C

Cádiz constitution, 2 , 13 , 15 , 21

Cádiz courts, 13 , 14 , 168

Calderón, Francisco, 75

Calero, Pablo, 170

Callao, Peru, 37 , 87 -88, 196

Candelaria, María, 159 -60

Cañete, Peru, 60 , 61

Canterac, Gen., 26

Caporales , 54 , 59 , 60

Carabalí, Francisco, 156

Carabali, Josef, 89

Carabayllo parish, 225 n9

Caracas, Venezuela, 209

Carmen Seco, Don José del, 125

Caroline code, regulation of slavery by, 13 , 168

Carrillo, Don Eusebio, 194

Carrillo, Don Fernando, Marqués of Santa María, 136 , 137

Carta de libertad , 17 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 70 , 73 -74, 77 , 78 , 81 , 91 , 92 , 111 , 132 -33, 142 , 167 , 170 , 179 , 191 , 207 , 235 n16

Casa de la Moneda, 20 , 23

Casaverde, Isidora, 164

Casta society, 202

Castilia, Ramón, 5 , 72 ,77

Catholic church: children in doctrine of, 118 , 119 ;

genetic doctrine of, 139 ;

and illness of slaves, 172 ;

moral codes of, 149 , 168 -69, 200 -201;

mutual aid societies of (see Cofradías );

opposition to hacendados , 27 ;

and ownership transfers, 185 , 186 ;

position on self-manumission, 221 n8;

and slave marriages, 11 , 29 , 112 , 149 -66 passim, 207

Cédula Real, 9 , 13

Centurión, Doña Jacoba, 173

Chacarilla hacienda, 45 , 47

Chacras , 52 , 208

Chala, José, 55

Chancay hacienda, 70 , 183

Chandler, David L., 220 n4

Chicama rebellion, 194

Children: age of manumission, 83 -84, 127 ;

care of, 10 , 118 -19;

concealment of, 119 -20;

distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 , 118 ;

illegitimate, 21 , 132 , 138 , 139 -43;

imprisonment of, 187 ;

liberation of, 50 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 -25, 126 , 161 , 203 ;

maintenance costs of, 16 , 17 -18, 120 -24, 125 , 126 -27, 203 -4, 230 n59;

ownership of, 12 , 17 , 120 , 123 , 125 -26;

paternity of, 21 , 49 , 140 -41, 142 , 201 ;

relocation to haciendas, 185 -86;

sale of, 10 , 49 , 54 , 114 , 115 , 119 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 227 n21;

separation from families, 119 , 120 ;

training of, 12 , 20 ;

value of, 12 -13, 114 , 115 , 126 , 185 -86

Chillón valley, 89

China, 4

Chincha, Peru, 72 , 89

Chocolates, market for, 31

Chorrillos parish, 39 , 69 , 192 ;

gender distribution of slave population, 43 , 45 , 46 , 226 n11;

incidence of slave marriages in, 45 -46;

number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ;

reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48 ;

rural character of, 225 n8

Chuquitanta hacienda, 174 , 175

Clavero, José, 224 n3

Clement viii, Pope, 228 n28

Cofradías , 29 , 97 , 173 ;

emergence of women in, 205 ;

racial divisions within, 100 ;

racial hierarchies of, 102 , 201 ;

role in manumission, 101 -2, 169 -70;

social functions of, 100 -101;

status hierarchies of, 102 -5, 147

Colombia, 220 n4

Colonialism, 2 -3, 14 , 15 , 85 -86, 88

El Comercio (newspaper), 195 -96

Compuertas estate, 52 -53

Concubinage, 130 , 132 -33, 138 , 236 n18

Congos-Mondongos cofradía , 100 -101, 102 -5

Conque , 11 , 20 , 74 , 75 -76, 94 , 109 , 173 , 177 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 195

Conrad, Robert, 220 n4

Contraception, 139

Corporal punishment. See Punishment, corporal

Cortes de Cádiz. See Cádiz courts

Costa Rica, 244 n15

Council of Hacendados, 223 n22

Craton, Michael, 220 n4

Crime rates, 195 -96

Criollo ladinos , 100

Criollos : and black hierarchy, 99 , 105 ;

fear of rebellion, 3 ;

protests against colonialism, 2 , 14 , 15

Cristo, Domingo del, 156

Cruz Zapata, Juan de la, 171

Cuba, 1 ,, 3 , 209 , 241 n24

Cuellar, Bonifacio, 164

Cuellar, Micaela, 164

Cushner, Nicholas P., 46 , 224 n6

Cuzco insurrection, 3