M

Magdalena, Peru, 11 , 16

Magdalena parish, 9 , 59 ;

gender distribution of slave population, 42 , 46 , 226 n11;

incidence of slave marriages in, 225 -26n10;

number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 -42, 43 ;

productivity of, 225 n9;

reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48

Maldonado, Doña Elena, 52 -53

Mansilla, Francisco, 80 -82

Manumission, 12 , 15 ;

of children, 50 , 83 -84, 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 -25, 126 , 127 , 161 , 203 ;

circumvention of owner's opposition to marriage through, 151 -52, 153 , 237 -38n37;

as concomitant of rights of marriage, 157 ;

of"defective" slaves, 173 , 177 ;

delayed, 242 -43n4;

establishment of property fights in, 243 n6;

as gift, 245 n17;

link to sexual favors, 131 , 132 -34, 135 , 137 , 138 , 142 ;

methods of, 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 111 , 231 n72;

and morality, 200 ;

purchase of marital loyalty with, 160 , 161 -62;

rate of, 98 , 111 , 139 , 211 , 235 n16, 244 nn12,13;

retractions of, 26 -27;

as reward for child-bearing, 140 , 236 n18;

as fight of illegitimate children, 140 -41;

role of cofradías in, 101 -2, 169 -70;

rural vs. urban, 91 -92;

terms of, 25 ;

testamentary, 70 -73, 233 n15.

See also Self-manumission

Maranga, 225 n9

Marchan, Mariano, 89

María, Tiburcio, 65 -66

Marín, María del Carmen, 185 -86

Maroons, 18 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 85 , 83 , 85 , 93 , 94 , 175 , 173 , 175 -76, 178 , 182 ;

activity in independence period, 90 -91;

imprisonment of, 188 , 189 ;

numbers of, 90 ;

objectives of, 88 -89

Marriage(s): age of, at, 149 -50, 237 n29;

annulment of, 47 , 150 , 226 n12, 237 nn30,31;

attempted control by owners, 155 -57, 158 ;

celebration of, 11 ;

conflict in, 29 -30, 159 -66, 207 , 238 n50, 239 n61;

consent of owners to, 149 -53, 154 , 155 ;

dual authority in, 161 -64;

economic incentive for, 11 ;

enlargement of slaves' rights by, 29 , 34 , 47 , 111 -13, 150 , 157 -59, 204 , 207 ;

fertility of, 47 -50;

free spousal choice in, 149 , 150 , 151 , 237 n25;

hierarchy within, 33 -34;

incidence of, in slave population, 45 -46, 144 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 203 , 255 -26n10, 239 n61, 242 n3;

nobility-criollo , 21 , 222 n17;

paternal authority over, 148 -49;

preserving unity of, 155 , 156 , 165 ;

protection of, as institution, 54 ;

and racial hierarchy, 34 -35;

and slave mobility, 46 , 185 , 186 , 187 ;

types of, 144 -48, 145 , 146 , 236 nn22,23, 237 n24

Marris, Antonio, 157

Martinique, 143 , 208 -9

Matallana, Manuela, 161 -64

Mayordomos , 11 , 57 , 58 , 75 ;

ethnicity of, 59 , 65 ;

mobility of, 66 -67;

slave protests against, 60 , 61 , 63 ;

transfer of slave ownership by, 19 -20

Mejía, Pedro José, 57

Meléndez, Don Ignacio, 127

Men: departure from haciendas, 33 , 81 , 83 ;

distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 129 , 221 n4, 226 n11;

in labor market, 84 ;

sexual relations with slaveholders, 137 -38

Menacho, Don Manuel, 55 -56

Mendiburu, Manuel de, 109 , 110

Merced convent, 104

Mercedes Oyague, Maria, 132 -33

Merchants, 89

Mexico City, 37 , 92 , 139

Milagro Solórzano, Maía del, 124

Miller, Gen. Guillermo, 25 , 90 , 99 , 252 n21

Mintz, Sidney, 8 , 199 , 200

Miraflores, 59 , 225 n8;

gender distribution of slave population, 44 , 46 , 226 n11;

number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 42 -43, 44 ;

reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 49 ;

transition to wage labor in, 69 -70

Mirones hacienda, 11

Miscegenation, 140 -41, 200 , 201 -2

Molina hacienda, 77 -78, 80 , 84

Monteagudo, Bernardo, 87

Monte de Santa Rosa, 89

Monterrico hacienda, 75 , 112

Montesa, Custodio, 152

Mora, Candelaria, 72 -73

Mora, Doña Irene, 72

Mulatos , 100

Murga, Ana María, 182

Murga, Doña Juana, 124

Mutual aid societies. See Cofradías