Index
A
Abuse, 19 -20, 60 , 63 , 77 , 80 , 156 , 184 -85, 187 , 190 -91, 192 , 29 n32
Abuse trials, 167 -69
Agüero, Riva, 26
Aguirre, Carlos, 39 , 229 n45, 235 n16
Albarado, Capt. Don Pablo Josef de, 175
Alcaldes de barrio , 180
Alfaro, Doña Severina, 229 n32
Almogera, Doña Paula, 114 , 171 -72
Alvarado, Cesilio, 142
Alvarado, Don Felipe, 142
Alvaratio, Isabel, 142
Amparadas beaterio , 162
Andahuasi hacienda, 87
Andrade, Don Manuel, 49
Angelita sugar mill, 209
Aparicio, Josefa, 49
Aparicio, María, 158
Aramburú, Don Isidro, 81
Arehivo Arzobispal, 113 , 159 , 236 nn22, 23
Archivo General de la Nación, 113
Armero, Don Cristóbal, 81 -82
Army, 22 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 85 -88, 222 nn18, 21
Arroserena, Doña Teresa de, 67
Artisans: capital accumulation by, 209 -11;
financial position of, 31 -32;
nonpayment of, by army, 25 ;
occupational identity of, 213 ;
opportunities for blacks as, 35 -36;
scarcity of economic opportunity for, 196 -97, 213 ;
training of, 37 -38;
wartime demand for, 22
Asentistas , 99
Astorga, Rafael, 151
Aucallama hacienda, 187
Audiencia Real, 121 -22, 123 , 126
B
Bahamas, the, 220 n4
Balada, Don Juan, 133 -34
Baltasar, Don, 21 , 28 -29, 30 , 34
Banditry, 16 , 62 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 90 -91, 93 , 94 , 111
Baquíjano, Dr., 187
Baraona, María, 110
Barranca, Peru, 53
Barrionuevo, Antonio, 89
Barrios, slave population of, 39 -40
Bartola, Micaela, 124
Basurco, Don Josef, 176
Beaterio , 162 , 163 , 164 , 181
Bellsvista, Peru, 113
Biejo sugar mill, 89
Bittar, Don Manuel, 156
creation of culture of, 199 -200;
hierarchies among, 33 -35, 98 -99, 100 , 102 -6, 201 , 202 , 232 n3;
lack of economic opportunity, 196 -97;
marginalization of, 213 -14;
as percentage of total population, 97 -98;
prejudice against, after abolition, 194 -96;
racial identity of, 99 -100;
segregation of, 98 ;
social organizations of, 100 -105.
See also Free blacks; Slaves
Blanchard, Peter, 194
Bocanegra hacienda, 19 , 82 -83, 89 , 114
Bocanegra parish, 225 n9
Bolívar, Gen. Simón, 3
Bourbon crisis, 220 n1
Bourbon reforms, 2
Bowser, Frederick P., 8 , 110 , 220 n4, 231 n72, 233 n10, 242 n3
Bozales : in black hierarchy, 99 , 100 , 105 ;
earning capacity of, 113 , 114 , 116 -17;
racial identity of, 100
Branding of slaves, 99
Brazil: abolition of slavery in, 222 n13;
hiring-out system of, 210 , 243 nn8,9;
mobility of slaves in, 229 n36;
production
Brazil (continued)
slavery in, 220 n4, 221 n8, 243 n7, 244 n15
Bread production, sabotage of, 191 , 241 n35
Breña, María del Carmen, 118 -19
British slave owners, 168 , 169
Brokers, slave, 177 -79
Buena Muerte convent: protests of slaves at, 59 -62, 61 , 62 , 63 ;
religious turmoil at, 228 n28
Buena Muerte hacienda, 10 , 20
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1 , 37 ,;
hiring-out system of, 209 ;
manumission rates in, 92 , 139 ;
slave traffic through, 221 n3
Bujanda, Col. Miguel Angel, 240 n20
C
Cádiz constitution, 2 , 13 , 15 , 21
Calderón, Francisco, 75
Calero, Pablo, 170
Callao, Peru, 37 , 87 -88, 196
Candelaria, María, 159 -60
Canterac, Gen., 26
Carabalí, Francisco, 156
Carabali, Josef, 89
Carabayllo parish, 225 n9
Caracas, Venezuela, 209
Carmen Seco, Don José del, 125
Caroline code, regulation of slavery by, 13 , 168
Carrillo, Don Eusebio, 194
Carrillo, Don Fernando, Marqués of Santa María, 136 , 137
Carta de libertad , 17 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 70 , 73 -74, 77 , 78 , 81 , 91 , 92 , 111 , 132 -33, 142 , 167 , 170 , 179 , 191 , 207 , 235 n16
Casaverde, Isidora, 164
Casta society, 202
Catholic church: children in doctrine of, 118 , 119 ;
genetic doctrine of, 139 ;
and illness of slaves, 172 ;
moral codes of, 149 , 168 -69, 200 -201;
mutual aid societies of (see Cofradías );
opposition to hacendados , 27 ;
and ownership transfers, 185 , 186 ;
