
property fights of, 160 , 170 , 186 , 200 , 204 ;
sexual relations with slaves, 129 -39, 155 , 200 -201, 206 -7;
use of slave wages as capital, 64 -65;
violation of manumission terms by, 23 , 25.
See also Hacendados
Slave realtors, 20
Slavery: abolition of, 3 -5, 15 , 31 , 72 , 77 -78, 139 , 142 , 104 -97, 210 -11, 213 , 214 -15, 222 n13;
inheritability of, 139 , 147 ;
legal regulation of, 13 , 14 , 168 , 221 -222n9, 223 n22;
legitimacy of, 169 ;
as social system, 199 -202;
socioeconomic impact of, 1 -2;
as survivor of wars of independence, 26 -27, 28
abuse of, 19 -20, 60 , 63 , 77 , 80 , 156 , 167 -69, 184 -85, 187 , 190 -91, 192 , 229 n32;
annulment of sale of, 75 -76;
in colonial army, 85 -86;
competition with free labor, 84 , 114 ;
control of, 16 , 46 -47, 50 , 52 , 54 , 58 -62, 94 -95, 115 -16, 179 -83, 187 , 208 , 209 -10, 212 , 228 n26, 244 n16;
criminality of, 57 , 172 , 173 -77, 188 , 189 ;
"defective," 170 -77;
emancipated (see Free blacks);
families of (see Children; Families; Marriage[s]);
fugitive (see Maroons);
gender distribution of, on haciendas, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 221 n4, 226 n11;
importation from abroad, 9 , 10 , 37 , 99 ;
imprisonment of, 18 , 23 , 26 , 53 , 60 , 75 , 77 , 133 , 151 , 153 , 163 , 164 , 170 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 179 , 181 -82, 183 , 184 -85, 187 -94, 212 ;
influence of independence movement on, 21 -22;
initiatives toward emancipation,
job opportunities for, 16 -17, 35 -36;
litigation by, 15 , 20 , 21 , 55 -57, 65 , 71 , 72 , 80 , 81 , 82 -83, 101 -2, 103 -4, 112 -13, 114 , 121 -23, 124 , 125 , 130 -32, 133 -34, 140 , 141 , 142 , 157 -58, 160 -61, 162 -64, 165 , 166 , 167 -69, 171 -72, 173 , 182 , 183 -85, 186 , 187 , 239 n1;
lives during wars of independence, 23 , 25 ;
management skills of, 52 -53;
marriages of (see Marriage[s]); mobility of, 46 -47, 60 , 61 , 65 -67, 69 , 75 , 93 , 94 , 179 -80, 187 , 209 , 229 nn36,37;
moral personalities of, 200 -201, 203 ;
number per productive unit, 40 , 41 -43, 44 , 224 n6;
occupational identity of, 212 -14;
participation in wars of independence, 23 , 25 , 28 , 222 n21;
population of, 9 , 27 , 38 , 47 , 92 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 111 , 211 , 212 , 244 n15;
purchase of freedom of (see Manumission;
Self-manumission);
purchase price of, 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 30 , 35 , 53 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 73 -77, 78 , 80 , 109 -10, 126 , 127 , 153 , 170 -79, 185 -86, 207 , 210 , 229 nn45,46, 237 -38n37;
racial identity of, 99 -100;
rape of, 21 , 131 , 156 , 190 ;
relocation to haciendas, 28 -29, 174 , 183 -87;
reproduction of, 47 -50, 48 -49, 54 , 84 , 118 , 140 ;
revolts of, 2 , 3 , 57 -58, 59 -61, 85 , 87 -88, 91 , 192 , 193 -94;
rights of, 202 -3;
rural-urban distribution of, 39 -41, 224 -25n7;
sale of free labor by, 69 -70;
sale of produce by, 11 , 68 -69, 208 -9;
sexual relations with slaveholders, 129 -39, 155 , 200 -201, 206 -7;
spheres of production of, 15 -16, 222 n25;
subsistence plots of, 11 , 12 , 16 , 19 , 54 , 68 -69, 95 -96, 202 , 205 , 208 -9, 222 n15;
ties to white social groups, 5 -6;
transfer of ownership of, 19 -20, 30 -31, 63 -64, 72 -73, 80 , 111 -13, 153 , 155 , 160 -61, 167 -70, 173 -79, 207 , 211 , 240 n15;
urban population distribution, 106 -8;
wages of, 23 , 25 , 53 , 64 -65, 69 -70, 70 -71, 74 , 76 -77, 107 -17, 123 , 124 , 126 -28, 151 -52, 159 -60, 161 , 163 , 169 , 170 , 179 , 182 , 204 , 230 n51;
working conditions of, 12 , 21 , 55 -58.
See also Blacks; Libertos
Smith, Archibald, 142
Social networks, 19 , 33 , 82 -83, 84 -85, 205 .
See also Cofradías Spain, 2 -3, 8
Stevenson, William Bennet, 53 , 54 -55, 58 , 100 -101, 103 , 104
Suárez, Manuel, 109
Suazo, Francisca, 70
Suazo, Jacinta, 70
Subsistence plots, 11 , 12 , 54 , 95 -96, 202 , 205 ;
competition with commercial production, 16 , 222 n15;
self-manumission with earnings from, 68 -69, 208 -9;
support of urban relatives by, 19
Suicide, by slaves, 127 -28, 259 , 182 , 204 , 210
Supe, Peru, 71
Surco parish, 39 ;
gender distribution of slave population, 43 , 45 , 46 , 226 n11;
incidence of slave marriages in, 45 -46;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 42 , 42 , 43 ;
productivity of, 225 n9;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48 ;
rural character of, 255 n8