position on self-manumission, 221 n8;
and slave marriages, 11 , 29 , 112 , 149 -66 passim, 207
Centurión, Doña Jacoba, 173
Chala, José, 55
Chandler, David L., 220 n4
Chicama rebellion, 194
Children: age of manumission, 83 -84, 127 ;
concealment of, 119 -20;
distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 , 118 ;
illegitimate, 21 , 132 , 138 , 139 -43;
imprisonment of, 187 ;
liberation of, 50 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 -25, 126 , 161 , 203 ;
maintenance costs of, 16 , 17 -18, 120 -24, 125 , 126 -27, 203 -4, 230 n59;
ownership of, 12 , 17 , 120 , 123 , 125 -26;
paternity of, 21 , 49 , 140 -41, 142 , 201 ;
relocation to haciendas, 185 -86;
sale of, 10 , 49 , 54 , 114 , 115 , 119 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 227 n21;
separation from families, 119 , 120 ;
value of, 12 -13, 114 , 115 , 126 , 185 -86
Chillón valley, 89
China, 4
Chocolates, market for, 31
Chorrillos parish, 39 , 69 , 192 ;
gender distribution of slave population, 43 , 45 , 46 , 226 n11;
incidence of slave marriages in, 45 -46;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48 ;
rural character of, 225 n8
Chuquitanta hacienda, 174 , 175
Clavero, José, 224 n3
Clement viii, Pope, 228 n28
emergence of women in, 205 ;
racial divisions within, 100 ;
racial hierarchies of, 102 , 201 ;
role in manumission, 101 -2, 169 -70;
social functions of, 100 -101;
status hierarchies of, 102 -5, 147
Colombia, 220 n4
Colonialism, 2 -3, 14 , 15 , 85 -86, 88
El Comercio (newspaper), 195 -96
Compuertas estate, 52 -53
Concubinage, 130 , 132 -33, 138 , 236 n18
Congos-Mondongos cofradía , 100 -101, 102 -5
Conque , 11 , 20 , 74 , 75 -76, 94 , 109 , 173 , 177 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 195
Conrad, Robert, 220 n4
Contraception, 139
Corporal punishment. See Punishment, corporal
Cortes de Cádiz. See Cádiz courts
Costa Rica, 244 n15
Council of Hacendados, 223 n22
Craton, Michael, 220 n4
Crime rates, 195 -96
Criollo ladinos , 100
Criollos : and black hierarchy, 99 , 105 ;
fear of rebellion, 3 ;
protests against colonialism, 2 , 14 , 15
Cristo, Domingo del, 156
Cruz Zapata, Juan de la, 171
Cuellar, Bonifacio, 164
Cuellar, Micaela, 164
Cushner, Nicholas P., 46 , 224 n6
Cuzco insurrection, 3
D
Daga, Doña Juana, 185 -86
Daga, Juan, 191
Day laborers, 56 -57, 62 , 63 , 85 , 83 ;
accumulation of capital for manumission, 110 -11, 113 -17, 126 -28, 209 -11, 233 n22;
"defective" slaves as, 174 -75, 240 n15;
dependence of urban society on, 107 -8, 233 n10;
leverage over owners, 112 -13;
profitability of, 108 -10, 115 -16;
support of children by, 123 , 124 , 126 -27
"Day-labor" permits, 221 -22n9
Defensor de Menores: on hiring-out system, 108 -9, 117 ;
representation of slaves by, 64 , 65 , 75 -76, 81 , 82 -83, 93 , 124 , 125
De la Vega, Countess, 174
Delgado, Juan, 87
Diaz, José, 237 -38n37
Dios Algorta, Juan de, 193
Divorce: in slaveholder marriages, 137 -38, 206 ;
in slave marriages, 30 , 160 , 162 -63, 163 -64, 181
Domestic service: capital accumulation in, 114 -17;
illegitimate offspring of, 132 , 138 , 139 -43;
master-slave sexual liaisons within, 129 -39;
status of women and, 205 -6
E
Ellison, Mary, 138 -39
Encarnación, Doña María, 132
England. See Great Britain
Escobedo, Jorge, 180
Espinoza, Doña Isabel, 125
Espinoza, Doña Ventura, 183
Espinoza, Mariana, 165
Espíritu Santo Real, Manuel del, 194 -95
Esquivel, Marcos, 125
Evangelists Theves, Don Juan, 57
F
Families: composition of, 10 -11;
fictive reconstruction of, 6 ;
importance of, to slave life, 4 -5, 143 , 219 -20n4;
life of, outside master's household, 122 -24, 126 ;
manumission strategies of, 79 -85;
preserving unity of, 201 ;
prominence of women in, 205 ;
separation of children from, 119 , 120 ;
and slave mobility, 46 ;
stresses on, 203 -4, 242 -43n4;
variability in circumstances of, 143 -44.
See also Marriage(s)
Febres, Villaroel, 52
Fenoaltea, Stefano, 219 n3
Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 14
Fertility rate, 49 -50
Fields, Barbara, 203 , 242 -43n4
Flores Galindo, Alberto, 90 , 241 n22
Frazier, E, Franklin, 219 n4
Free blacks: as artisans, 213 ;
care of slave children of, 118 -19;
in colonial army, 85 -86;
competition with slaves, 84 , 114 ;
economic position of, 244 n13;
financial hardship of, 30 , 31 ;
imprisonment of, 18 , 125 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 195 ;
indispensability of, 1 -2;
marriage to slaves, 144 -47, 145 , 146 , 148 , 151 -52, 153 ;
population of, 38 ;
social status of, 103 -5;
struggle for subsistence, 18 -19;
treatment as slaves, after abolition, 194 -95
French colonies, manumission in, 244 n13
Fuente Hermosa, Marqués de, 61 , 133 -34
G
Gaceta del Gobierno , 240 n20
Garcia, Doña Fermina, 187
García, Simón, 78
Gardening, subsistence, 11 , 12 , 16 , 19 , 54 , 68 -69, 95 -96, 202 , 205 , 208 -9, 222 n15
Garses, Doña María, 53
Gender, 58 -59, 160 -61,228 n26
Genovese, Eugene D., 201 -2, 219 n4
Gómez, Don Francisco, 190
Góngora, Manuel, 158
Gonzales, Doña Manuela, 174 -77
Gonzales, Don Martín, 173
Great Britain: competition of imports from, 213 , 214 ;
industrialization of, 220 n1;
pressure against slavery, 197 , 214 ;
sale of wives in, 235 n2.
See also British slave owners
Gregorio, José, 174 -76, 179 , 187 , 188 , 211
Gregory XIV, Pope, 228 n28
Guaca hacienda, 61
Guerrero, Luisa, 229 n37
Guerrilla groups, 27 , 28 , 85 , 90 -91, 223 n28
Guilds, 105 , 196 -97, 201 , 205 , 213
Gutiérrez Prio, Juan, 135
H
Hacendados : absentee, 59 , 62 , 77 -78;
attempts to reimpose slavery, 27 , 28 ;
control of slaves by, 58 ;
fear of revolt, 60 -61;
killings of, 57 ;
mobility of, 66 -67.
See also Haciendas;
Slaveholders
Haciendas, 15 , 22 , 27 , 59 ;
abuse of slaves on, 19 -20, 60 , 63 , 80 , 229 n32;
circulation of slaves of, 46 -47, 60 , 61 , 65 -67, 69 , 75 , 93 , 94 , 187 , 229 nn36, 37 ;
composition of slave families, 10 -11;
conversion to wage labor, 222 n15;
crop substitution by, 220 n1;
distribution of male and female slaves on, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 221 n4, 226 n11;
effect of abolition decree on, 77 -78;
incidence of slave marriages on, 45 -46, 225 -26n10;
land area of, 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 , 52 ;
management by slaves, 52 -53;
migration from, 79 -85;
monetization of relations on, 96 ;
outplacement of slaves by owners, 37 -38;
prominence of women on, 205 ;
recruitment by patriot army on, 87 ;
release of slaves by, 16 -18, 32 -33, 50 , 66 -79, 93 -96, 202 , 204 , 205 ;
relocation of slaves to, 28 -29, 174 , 183 -87;
reproduction of slaves on, 47 -50, 48 -49, 54 , 84 ;
slave population of, 10 , 27 , 38 , 40 , 41 -43, 44 , 47 , 95 , 224 n6;
spheres of production on, 15 -16, 222 n15;
systems of internal control, 58 -62, 228 n26;
transfers of slave ownership from, 19 -20, 63 -64, 80 -82, 83 ;
transition to wage labor, 69 -70;
value of slave children of, 12 -13;
working conditions of slaves, 52 -58
Haiti, 222 n13
on marriage patterns, 148 , 236 n22, 237 nn24, 29 ;
on productivity of Lima parishes, 225 n9;
on rural stagnation, 95 , 232 n76
Huaito hacienda, 53 -55, 58 , 69 , 96
Huánuco insurrection, 3
I
Ica, Peru, 26 , 30 , 31 , 65 , 67 , 76 , 165
Ignacio, Don José 168 -69
Ignacio Palacio, Don José, 173 -74
Illiteracy rate, 196
marriages to slaves, 146 , 147 , 148 , 236 n23;
Infant mortality, 10 , 49 , 118
Islam, concubinage in, 236 n18
Iturrizaga, Pedro José, 157 -58
J
Jamaica, 220 n4
Jáuregui, Don Dánaso, 71
Judicia de redhibitoria , 155
Juzgado de menores , 15
L
Labarthe, Manuel, 193 -94
La Camacho, 105
La Legna parish, 225 n9
Lambayeque, Peru, 86
Lara, Antonio, 191
Larreguerro, Domingo, 192
La Serna, Viceroy, 222 n21
Las Heras, Archbishop, 136
Lavalie, Juan Bautista, 225 n9
León, Bernardina, 71
Lesama, Agustín, 89
Lezpus, Doña Juana, 67
opposition to hacendados , 27 ;
property rights and, 170 ;
racial prejudice of, 214 ;
Libertos , 26 , 80 -82, 223 n23
Lima, Peru, l, 5 , 26 , 37 , 59 ;
abolition of slavery in, 2 , 31 , 77 -78, 194 -97, 210 -11, 213 , 214 -15;
black social networks, 19 , 33 ;
black society in, 33 -35, 98 -99, 100 , 102 -6, 201 -2, 232 n3;
child (slave) population of, 42 , 43 , 44 , 118 ;
colonial military force of, 85 -86;
economic opportunities in, 16 -17, 31 -32, 35 -36, 196 -97;
hiringout system of, 107 -17, 126 -28, 209 -11;
land area of production units of, 43 -44, 45 , 50 , 52 ;
law enforcement in, 180 -82;
marketplaces of, 19 , 68 -69, 208 -9;
marriage patterns in, 144 -48, 236 nn22,23, 237 n24;
methods of manumission in, 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 111 , 231 n72;
migration to, 79 -85;
movement of slaves between haciendas and, 65 -67;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 -43, 44 ;
outplacement of slaves from haciendas to, 37 -38;
population of, 97 -98;
prison population of, 187 -94;
protests of slaves in, 60 , 61 , 63 , 78 ;
rate of manumission in, 23 , 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 98 , 111 , 211 , 231 n72, 235 n16, 244 n13;
relocation of (former) slaves to, 18 -19, 20 , 28 -36, 67 -79, 93 -96, 202 , 204 , 205 ;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 -50, 54 , 84 , 118 , 140 ;
rural stagnation in, 95 , 232 n76;
rural-urban distribution of slaves in, 39 -41, 224 -25n7;
slave population of, 9 , 27 , 40 , 47 , 92 , 97 , 98 , 111 , 211 ;
Spaniards in, 14 ;
spatial characteristics of, 38 , 224 n3;
struggle for subsistence in, 18 -19;
training of slave children in, 12 , 20 ;
urban dis-
tribution of slaves in, 106 -8;
urban expansion in, 95 ;
urbanized slaves of, 37 ;
urban malaise in, 180 -81
Llanos, José, 185 -86
Lobatón, Doña Nicolasa, 71
Lobatón hacienda, 47
Lottery, 111
Luis, San Camilo de, 228 n28
M
gender distribution of slave population, 42 , 46 , 226 n11;
incidence of slave marriages in, 225 -26n10;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 -42, 43 ;
productivity of, 225 n9;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48
Maldonado, Doña Elena, 52 -53
Mansilla, Francisco, 80 -82
of children, 50 , 83 -84, 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 -25, 126 , 127 , 161 , 203 ;
circumvention of owner's opposition to marriage through, 151 -52, 153 , 237 -38n37;
as concomitant of rights of marriage, 157 ;
of"defective" slaves, 173 , 177 ;
delayed, 242 -43n4;
establishment of property fights in, 243 n6;
as gift, 245 n17;
link to sexual favors, 131 , 132 -34, 135 , 137 , 138 , 142 ;
methods of, 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 111 , 231 n72;
and morality, 200 ;
purchase of marital loyalty with, 160 , 161 -62;
rate of, 98 , 111 , 139 , 211 , 235 n16, 244 nn12,13;
retractions of, 26 -27;
as reward for child-bearing, 140 , 236 n18;
as fight of illegitimate children, 140 -41;
role of cofradías in, 101 -2, 169 -70;
rural vs. urban, 91 -92;
terms of, 25 ;
testamentary, 70 -73, 233 n15.
See also Self-manumission
Maranga, 225 n9
Marchan, Mariano, 89
María, Tiburcio, 65 -66
Marín, María del Carmen, 185 -86
Maroons, 18 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 85 , 83 , 85 , 93 , 94 , 175 , 173 , 175 -76, 178 , 182 ;
activity in independence period, 90 -91;
numbers of, 90 ;
objectives of, 88 -89
Marriage(s): age of, at, 149 -50, 237 n29;
annulment of, 47 , 150 , 226 n12, 237 nn30,31;
attempted control by owners, 155 -57, 158 ;
celebration of, 11 ;
conflict in, 29 -30, 159 -66, 207 , 238 n50, 239 n61;
consent of owners to, 149 -53, 154 , 155 ;
dual authority in, 161 -64;
economic incentive for, 11 ;
enlargement of slaves' rights by, 29 , 34 , 47 , 111 -13, 150 , 157 -59, 204 , 207 ;
fertility of, 47 -50;
free spousal choice in, 149 , 150 , 151 , 237 n25;
hierarchy within, 33 -34;
incidence of, in slave population, 45 -46, 144 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 203 , 255 -26n10, 239 n61, 242 n3;
nobility-criollo , 21 , 222 n17;
paternal authority over, 148 -49;
preserving unity of, 155 , 156 , 165 ;
protection of, as institution, 54 ;
and racial hierarchy, 34 -35;
and slave mobility, 46 , 185 , 186 , 187 ;
types of, 144 -48, 145 , 146 , 236 nn22,23, 237 n24
Marris, Antonio, 157
Matallana, Manuela, 161 -64
Mayordomos , 11 , 57 , 58 , 75 ;
mobility of, 66 -67;
slave protests against, 60 , 61 , 63 ;
transfer of slave ownership by, 19 -20
Mejía, Pedro José, 57
Meléndez, Don Ignacio, 127
Men: departure from haciendas, 33 , 81 , 83 ;
distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 129 , 221 n4, 226 n11;
in labor market, 84 ;
sexual relations with slaveholders, 137 -38
Menacho, Don Manuel, 55 -56
Mendiburu, Manuel de, 109 , 110
Merced convent, 104
Mercedes Oyague, Maria, 132 -33
Merchants, 89
Milagro Solórzano, Maía del, 124
Miller, Gen. Guillermo, 25 , 90 , 99 , 252 n21
gender distribution of slave population, 44 , 46 , 226 n11;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 42 -43, 44 ;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 49 ;
transition to wage labor in, 69 -70
Mirones hacienda, 11
Miscegenation, 140 -41, 200 , 201 -2
Molina hacienda, 77 -78, 80 , 84
Monteagudo, Bernardo, 87
Monte de Santa Rosa, 89
Montesa, Custodio, 152
Mora, Candelaria, 72 -73
Mora, Doña Irene, 72
Mulatos , 100
Murga, Ana María, 182
Murga, Doña Juana, 124
Mutual aid societies. See Cofradías
N
Naranjal hacienda, 175
Nazca hacienda, 85
Negreiros, Don Ignacio, 174
Negro, Francisco, 89
Negrón, Patricio, 76 -77
New Orleans, 244 n13
Neyra, Matea, 133 -34
Nieto, María Luisa, 160 -61
Ninavilca (guerrilla), 28
O
Ocharán family, 67 -68
Ontañón, Apolinaria, 183 -84
Ordóez, Bernardo, 193
Otero, Francisco Paula, 90
Ouro Prêto, Brazil, 244 n15
P
Palacios, Doña Estefa, 76 -77
Palacios, Doña Sipriana, 116
Palmeo , 99
Palomino hacienda, 46
Panaderías , 18 , 23 , 26 , 53 , 60 , 85 , 133 , 152 , 153 , 163 , 170 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 178 , 179 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 195 , 212 , 241 n35;
Animitas panadería , 242 n40;
Caucato panadería , 150 -51;
Nazarenas panadería , 184 ;
Pacco panadería , 192 ;
Pericotes panadería , 77 ;
Santa Ana panadería , 176 ;
Santa Clara panadería , 191 ;
Sauce panadería , 190 ;
Serrano panadería , 67 , 191 ;
Siete Hormigas panadería , 188 ;
Tigre panadería , 75
Panama, slave traffic through, 10 , 221 n3
Pando hacienda, 9 , 22 , 221 n4;
abuse of slaves on, 19 -20;
composition of slave families, 10 -11;
release of slaves by, 16 -18;
value of slave children of, 12 -13
Paniso, Catalina, 142
Parishes: number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 41 -43, 44 ;
rural-urban distribution of slaves in, 39 -41, 224 -25n7.
See also under name of specific parish
Pativilca hacienda, 229 n32
Patronage, 76 , 80 -82, 230 n51
Patronage decree, 76 , 81 , 83 , 230 nn51,59
Peasantization, 68 , 95 -96, 208
Pedreros, Juana, 127
abolition of slavery in, 3 , 4 , 5 , 31 , 72 , 77 -78, 139 , 142 , 194 -97, 210 -11, 213 , 214 -15;
independence of, 2 -3, 9 , 21 -23, 25 -27, 28 , 220 n1;
socioeconomic impact of slaves on, 1 -2;
sociopolitical instability in, 9 -10, 220 n1
Pezuela, Viceroy, 23
Piélago, Pedro, 173 -74
Police, urban, 180 -81
Pontejo, Doña María, 169
Portoearrero, Señor, 156
Price of slaves, 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 59 , 30 , 35 , 53 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 109 -10, 126 , 127 , 153 , 237 -38n37;
abuse and, 80 ;
brokering of, 177 -79;
of"defective" slaves, 170 -77;
depreciation of, 73 -75, 229 n45;
effect of abolition decree on, 78 ;
gender differences in, 74 , 229 n46;
increases in, 75 -76, 185 -86;
loan of amount of, to slaves, 76 -77;
matching of, to accumulated capital, 207 , 210
Prices, commodity, 15 -16, 22 , 220 n1
Prisons, 181 .
See also Panaderías
Property rights, 169 , 170 , 186 , 200 , 204 , 243 n6
Protomedieato, determination of paternity by, 21 , 141
Puente estate, 89
Punishment, corporal, 14 , 165 ;
actionability of, 168 -69;
indemnification for, 195 ;
as means of control, 54 , 182 ;
in panadería , 184 -85, 190 -91;
Q
Quarterones , 99
Quebrada hacienda, 60 -61, 78 , 228 n28
Quintanilla estate, 75
Quintertmes , 99
Quirigallo, Manuela, 103
Quispico hacienda, 87
R
Race, 141 ;
in distribution of prison population, 182 , 241 n22;
as factor in control of slaves, 58 -50, 228 n26;
as factor in marital alliances, 146 , 147 -48, 236 n23, 237 nz4;
and occupational structure, 2l3 -14
Racial hierarchy, 33 -35, 98 -99, 100 , 102 , 105 -6, 201 -2, 232 n3
Racism, and abolition, 5 , 194 -96
Ramírez, Don Francisco, 188
Ramirez, Francisco, 156
Ramírez de Arellano, Pablo, 121 -23
Rape: master-slave, 21 , 131 , 156 , 190 ;
Rentas Unidas hacienda, 228 n26
Retes hacienda, 49
Riobo, Don Francisco, 184 -85
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 37 , 79 , 221 -22n9, 244 n16
Rioja, Lorenzo, 130 -32
Rosales, Camilo, 159 -60
Rosario Vehásquez, Doña María del, 72
S
Sabotage, by slaves, 191 , 241 n35
Salas, José, 89
Salazr de Monteblanco, Doña Josefa, 53
Saldonado, Don Ramón, 64
Salinas, Don Vicente, 65
Salvador, Brazil, 244 n15
San Agustín plaza, 68 -69
San Bartolomé hospital, 30 , 124 , 162 , 190
San Borja hacienda, 45
Sámchez de la Concha, Francisco Bernardo, 137 -38
San Francisco plaza, 19 , 23 , 68 -69, 175 , 176
San Lánzaro parish, 18 , 29 , 31 ;
black society in, 101 ;
incidence of slave marriages in, 147 , 203 ;
land area of production units of, 43 -44;
marriage patterns in, 145 -48, 236 n23;
movement of slaves between haciendas and, 65 -66;
residence of ex-slaves in, 82 -83, 93 ;
rural-urban distribution of slaves in, 39 -41, 224 -25n7;
working conditions of slaves of, 55 -56, 58
San Martín,Gen. José de: freedom for slaves and, 26 , 86 -87;
and guerrilla forces, 90 ;
and Peruvian independence, 2 , 3 , 23 ;
recruitment of blacks by, 86 -87, 222 n21
Santa Ana parish, 30 ;
child (slave) population of, 118 ;
continuity of slave ownership in, 179 ;
incidence of slave marriages in, 147 , 150 , 203 , 239 n61;
marriage patterns in, 145 -48, 236 n23, 237 n24;
resistance to slave marriages in, 149 -50;
urban distribution of slaves in, 106 -8, 212
Santa Clara hacienda, 80 -82
Santa María, Marquesa of, 136 , 137
Santos, Gregoria, 168 -69
Santos Puente, Maria, 103 -4
São Paulo, Brazil, 1 , 37 , 209 , 244 n15
São Pedro parish (Brazil), 244 n15
Sayrán, Peru, 87
Scott, Rebecca, 3 , 4 , 94 -95, 241 n24
Segregation, racial, 98
Self-manumission, 12 , 13 , 15 , 30 , 31 , 221 n8;
accumulation of capital for, 32 -33, 37 -38, 62 -79, 110 -11, 113 -17, 126 -28, 207 -11, 233 n22;
and contacts with urban society, 33 , 82 -83, 84 -85;
family relations in strategies of, 79 -85;
negotiation of, 35 , 50 , 66 -79, 93 -96;
rate of, 23 , 24 , 51 , 91 -92, 111 , 231 n72;
sacrifice of other interests to, 31 , 32 , 104 , 196 , 213 ;
transgressions of masters against, 23 , 25
Síndico del Concurso, 80
Sisneros, Don Juan, 175
Slaveholders: (alleged) rape of, 137 , 138 ;
attempted control of slave marriages, 155 -57, 158 ;
compensation of, after abolition, 194 ;
consent to slave marriages, 149 -53, 154 , 155 ;
disorganization of, as class, 211 -12;
divisions within families of, 67 -68;
illegitimate children of, 21 , 49 , 132 , 139 -43;
marriages of, 134 -38;
profits of, 4 , 74 , 108 -10, 115 -16, 183 , 219 n3, 241 n24;
property fights of, 160 , 170 , 186 , 200 , 204 ;
sexual relations with slaves, 129 -39, 155 , 200 -201, 206 -7;
use of slave wages as capital, 64 -65;
violation of manumission terms by, 23 , 25.
See also Hacendados
Slave realtors, 20
Slavery: abolition of, 3 -5, 15 , 31 , 72 , 77 -78, 139 , 142 , 104 -97, 210 -11, 213 , 214 -15, 222 n13;
inheritability of, 139 , 147 ;
legal regulation of, 13 , 14 , 168 , 221 -222n9, 223 n22;
legitimacy of, 169 ;
as social system, 199 -202;
socioeconomic impact of, 1 -2;
as survivor of wars of independence, 26 -27, 28
abuse of, 19 -20, 60 , 63 , 77 , 80 , 156 , 167 -69, 184 -85, 187 , 190 -91, 192 , 229 n32;
annulment of sale of, 75 -76;
in colonial army, 85 -86;
competition with free labor, 84 , 114 ;
control of, 16 , 46 -47, 50 , 52 , 54 , 58 -62, 94 -95, 115 -16, 179 -83, 187 , 208 , 209 -10, 212 , 228 n26, 244 n16;
criminality of, 57 , 172 , 173 -77, 188 , 189 ;
"defective," 170 -77;
emancipated (see Free blacks);
families of (see Children; Families; Marriage[s]);
fugitive (see Maroons);
gender distribution of, on haciendas, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 221 n4, 226 n11;
importation from abroad, 9 , 10 , 37 , 99 ;
imprisonment of, 18 , 23 , 26 , 53 , 60 , 75 , 77 , 133 , 151 , 153 , 163 , 164 , 170 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 179 , 181 -82, 183 , 184 -85, 187 -94, 212 ;
influence of independence movement on, 21 -22;
initiatives toward emancipation,
job opportunities for, 16 -17, 35 -36;
litigation by, 15 , 20 , 21 , 55 -57, 65 , 71 , 72 , 80 , 81 , 82 -83, 101 -2, 103 -4, 112 -13, 114 , 121 -23, 124 , 125 , 130 -32, 133 -34, 140 , 141 , 142 , 157 -58, 160 -61, 162 -64, 165 , 166 , 167 -69, 171 -72, 173 , 182 , 183 -85, 186 , 187 , 239 n1;
lives during wars of independence, 23 , 25 ;
management skills of, 52 -53;
marriages of (see Marriage[s]); mobility of, 46 -47, 60 , 61 , 65 -67, 69 , 75 , 93 , 94 , 179 -80, 187 , 209 , 229 nn36,37;
moral personalities of, 200 -201, 203 ;
number per productive unit, 40 , 41 -43, 44 , 224 n6;
occupational identity of, 212 -14;
participation in wars of independence, 23 , 25 , 28 , 222 n21;
population of, 9 , 27 , 38 , 47 , 92 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 111 , 211 , 212 , 244 n15;
purchase of freedom of (see Manumission;
Self-manumission);
purchase price of, 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 30 , 35 , 53 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 73 -77, 78 , 80 , 109 -10, 126 , 127 , 153 , 170 -79, 185 -86, 207 , 210 , 229 nn45,46, 237 -38n37;
racial identity of, 99 -100;
rape of, 21 , 131 , 156 , 190 ;
relocation to haciendas, 28 -29, 174 , 183 -87;
reproduction of, 47 -50, 48 -49, 54 , 84 , 118 , 140 ;
revolts of, 2 , 3 , 57 -58, 59 -61, 85 , 87 -88, 91 , 192 , 193 -94;
rights of, 202 -3;
rural-urban distribution of, 39 -41, 224 -25n7;
sale of free labor by, 69 -70;
sale of produce by, 11 , 68 -69, 208 -9;
sexual relations with slaveholders, 129 -39, 155 , 200 -201, 206 -7;
spheres of production of, 15 -16, 222 n25;
subsistence plots of, 11 , 12 , 16 , 19 , 54 , 68 -69, 95 -96, 202 , 205 , 208 -9, 222 n15;
ties to white social groups, 5 -6;
transfer of ownership of, 19 -20, 30 -31, 63 -64, 72 -73, 80 , 111 -13, 153 , 155 , 160 -61, 167 -70, 173 -79, 207 , 211 , 240 n15;
urban population distribution, 106 -8;
wages of, 23 , 25 , 53 , 64 -65, 69 -70, 70 -71, 74 , 76 -77, 107 -17, 123 , 124 , 126 -28, 151 -52, 159 -60, 161 , 163 , 169 , 170 , 179 , 182 , 204 , 230 n51;
working conditions of, 12 , 21 , 55 -58.
See also Blacks; Libertos
Smith, Archibald, 142
Social networks, 19 , 33 , 82 -83, 84 -85, 205 .
See also Cofradías Spain, 2 -3, 8
Stevenson, William Bennet, 53 , 54 -55, 58 , 100 -101, 103 , 104
Suárez, Manuel, 109
Suazo, Francisca, 70
Suazo, Jacinta, 70
Subsistence plots, 11 , 12 , 54 , 95 -96, 202 , 205 ;
competition with commercial production, 16 , 222 n15;
self-manumission with earnings from, 68 -69, 208 -9;
support of urban relatives by, 19
Suicide, by slaves, 127 -28, 259 , 182 , 204 , 210
Supe, Peru, 71
Surco parish, 39 ;
gender distribution of slave population, 43 , 45 , 46 , 226 n11;
incidence of slave marriages in, 45 -46;
number of slaves per productive unit, 40 , 42 , 42 , 43 ;
productivity of, 225 n9;
reproduction of slaves in, 47 , 48 ;
rural character of, 255 n8
T
Tacna insurrection, 3
Tannenbaum, Frank, 200
Távara, Santiago, 195 -96
Taverns, 180
Tax, military, 86
Teruz, Miguel Geronimo de, 116
Toplin, Robert B., 232 n3
Torquera, Francisco, 134 -35
Torres, Justa, 125
Torres, Petronila, 151
Torre Tagle, Marqués de, 191 , 223 n22
Trevino, Doña Rufina, 171
Tribunal de la Acordada, 181
Tristán, Flora, 225 n9
Tupac Amaru uprising, 85
U
abolition of slavery in, 222 n13;
hiring-out system of, 243 n10;
manumission in, 243 n6, 244 nn12, 13 ;
movement of slaves to countryside in, 232 n75;
resistance strategies of slave women in, 138 -39;
slave families of, 243 , 204 , 242 -43n4;
urban black population of, 224 n1;
wage payments to slaves in, 64
V
Valdéz, D. Agustín, 235 n4
Vallehermoso, Count of, 190
Vargas Machuca, Manuela, 137 -38
Venegas, Tomás, 161 -64
Vilca, Isidro, 121 ,126
Villafuerte, Marquás de, 237 n30
Villa hacienda, 42 , 45 , 53 , 74 , 225 n9
Villar de Puente, Señor Conde de, 175
Villegas, Doña Paula, 161
Vista Florida, Count of, 61
Vivanco, Carmen Lara, 62
W
Wages, slave, 37 , 74 , 126 , 179 , 195 ;
accumulation of capital by slaves from, 69 -70, 110 -11, 113 -17, 126 -28, 209 -11, 233 n22;
augmenting of slaves' rights by, 112 -13;
dependence of urban society on, 107 -8, 233 n10;
division between master and slave, 23 , 25 , 53 , 64 -65, 109 -10, 127 -28, 163 ;
enlargement of marital choice by, 151 -52;
guarantee of, in ownership transfers, 169 , 170 , 173 , 240 n15;
as interest payment on manumission loan, 76 -77;
payment by panadería , 182 , 187 , 212 ;
profits to owners from, 108 -10, 115 -16;
retroactive payment of, after abolition, 78 ;
from sale of free labor, 69 -70;
as source of capital for slaveholders, 64 -65;
as source of marital tension, 259 -60, 161 ;
support of children from, 123 , 124 , 126 -27;
testamentary manumission as repayment of, 70 -71
Walker, Charles, 223 n28
Wars of independence: guerrilla activity in, 90 -91;
impact on urban labor, 22 -23;
involvement of slaves in, 21 -22, 23 , 25 , 28 , 86 -88, 222 n21;
lives of slaves during, 23 , 25 ;
promises of freedom for slaves, 26 , 86 -87, 90 , 223 n22;
survival of slavery after, 26 -27, 28
Westphalia Treaty, 8
White, Deborah G., 206
Will (testament), 70 -73, 111 -12, 233 n15
Womb assignment, 12 , 21 , 120 , 126 , 179
Women, 54 ;
competition for, 155 , 235 n4;
departure from haciendas, 32 -33, 80 -83, 84 , 93 , 204 , 205 , 230 n58;
distribution of, in slave population, 42 , 43 , 44 -46, 95 , 129 , 221 n4, 226 n11;
in labor market, 84 , 113 -15, 116 -17, 205 ;
sexual relations with slaveholders, 129 -37, 138 -39, 155 , 200 -201, 206 -7;
social status of, 205 -6;
subordination in marriage, 159 -66, 207
Y
Yauyos, Peru, 28
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